The translation zone: A new comparative literature

The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-298

  Apter, Emily ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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References (296)

1. Andrew Dalby, Language in Danger: The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 239.
2. Rem Koolhaus, Content (London: Taschen, 2004), p. 90.
3. Walter Benjamin, "On Language as Such," trans. Edmund Jephcott, in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 1, 1913-1926, ed. Michael Jennings (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 69-70.
4. Barbara Johnson, Mother Tongues: Sexuality, Trials, Motherhood, Translation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 60.
5. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy, The Literary Absolute: The Theory of Literature in German Romanticism, trans. Philip Barnard and Cheryl Lester (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 27-33.
6. On planetary criticism, see Wai Chee Dimock, "Literature for the Planet," PMLA 116 Jan. 2001: 173-88; and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Death of a Discipline (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
7. MSNBC (October 7, 2002) www.aaai.org/AITopics.
8. Peter Spiegel, The Financial Times (October 7, 2003).
9. John Milner, Art, War, and Revolution in France 1870-1871: Myth, Reportage and Reality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. xi.
10. Michel Foucault, "Society Must be Defended": Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-1976, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), p. 48.
11. Philip Smith, "Codes and Conflict: Toward a Theory of War as Ritual," in Theory and Society 20: 1991, p. 107.
12. The Daily Telegraph, Frank Johnson, "Notebook," 10/25/2003 telegraph.co.uk
13. Peter Schwarz, "Schröder, Bush and the 'Agenda 2010' " Oct. 8, 2003. ws.ws.org
14. Michael Duffy, 2002-2003. Http://firstworldwar.com/source/emsteltegram.htm
15. Emile Zola, La Débâcle, trans. Elinor Dorday (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 19-20.
16. Thomas Keenan, Introduction to "Humanism without Borders: A Dossier on the Human, Humanitarianism, and Human Rights," eds. Emily Apter and Thomas Keenan in Alphabet City (Fall 2000), p. 41.
17. Erich Auerbach, "Philology and Weltliteratur," trans. Maire and Edward Said, The Centennial Review, vol. 13, no. 1 (Winter 1969), pp. 14 and 3, respectively.
18. www.wimall.com/pullportermu/
19. Leo Spitzer, "Ratio > Race" in Essays in Historical Semantics (New York: S. F. Vanni, 1948), p. 152.
20. Peter Sloterdijk, "Règles pour le parc humain, Réponse à la lettre sur l'humanisme," Translated from the German by Christiane Haack, Le Monde des Débats no. 7 (October 1999), pp. 1-8. The translation from the French is my own.
21. Dina Al-Kassim, On Pain of Speech: Fantasies of the First Order and the Literary Rant, unpublished book manuscript, p. 14.
22. Louis-Ferdiand Céline, Bagatelles pour un massacre (Paris: Les Editions Denoël, 1937), p. 72. All further references to this work will be to this edition and will appear in the text abbreviated BM.
23. Daniel Sibony, La haine du désir (Paris: Christian Bourgeois, éditeur, 1978), p. 28. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated HD.
24. Henri Godard, Céline scandal (Paris: Gallimard, 1994), p. 107.
25. Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Mea Culpa and the Life and Work of Semmelweis, trans. Robert Allerton Parker (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1937), p. 173.
26. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Gènes, peuples & langues (Paris: Editions Edile Jacob, 1996).
27. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, "Leo Spitzer's Style," unpublished manuscript.
28. Bill Readings, The University in Ruins (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 105.
29. Denis Hollier, "The Pure and the Impure: Literature after Silence," in Literary Debate: Texts and Contexts (New York: The New Press, 1999), p. 13.
30. Paul de Man, "Conclusions: Walter Benjamin's 'The Task of the Translator,' " in The Resistance to Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 92. Further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated RT.
31. I borrow this construction from Manuel de Landa who wrote a book titled War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (New York: Swerve Editions, 1991).
32. Franco Moretti, "Conjectures on World Literature," New Left Review (Jan.-Feb. 2000): 68. All further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated CWL.
33. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard R Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), p. 557.
34. Edward Said, The World, the Text and the Critic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), p. 8.
35. Edward Said, "Humanism?" in MLA Newsletter, Fall 1999, p. 4.
36. Aamir Mufti, "Auerbach in Istanbul: Edward Said, Secular Criticism, and the Question of Minority Culture," Critical Inquiry 25 (Autumn 1998). Further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated AI.
37. René Etiemble, The Crisis of Comparative Literature, trans. Georges Joyaux and Herbert Weisinger (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1966), p. 56.
38. John Freccero, "Foreward" to Leo Spitzer: Representative Essays (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. xvi-xvii.
39. See, Leo Spitzer, Die Umschreibungen des Begriffes "Hunger" im Italienischen (Germany: Verlag von Max Niemeyer, 1921).
40. Harry Levin, "Two Romanisten in America: Spitzer and Auerbach," in Grounds for Comparison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972), pp. 112-13.
41. As cited by Karlheinz Barck, "Walter Benjamin and Erich Auerbach: Fragments of a Correspondence," Diacritics (Fall-Winter 1992), p. 82.
42. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht suggests that the Istanbul period was the culmination of a sense of intellectual melancholia already fully fledged in Auerbach's preexile professional life. Gumbrecht wagers "that his passionate and distanced view of European culture emerged during his exile in Istanbul, or even after his emigration to the United States in 1947. At most, the experience of expatriation that the National Socialist regime had inflicted upon him gave Auerbach the opportunity to become fully aware of his distanced and sometimes melancholic perspective on western culture as a culture that had entered its final stage." See Gumbrecht, " 'Pathos of the Earthly Progress': Eric Auerbach's Everydays," in Literary History and the Challenge of Philology: The Legacy of Erich Auerbach, ed. Seth Lerer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 31.
43. Anne Dietrich, Deutschsein in Istanbul (Opladen: Leske and Budrich), 1998.
44. Sources here include Cogito, sayi: 23 (2000), and the appendix to Horst Widmann, Exil und Bildungshilfe: Die deutschsprachige akademische Emigration in die Türkei nach 1933 (Bern: Herbert Lang and Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang, 1973).
45. Sir Steven Runciman, "Muslim Influences on the Development of European Civilization," in Şarkiyat Mecmuasi [Oriental Magazine] 3 (1959): 1-12.
46. Runciman's argues, "The medieval French romance, Floire et Blanchefleur, is an eastern story; while one of the most famous and lovely of all European romances, Aucassin et Nicolète, betrays its Muslim origin. There [sic] hero's name is really al-Q-asim, while the heroine is stated to be a Muslim princess of Tunis. It seems, also, that the use of rhyme in medieval European verse was inspired by Arabic models. . . . Long before Europe knew of the collection of short stories which we call the Arabian Nights, Muslim romance and poetry were making a mark on European literature" (p. 22).
47. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, vol. 1 (1933-41), trans. Martin Chalmers (New York: Modern Library, 1999), pp. 175 and 178, respectively.
48. Harry Dember to Victor Klemperer in Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: LTI-Lingua Tertii Imperii A Philologist's Notebook, trans. Martin Brady (London: Athlone Press, 2000), p. 159. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated LTI.
49. Geoffrey Green, basing these assertions on an interview published by Spitzer in The Johns Hopkins Magazine April 1952. See his Literary Criticism and the Structures of History: Erich Auerbach and Leo Spitzer, p. 105.
50. It is strange that Paul Bové does so little with the impact of Istanbul on Auerbach's work given his criticism of the inattention paid to "the cultural and political roots" of Auerbach's work, and his argument that "Auerbach's project of writing 'a synthetic history-from-within' owes much to its own academic cultural context." Ideally one would match Bové's useful reappraisal of the impact of Weimar culture and German modernism on Auerbach's thought with a discussion of the influence of Turkish alphabetization on Auerbach's analysis of literary language and its public. See, Paul Bové, Intellectuals in Power: A Genealogy of Critical Humanism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 79.
51. Erich Auerbach, Introduction to Romance Languages and Literatures, trans. from French by Guy Daniels (New York: Capricorn Books, 1961). The Turkish edition, translated by Süheyla Bayrav, appeared in 1944.
52. Erich Auerbach, Literary Language and Its Public. Auerbach argues that the stability of Latin as a literary language was crucial to the formation of a literary public during the Empire. After imperial decline, written Latin endured as a language of law and religion because "there was no other written language and because it had long served, with the same homogeneity and the same conservatism . . . as the specialized language of the various branches of public life" (p. 252).
53. Paul Bové, Intellectuals in Power, p. xiii.
54. Bernard Cerquiglini, In Praise of the Variant: A Critical History of Philology, trans. Betsy Wing (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. xiv.
55. Michael Holquist, Association of Departments of Foreign Languages Bulletin, vol. 33, no. 2 (Winter 2002), p. 18. pp. 12-13.
56. Roman Jakobson, "On Linguistic Aspects of Translation," in Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida, eds. Rainer Schulte and John Biguenet (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 145.
57. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), p. 51.
58. Herbert Lindenberger, "On the Reception of Mimesis," in Literary History and the Challenge of Philology, ed. Seth Lerer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 209. My thanks to Howard Bloch for bringing this article to my attention.
59. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
60. Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), p. 31.
61. Edward Said, Out of Place: A Memoir (New York: Vintage Books, 1999), p. 205.
62. Leo Spitzer, "Linguistics and Literary History," p. 35.
63. Walter Benjamin, "The Task of the Translator," in Illuminations, trans. Willard Trask (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), p. 82.
64. Theodor Adorno, "Words from Abroad," in Notes to Literature II, pp. 187-88.
65. Paul de Man, "Conclusions: Walter Benjamin's 'The Task of the Translator,' " in The Resistance to Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 19 ), pp. 84-85. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated RT.
66. David Damrosch, "Auerbach in Exile," Comparative Literature, vol. 47, no. 2. (Spring 1995), p. 109.
67. Paul A. Bové, ed., Edward Said and the Work of the Critic.
68. Edward W. Said, Humanism and Democratic Criticism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 61.
69. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979), p. 69-70. Subsequent references to this work are cited parenthetically as O.
70. Edward W. Said, introduction to Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, by Erich Auerbach, trans. Willard R. Task (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. xv, xxi. Subsequent references to this work are cited parenthetically as M.
71. Walter Benjamin, from Review of Renéville's L'Expérience poétique, p. 117.
72. Walter Benjamin, "Exchange with Adorno on Paris of the Second Empire," in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings Vol. 4 (1938-1940), trans. Edmund Jephcott et al. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 108.
73. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 148. Subsequent references to this work are cited parenthetically as WTC.
74. See, Aamir Mufti, "Auerbach in Istanbul: Edward Said, Secular Criticism, and the Question of Minority Culture," Critical Inquiry 25 (Autumn 1998): 96, 99, 102, 105.
75. Aamir Mufti, "Secularism and Minority: Elements of a Critique," Social Text 45, vol. 14, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 93.
76. Edward W. Said, "Edward Said Talks to Jacqueline Rose," in Edward Said and the Work of the Critic, p. 25.
77. Edward Said, Out of Place: A Memoir (New York: Viking, 1999), p. 3.
78. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1933-1941, vol. 1, trans. Martin Chalmers (New York: Modern Library, 1999), p. 23.
79. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942-1945, vol. 2, trans. Martin Chalmers (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 382.
80. Edward Said, Freud and the Non-European (London: Verso, 2003), p. 44.
81. On the logic of extension in Spinoza, see Michael Hardt, Gilles Deleuse: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), pp. 110-11.
82. Edward Said, Beginnings (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), p. 212. Subsequent references to this work are cited parenthetically as B.
83. Riccardo Fubini, Humanism and Secularization: From Petrarch to Valla, trans. Martha King (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), p. 9.
84. See Aamir Mufti, paraphrasing Bruce Robbins, in his essay "Auerbach in Istanbul," p. 96. He cites Robbins's essay "Secularism, Elitism, Progress, and Other Transgressions: On Edward Said's 'Voyage In,"' Social Text 40 (Fall 1994): 26.
85. Stathis Gourgouris, "Transformation, Not Transcendence," in boundary 2 vol. 31, no. 2 (Summer 2004): 55-79.
86. P. H. Wicksteed, as cited by John D. Sinclair, in notes to Canto II of Dante's Paradiso, trans. John D. Sinclair (New York: Oxford University Press, 1939), p. 45.
87. See notes to Canto XVIII of Dante's Paradiso, p. 266-67.
88. John D. Sinclair, in notes to Canto XVIII of Dante's Paradiso, p. 266.
89. Mahmoud Darwish, Unfortunately, It Was Paradise, trans. Munir Akash and Carolyn Forché with Sinan and Amira El-Zein (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 9.
90. Alain Badiou, Petit manuel d'inesthétique (Paris: Seuil, 1998). Epigraph.
91. Mahmoud Darwish, "A Rhyme for the Odes (Mu'allaqat)" in Unfortunately, It Was Paradise, trans. Munir Akash and Caroyn Forché et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 91.
92. Stéphane Mallarmé, Oeuvres complètes (Paris: Gallimard, 1945), pp. 368 and 370, respectively.
93. Peter Hallward, Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing between the Singular and the Specific (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001), pp. 2 and 3, respectively. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated AP.
94. Alain Badiou, "Philosophy and the War against Terrorism," in Infinite Thought: Truth and the Return of Philosophy, trans, and ed. Oliver Feltham and Justin Clemens (London: Continuum, 2003), p. 149.
95. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Death of a Discipline (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 72. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated DD.
96. Dennis Overbye, "What Happened before the Big Bang?" in the New York Times, Nov. 11, 2003, p. F6.
97. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Essays in Zen Buddhism (London: Luzac and Company, 1933), p. 42.
98. Martin Heidegger, "The Question of Being (Letter to Ernst Jünger 'Concerning "The Line" ') (1955), trans. By William Kluback and Jean T. Wilde in Martin Heidegger:Philosophical and Political Writings, ed. Manfred Stassen (New York: Continuum, 2003), pp. 127 and 139, respectively.
99. Walter Benjamin, "The Railway Disaster at the Firth of Tay," in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 2, 1927-34, trans. Rodney Livingstone et al., and ed. Michael Jennings et al. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 563.
100. Juan Goytisolo, Landscapes after the Battle, trans. Helen Lane (New York: Seaver Books, 1987), pp. 4-5. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated LB.
101. Homi K. Bhabha, "How Newness Enters the World," in The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 227.
102. Tahar Djaout, as cited in The Economist, Jan. 27, 1996, p. 79.
103. Roger Cohen, New York Times, Sept. 24, 1997, p. A3.
104. Réda Bensmaïa, Experimental Nations: Or, the Invention of the Maghreb (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. 8, 15, and 17. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated EN.
105. Assia Djebar, Le blanc de l'Algérie (Paris: Albin Michel, 1995), pp. 274 and 275.
106. Mongo Beti, in discussion session during a conference on "The Chosen Tongue" organized by Maryse Condé and Pierre Force at Columbia University's Maison Française, April 7-8, 2000.
107. Walter Benjamin, "The Task of the Translator," in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), p. 70.
108. Maya Jaggi, "Stars Are in the West," Guardian Weekly Aug. 28, 1997, p. 28.
109. Stephen Owen, "What Is World Poetry: The Anxiety of Global Influence," The New Republic (Nov. 19, 1990), pp. 28-32.
110. As cited by Andrew F. Jones, "Chinese Literature in the 'World' Literary Economy" (Modern Chinese Literature, vol. 8, nos. 1-2 (Spring/Fall 1994): 171. Further reference to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated AJ.
111. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, "The Politics of Translation," in Destabilizing Theory, eds. Michèle Barrett and Anne Phillips (London: Polity Press, 1982), p. 179.
112. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Global Cultures: A Transnational Short Fiction Reader (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1994).
113. Preface by the editors, Kateb Yacine, Nedjma, trans. Richard Howard (New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1961), p. 6-9.
114. Edward Said, "Embargoed Literature," in Between Languages and Cultures: Translation and Cross-Cultural Texts, Anuradha Dingwaney and Carol Maier, eds. (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,) p. 97.
115. Hélène Cixous, "My Algeriance, in Other Words to Depart Not to Arrive from Algeria," lecture delivered at a conference at Cornell University, " Algeria In and Out of France," organized by Anne-Emannuelle Berger, October 1996. A version of this lecture was published with the same title in Tri-Quarterly 100 (Fall 1997): 259-79. For additional writings on Algeria by Cixous, see "The Names of Oran," in Algeria in Others' Languages, ed. Anne-Emmanuelle Berger (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 184-94, and Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint, trans. Beverly Bie Brahic (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
116. Abdelkebir Khatibi, Love in Two Languages, trans. Richard Howard (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), p 4.
117. Rachid Boudjedra, "Les mots et la langue" (extracts from letters 1 and 2 of his Lettres algériennes (Paris: Denoël, 1995), in Algérie Littérature/Action 5 (November 1996), p. 97. Further references to this article will appear in the text abbreviated B. Translation my own.
118. Assia Djebar, La Disparition de la langue française (Paris: Albin Michel, 2003), p. 271. Translation my own.
119. Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1960), p. 15. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated WO.
120. Wilhelm von Humboldt, "Uber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und irhen Einfluss geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts," in Wilhelm von Humboldts Werke, vol. 7 (Berlin: Behr, 1907), p. 60.
121. Eugene Jolas, Man from Babel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 35. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated MB.
122. Eugene Jolas, Words from the Deluge (New York: Gotham Book Mart, 1941), n.p.
123. Ralph Ellison, Juneteenth (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 259.
124. Michael North, The Dialect of Modernism: Race, Language, and Twentieth-Century Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
125. Mina Loy, "English Rose," in The Last Lunar Baedeker (Highlands: The Jargon Society, 1982), p. 130.
126. Box 12 Folder 247. Eugene Jolas, "Vocabulary for the Superoccident," Jolas Papers.
127. Jorge Luis Borges, "The Library of Babel," in Labyrinths: Selected Stories and Other Writings, trans. by J.E.I. (New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1962), p. 54.
128. Eugene Jolas, "Silvalogue," in "Multilingual Poems," n.d., Jolas Papers.
129. Eugene Jolas, "Babel: Across Frontiers," Jolas Papers. Book Room and Manuscript Library.
130. Eugene Jolas, "Vertigralism," in Vertical: A Yearbook for Romantic-Mystic Ascensions (New York: Gotham Bookmart Press, 1941), p. 156. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated V.
131. Theodor W. Adorno, The Stars Down to Earth and Other Essays on the Irrational in Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 34.
132. Eugene Jolas, Planets and Angels (Mount Vernon, Iowa: English Club of Cornell College, 1940), p. 171.
133. Eugene Jolas, Secession in Astropolis (Paris: The Black Sun Press, 1929), p. 206.
134. Gilles Deleuze, "Louis Wolfson, ou le procédé," in Critique et clinique (Paris: Editions de minuit, 1993), pp. 19-22.
135. Louis Wolfson, Le Schizo et les langues (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), p. 37.
136. Georges Perec, A Void, trans. Gilbert Adair (London: Harvill, 1994), p. 282. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated V. French original, La disparition (Paris: É ditions Denoël, 1969), p. 310.
137. Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 1954), p. 92. Wiener is referring here to the philologist Otto Jespersen.
138. Paul Braffort, "Formalismes pour l'analyse et la synthe`se de textes littérraires," in Atlas de littérature potententielle (Paris: Gallimard, 1981), pp. 127 and 109.
139. Jacques Bens, Claude Berge, Paul Braffort, "La Littérature récurrente," in Atlas de littérature potententielle, pp. 86-87.
140. Maria Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
141. Maria Todorova in discussion of her book, University of California, Los Angeles, May 25, 2000.
142. Ismail Kadare, The Three-Arched Bridge, translated by John Hodgson (New York: Vintage International, 1997), p. 18. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated TAB.
143. Ismail Kadare, Albanian Spring: The Anatomy of Tyranny, trans. Emile Capouya (London: Saqi Books, 1994), p. 34.
144. George Steiner, Language and Silence: Essays on Language, Literature and the Inhuman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970, 1998), pp. 348-49.
145. Ivo Andríc, The Bridge on the Drina, trans. Lovett F. Edwards (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), p. 86. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated BD.
146. Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (New York: Swerve Editions, 1991).
147. Ismail Kadare, The Palace of Dreams, trans. from the French of Jusuf Vrioni by Barbara Bray (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1993), pp. 13-14. Cited passage italicized in the original text.
148. Pierre Clastres, Archeology of Violence, trans. Jeanine Herman (Recherches d'anthropologie politique, Seuil 1980) (New York: Semiotext[e], 1994), p. 55.
149. Georges Bataille, "Structure et fonction de l'armée" (1938), in Denis Hollier, Le Collège de sociologie (Paris: Gallimard, 1979), pp. 255-67.
150. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 87.
151. Randalph Quirk, "International Communication and the Concept of Nuclear English," in English for International Communication, ed. C. J. Brumfit (Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English, 1982), p. 19.
152. Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: Essai sur le colinguisme des Carolingiens à la République (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985); Pierre Clastres, Archeology of Violence.
153. Louis-Jean Calvet, Language Wars and Linguistic Politics, trans. Michel Petheram (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
154. Ernest Renan, De l'origine du langage (Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1859), pp. 95-96.
155. Harold Bloom, How to Read and Why (New York: Scribner, 2000).
156. Interview with Pascale Casanova, "Ces guerres littéraires insoupçonnées," in Politis, March 25, 1999.
157. Pascale Casanova as cited by Pierre Lepape in his review "Du Bellay et compagnie," in Le Monde des Livres, March 26, 1999.
158. Pascale Casanova, La République mondiale des lettres (Paris: Seuil, 1999).
159. Jackie Kay, Off Colour (Newcastle on Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1998), p. 45.
160. On the logic of minority language see Harry Garuba, "Ken Saro-wiwa's Sozaboy and the Logic of Minority Discourse,"
161. Adetayo Alabi, "Ken Saro-wiwa and the Politics of Language in African Literature," both in Rasheed Na'Allah, ed. Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro-wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1998).
162. Michael North, "Ken Saro-wiwa's Sozaboy: The Politics of 'Rotten English,' " Public Culture 13, no. 1 (Winter 2001), p. 100. Further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated PC.
163. A number of essays in Critical Essays on Ken Saro-wiwa's "Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English," ed. Charles Nnolim (Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Saros International Publishers, 1992), offer illuminating appraisals of Saro-wiwa's grammatical inventions. See, in particular, Augustine C. Okere, "Patterns of Linguistic Deviation in Saro-wiwa's Sozaboy," pp. 9-15;
164. Doris Akekue, "Mind-Style in Sozaboy: A Functional Approach," pp. 16-29;
165. Asomwan S. Adagboyin, "The Language of Ken Saro-wiwa's Sozaboy," pp. 30-38.
166. Chantal Zabus's fascinating discussion of what she calls "pidgin in vitro," in her The African Palimpsest: Indigenization of Language in the West African Europhone Novel (Atlanta, Georgia: Editions Rodopi, 1991), pp. 179.
167. For an excellent reading of Sozaboy in terms of the politics of oil and citizenship, see Andrew Apter, "Death and the King's Henchmen: Ken Saro-wiwa and the Political Ecology of Citizenship in Nigeria," in Rasheed Na'Allah, ed. Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro-wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1998).
168. For a trenchant account of Saro-wiwa's career and writings as a political activist, see Rob Nixon's essay, "Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro-wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro-Minority Rights," Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire, vol. 1, no. 1 (Fall, 1996): 39-55.
169. Philip Lewis, The Measure of Translation Effects, Joseph Graham, ed. Difference in Translation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 41.
170. Ken Saro-wiwa, "High Life," in A Forest of Flowers (Longman Group Limited: Essex, England, 1995), p. 73.
171. Achille Mbembe, "The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony," trans. Janet Roitman, Public Culture, vol. 4, no. 2 (1992): 1-30. A version of this seminal essay, along with a chapter "Of Commandement," clarifying his use of this concept, appears in Mbembe's book On the Postcolony (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
172. Ken Saro-wiwa, Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (Essex: Long Group Limited, 1994), pp. 3 and 11. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated S.
173. Paul de Man, "Anthropomorphism and Trope in the Lyric," in The Rhetoric of Romanticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 242.
174. There are striking parallels between My Life in the Bush of Ghosts and Sozaboy, especially in the way in which war and phantoms are narratively intricated. While Tutuola's Pidgin English is not as pronounced as Saro-wiwa's, it has been duly acknowledged as an important precedent by critics such as North and Mbembe. We can see how difficult it remains to have this form of nonstandard English recognized on its literary merits in the Reverend Geoffrey Parrinder's foreword to the Grove Press edition of Tutuola's novel: "The book has been edited to remove the grosser mistakes, clear up some ambiguities, and curtail some repetition." In Amos Tutuola, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (New York: Grove Press, 1984), p. 15.
175. Ahmadou Kourouma, Allah n'est pas obligé (Paris: Seuil, 2000), p. 9.
176. Emily Apter, "Comparative Exile: Competing Margins in the History of Comparative Literature," in Comparative Literature in the Age of Multiculturalism, ed. Charles Bernheimer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 86-96.
177. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia, trans. E.F.N. Jephcott (London: Verso, 1974), p. 40. Further references to this edition will appear in the text abbreviated MM.
178. As cited by Susan Buck-Morss, in The Origins of Negative Dialectics: Theodor W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and the Frankfurt Institute (New York: Macmillan, 1977), p. 83.
179. Walter Benjamin, Understanding Brecht [Versuche über Brecht], trans. Anna Bostock (London: New Left Books, 1973), p. 81. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated UB.
180. Randolph Stow, "Trainspotters' Heaven" in Times Literary Supplement no. 5037, Oct. 15, 1999, p. 40.
181. George Eliot, Adam Bede (New York: The Modern Library, 2002), p. 250.
182. James Kelman, How Late It Was, How Late (New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1994), p. 248.
183. Duncan McLean, Buckets of Tongues (London: Martin Secker and Warburg Limited, 1992).
184. Duncan McLean, Bunker Man (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 180.
185. David Lloyd, Nationalism and Minor Literature: James Clarence Mangan and the Emergence of Irish Cultural Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
186. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, trans. Dana Polan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 23.
187. James Joyce, Finnegan's Wake (New York: Penguin Books, 1969, 1939), p. 6.
188. Irvine Welsh, Trainspotting (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1993), p. 94. All further references will be to this edition and will appear in the text abbreviated T.
189. Leo Spitzer, "The Individual Factor in Linguistic Innovations" (1956), in The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader, eds. Lucy Burke, Tony Crowley and Alan Girvin (New York: Routledge, 2000), p. 66.
190. Leo Spitzer, "American Advertising Explained as Popular Art," in Leo Spitzer: Representative Essays, eds. Alban K. Forcione et al. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), p. 332. All further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated AA.
191. Maryse Condé, "Chercher nos vérités," in Penser la créolité (Paris: Editions Karthala, 1995), p. 306. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated PC.
192. Jean Bernabé et al., Éloge de la créolité, bilingual edition, trans. M.B. Teleb-Hyar (Paris Gallimard, 1989), p. 126. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated E.
193. Raphaël Confiant, "Confiant sur son volcan," Magazine Littéraire (November 1994): 77.
194. Wilson Harris also experiments with historical displacement, placing the trauma of the recent past (the Jonestown mass suicide in Guyana) in the perspective of history longue durée. See Selected Essays of Wilson Harris: The Unfinished Genesis of the Imagination, ed. Andrew Bundy (London: Routledge, 1999).
195. Raphaël Confiant, Bassin des ouragans (Turin: Editions Mille et une nuits, 1994), p. 42. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated B.
196. Rose-Myriam Réjouis, "Afterword," in Patrick Chamoiseau, Texaco, trans. Rose-Myriam Réjouis and Val Vinokurov (New York: Vintage, 1998), p. 393.
197. Raphaël Confiant, La Savane des pétrifications (Turin: Editions Mille et une nuits, 1995), p. 83. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated SP.
198. Translation by Lucien Taylor, in Lucien Taylor, "Créolité Bites: A Conversation with Patrick Chamoiseau, Raphaël Confiant, and Jean Bernabé" Transition, issue 74: 159.
199. Raphaël Confiant, La Dernière Java de Madame Josepha (Turin: Editions Mille et une nuits, 1999), p. 12. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated MJ.
200. Christopher L. Miller, Nationalists and Nomads: Essays on Francophone African Literature and Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), p. 162.
201. Raphaël Confiant, Dictionnaire des Titim et Sirandanes (Martinique: Ibis Rouge Editions, 1998), pp. 40-41.
202. William Safire, "On Language," New York Times Magazine, Sept. 9, 2000, p. 37.
203. Raphaël Confiant, Dictionnaire des Titim et Sirandanes, p. 242. Condé 's Cré olité in Literary History
204. Georg Lukács, Preface of 1962 to his The Theory of the Novel, trans. Anna Bostock (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977), p. 16.
205. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953, 2003), p. 554.
206. Paul de Man, "Literary History and Literary Modernity," in Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism (Minneapolois: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 142-43.
207. Franco Moretti, "Conjectures on World Literature," New Left Review (Jan.-Feb. 2000): 67.
208. Patrick Chamoiseau, Ecrire en pays dominé (Paris: Gallimard, 1997).
209. Gilles Philippe, "1890-1940 Le moment grammatical de la littérature française?" Le débat, no. 120 (May-Aug. 2002): 109-18.
210. Pascale Casanova, "Consécration et accumulation de capital littéraire," Actes de la Recherche en Sciences sociales 144 (September 2002): 7-20.
211. Okwui Enwezor, "The Black Box," in Documenta 11, Platform 5: Exhibition Catalogue (Kassel: Hatje Publishers, 2002), p. 51.
212. Pascale Casanova, La République mondiale des lettres (Paris: Seuil, 1999), pp. 402-10.
213. The rapprochement of telepathy and thought transference in Freud and Derrida is made by Marina Warner in her review of Richard Luckhurst's The Invention of Telepathy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), which appeared in the London Review of Books, vol. 24, no. 19 (October 2002): 16.
214. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 63-4.
215. Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (London: Penguin Books, 1995), pp. 19-20. Further references to this work will be to this edition and will appear in the text abbreviated WH.
216. Harold Bloom, Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds (New York: Warner Books, 2002), p. 316. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated G.
217. See, Juliet Barker, The Brontës (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), p. 534.
218. Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (London: England, 1995 [1847]), p. xliii. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated WH.
219. On reading as a process of interiorization, Patricia Crain has noted, "Literacy in operation requires that the alphabet be broken into elements and recombined to make sense: B, Ba, Bat. But this alphabet-all-at-once, accompanied by prayers already gotten by heart, exemplifies alphabetization: aurally or visually, the alphabet and the prayers are taken in, internalized." Patricia Crain, The Story of A, p. 23.
220. Maryse Condé, La migration des coeurs (Paris: Editions Laffont, 1995), p. 67. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated MC.
221. Maryse Condé, Windward Heights, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Soho Press, 1998), p. 61. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated WWH).
222. Georg Lukács, Introduction to Rob Roy (New York: Modern Library, 2002), p. xix.
223. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 164.
224. Kenneth Frampton, "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance," in The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, ed. Hal Foster (Port Townsend, Wash.: Bay Press, 1983), pp. 21, 26, and 27 respectively.
225. William Kentridge, in William Kentridge (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1999), p. 108. All further references to this work and essays in it will appear in the text abbreviated WK.
226. Rosalind Krauss, " 'The Rock': William Kentridge's Drawings for Projection," in October 92 (Spring 2000): 3-35.
227. Rosalind Krauss, "A Voyage on Art in the Age of the North Sea": Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1999), p. 56.
228. John Kinsella, "Dispossession," in Visitants (Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1999), pp. 36-37. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated V.
229. John Kinsella in Landbridge: Contemporary Australian Poetry, ed. John Kinsella (North Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1999), p. 193.
230. Lionel Fogarty, "Jukambe Spirit-For the Lost" in Landbridge, p. 130.
231. Lionel Fogarty, "No Grudge," in The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry, eds. John Tranter and Philip Mead (Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1991), p. 452.
232. Jacques Lacan, "The Line and the Light," and "What Is a Picture?" in The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 1973, 1978), pp.110 and 103, respectively.
233. Alex Alberro, "Blind Ambition," in Artforum (Jan. 2001): 109.
234. Peter Galassi, Andreas Gursky (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2001), p. 34.
235. Alex Alberro, "Blind Ambition," p. 109.
236. Roland Barthes, "The Image," in The Rustle of Language, trans. Richard Howard (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), p. 352.
237. Samuel Weber, Mass Mediaurus: Form, Technics, Media (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996).
238. See, Bernard Stiegler, La Technique et le Temps: La faute d'Epiméthée (Paris: Galilée, 1994), La Technique et le Temps: La désorientation (Paris: Galilée, 1996), and Philosopher par accident: Entretriens avec Elie During (Paris: Galilée, 2004).
239. Friedrich Kittler, "There Is No Software," in Friedrich Kittler: Literature, Media, Information Systems, ed. John Johnston (Amsterdam: G + B Arts International, 1997), p. 158.
240. Harry Mathews, "The Dialect of the Tribe," in The Human Country: New and Collected Stories (Chicago: Dalkey Archive Press, 2002), p. 8. Further references to this collection will appear in the text abbreviated HC.
241. Jorge Luis Borges, "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius," trans. Alastair Reid, in Ficciones (New York: Grove Press, 1962), p. 18.
242. David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986).
243. Umberto Eco, Serendipities: Language and Lunacy, trans. William Weaver (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), pp. 80-81.
244. Jonathan Safran Foer, Everything Is Illuminated (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002). The parts of the novel written in "translatese" are both weird and funny. English takes on the quality of a language learned word by word out of the dictionary rather than holistically. The narrator's diction, when not in flagrant violation of good grammar, opens up a world of linguistic possibility precisely because it is off. Language Association of America 120, no. 1 (January 2005): 66-81.
245. Douglas Robinson, Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, ed. Mona Baker (New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 183.
246. Jean-Paul Goujon, Pierre Louÿs: Une vie secrète (1870-1925) (Paris: Editions Seghers, 1988), p. 90. All further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated PL.
247. Remy de Gourmont, in a letter to Louÿs of January 7, 1899, as cited by Jean-Paul Goujon in his edition of Les Chansons de Bilitis. Avec divers textes inédits (Paris: Gallimard, 1990), p. 332. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated CB.
248. In a letter of December 22, 1897, Louÿs wrote: "jusqu'ici les lesbiennes étaient toujours représentées comme des femmes fatales." As cited by Jean-Paul Goujon in his preface to Les Chansons de Bilitis, p. 14.
249. Kenneth Rexroth, One Hundred Poems from the Japanese (New York: New Directions, 1955), p. x.
250. Linda Hamalian, A Life of Kenneth Rexroth (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1991), p. 252. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated H.
251. Morgan Gibson, Revolutionary Rexroth: Poet of East-West Wisdom (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1986), p. 82. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated RR.
252. Kenneth Rexroth, "The Poet as Translator," in Essays (New York: New Directions Books, 1961), p. 19.
253. Richard Wollheim, "Nelson Goodman's Languages of Art," in On Art and the Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 291.
254. Kenneth Rexroth, The Phoenix and the Tortoise (Norfolk, Conn.: New Directions, 1944), p. 14. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated PT.
255. Gina Kolata, "Researchers Find Big Risk of Defect in Cloning Animals," New York Times, March 25, 2001, p. 1.
256. Alison Lurie, Familiar Spirits: A Memoir of James Merrill and David Jackson (New York: Viking, 2001).
257. James Merrill, The Changing Light at Sandover (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), p. 217. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated S.
258. Walter Benjamin, "The Task of the Translator," in Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken, 1976), p. 71. Everything Is Translatable
259. Walter Benjamin, "On Language as Such and on the Languages of Man," in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 1: 1913-1926, ed. and trans. Michael W. Jennings (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 69-70.
260. See Robert K. Logan, The Sixth Language: Learning a Living in the Internet Age (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co., 2000). Logan argues, p. 2, that "speech, writing, mathematics, science, computing and the Internet" are the six languages of communication.
261. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers), 1996.
262. Tilman Baumgaertel, "The Aesthetics of Crashing Browsers," Telepolis www/factory.org/nettime/archive/1056html.
263. http/www/blogalization.org/community/weblog.
264. David Crystal, "Weaving a Web of Linguistic Diversity," in The Guardian Weekly Jan. 25, 2001 (Macmillan Publishers Ltd.). Found at www.onestopenglish.com./Culture/gl
265. Brenda Danet and Susan Herring, Introduction to a special issue on "The Multilingual Net," The Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 9 (1) Nov. 2003. They cite this statistic from the CyberAtlas (June 6, 2003). www.asusc.org/jcmc/vol9/issue1/intro.html
266. (c) http://www.TalkingCock.com 2001-2003. All rights reserved.
267. Tom McCarther explores the notion of "bilingualism within a language" in The English Languages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 30.
268. Michael Specter, "World, Wide, Web: 3 English Words," New York Times 1996. As cited by David Crystal, "The Internet: A Linguistic Revolution," www.paricenter.com/library/papers/crystal01.php
269. Jonathan Safran Foer, Everything Is Illuminated (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 1.
270. William Gibson, Pattern Recognition (New York: Penguin 2003).
271. Lydia Liu, "How the English Language Became Ideographical."
272. James G. Miller, Introduction to papers originally presented in 1953 at the American Psychological Association under the session title "Profits and Problems of Homeostatic Models in the Behavioral Sciences." Chicago Behavioral Sciences Publications, no. 1 (1953): 2.
273. Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General System Theory (New York: Braziller, 1968), p. 153.
274. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, "Translation as Culture," in parallax 14 (January-March 2000): 13.
275. Jacques Derrida, Critique, Dec. 1965-Jan. 1966, II, p. 46. Cited by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in "Translator's Preface" to Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. lxxx.
276. Jacques Lacan, The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book XX (Encore), ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1999), p. 17.
277. Friedrich Kittler, "There Is No Software," in Literature, Media, Information Systems, ed. John Johnston (Amsterdam: G + B Arts International, 1997), p. 148.
278. McKenzie Wark, "Hypermedia Joyce Studies 3.1 (2002). Further references to this essay will appear in the text abbreviated MW2.
279. John Klima "The_Story.Show," http://artport.whitney.org/commissions/codedoc/Klima/main.html 2003.
280. Camille Utterback, http://artport.whitney.org/commissions/codedoc 2003.
281. Scott Snibbe http://artport.whitney.org/commissions/codedoc/Snibbe/Tripolar_java_wc.html. 2003.
282. Félix Guattari, Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aesthetic Paradigm, trans. Paul Bains and Julian Pefanis (Sydney: Power Publications, 1992), pp. 107-108. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated C.
283. Geert Lovink, "Language? No Problem," Jan. 5, 1997. www.ljudmila.org/nettime/zkp4/61 Further references to this text will be to this Web site and will appear in the text abbreviated LNP.
284. Alan Leo, "Hour is the Moment for all good men to come the subsidy of them country," in Technology Review, Sept. 21, 2001. See www.technologyreview.com/articles.
285. Giorgio Agamben, Means without Ends: Notes on Politics, trans. Vincenzo Binetti and Cesare Casarino (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 64. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated MWE.
286. Samuel Weber, "A Touch of Translation: On Walter Benjamin's 'Task of the Translator,' " in The Ethics of Translation, eds. Sandra Bermann and Michael Wood (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 66.
287. Jean-Luc Godard in interview with Manohla Dargis, "Godard's Metaphysics of the Movies," New York Times, Nov. 21, 2004, Arts and Leisure, p. 22.
288. Edouard Glissant, Poétique de la Relation (Paris: Gallimard, 1990), p. 88.
289. Jean Bernabé, Patrick Chamoiseau, Raphaël Confiant, Éloge de la créolité Edition bilingue français/anglais, trans. M. B. Teleb-Khyar (Paris: Gallimard, 1989), pp. 88-90. Emphasis in italics as appears in the original.
290. Peter Hallward, "Edouard Glissant between the Singular and the Specific," in The Yale Journal of Criticism 11.2 (1998): 455.
291. Haun Saussy, The Great Wall of Discourse and Other Adventures in Cultural China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard East Asian Monographs/Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 78 and 79.
292. Jacques Derrida, Aporias, trans. Thomas Dutoit (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), p. 6. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated A.
293. Kenneth Reinhard, "Kant with Sade, Lacan with Levinas," Modern Language Notes 110.4 (1995): 785.
294. Edward Said, Humanism and Democratic Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p. 58. Further references to this work will appear in the text abbreviated HDC.
295. Leo Spitzer, "Learning Turkish" in Varlik [Being], Nos. 19, 35, and 37, 1934. Translation by Tülay Atak.
296. On the issue of two Arabic languages in one, see Iman Humaydan Younes, "Thinking Fussha, Feeling 'Amiya: Between Classical and Colloquial Arabic," Bidoun: Arts and Culture from the Middle East, issue 02, vol. 01, Fall (2004): 66-67.