Passionately human, no less divine: Religion and culture in Black Chicago, 1915-1952

Passionately Human, No Less Divine: Religion and Culture in Black Chicago, 1915-1952

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-250

  Best, Wallace D ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84924696818     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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258. Milton C. Sernett, Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration (Durham, N.C.: Duke University, 1997), 160.
259. Fisher, "History of Olivet," 52-57.
260. Lincoln and Mamiya, The Black Church, 159.
261. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Church in America, (New York: Schocken, 1974), 83.
262. Willard Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, 275.
263. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Negro Church (Atlanta: Atlanta University Press, 1903), 139.
264. Kimberley L. Phillips, AlabamaNorth: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915-1945 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 166.
265. Shirley S. Allen, "Religious Symbolism and Psychic Reality in Baldwin's Go Tell It on the Mountain," CLA Journal 19 (1975): 175-199.
266. Barbara K. Olsen, "Come to Jesus Stuff in James Baldwin's Go Tell It on the Mountain and 'The Amen Corner,'" African American Review 31 (Summer 1997): 295-301.
267. Clarence E. Hardy III, James Baldwin's God: Sex, Hope and Crisis in Black Holiness Culture ( Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003).
268. James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain (reprint, New York: Dell Publishing, 1981), 50.
269. "Exodus to Freedom," Chicago Tribune, 12 February 1995.
270. Arna Bontemps and Jack Conroy, Anyplace but Here (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), 166.
271. Arthur E. Paris, Black Pentecostalism: Southern Religion in an Urban World (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982), vi.
272. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 671.
273. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis 632-638.
274. Frazier, The Negro Church in America, 58.
275. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis 614-635.
276. Marsha Natalie Taylor, " 'Shouting': The Dance of the Black Church" (Ph.D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1997).
277. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 639.
278. Miles Mark Fisher, "Negro Churches in Illinois: A Fragmentary History with Emphasis on Chicago," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 61 (Autumn 1963): 557.
279. Fisher, "Negro Churches in Illinois," 560.
280. Fisher, " History of Olivet Baptist," 40-42.
281. "Some Noted Leaders: Chicago Clergymen who Preach to Colored Congregations," Chicago Tribune, 19 November 1893.
282. William J. Simmons, Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive, and Rising (New York: Arno, 1968), 252-256.
283. William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865-1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 253-306.
284. Paul Harvey, Redeeming the South: Religious Cultures and Racial Identities among Southern Baptists, 1865-1925 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 108.
285. Stephanie M. H. Camp, "The Pleasure of Resistance: Enslaved Women and Body Politics in the Plantation South, 1830-1861," Journal of Southern History 68 (August 2002), 535.
286. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: New American Library, 1969), 211.
287. Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction (reprint, New York: Norton, 1992), 14.
288. Myrta L. Avary, Dixie after the War: An Exposition of the Social Conditions Existing in the South during the Twelve Years Succeeding the Fall of Richmond (reprint, New York, 1969), 203-205.
289. Philip Bruce, The Plantation Negro as a Freedman: Observations on His Character, Condition, and Prospects in Virginia (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889), 106-107.
290. Cordelia Anderson Jackson found in Paul Harvey, Redeeming the South, 108.
291. Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The 'Invisible Institution' in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
292. Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America: An Historical Account of the Development of American Religious Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973), 342-345.
293. Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, vol. 2 (New York: Image, 1975), 287-291.
294. Vinson Synan, The Holiness Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdman's, 1997), 1-21.
295. Dee E. Andrews, The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760-1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
296. Allan Coppedge, "Entire Sanctification in Early American Methodism, 1812-1835," Wesleyan Theological Journal 13 (Spring 1978), 34-50.
297. Timothy L. Smith, "Righteousness and Hope: Christian Holiness and the Millennial Vision in America, 1800-1900," American Quarterly 31 (Spring 1979), 21-45.
298. Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 218-220.
299. Albert J. Raboteau, A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African American Religious History (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 152-157.
300. Cheryl J. Sanders, Saints in Exile: The Holiness-Pentecostal Experience in African American Religion and Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
301. Synan, Holiness Pentecostal Tradition 108-112.
302. Charles D. Killian, "Bishop Daniel A. Payne: An Apostle of Wesley," Methodist History 24 (1986): 107-119.
303. James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Unites States and South Africa (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 38-43.
304. H. T. Kealing, "A Race Rich in Spiritual Content," Southern Workman (January 1904).
305. Harvey, Redeeming the South, 108.
306. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 672.
307. Drake, "Churches and Voluntary Associations," 234.
308. John Jasper, "The Sun Do Move." Hiley H. Hill, "Negro Storefront Churches." (M.A. thesis, Howard University, 1947), 10.
309. Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices (reprint, New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1988), 134.
310. St. Clair Drake, "Churches and Voluntary Associations," 198.
311. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 632, 634.
312. Hiley H. Hill, "Negro Storefront Churches," 7.
313. Vattel E. Daniel, "Ritual and Stratification in Chicago Negro Churches," American Sociological Review 7 (June 1932).
314. Vattel E. Daniel, "Ritual in Chicago's South Side Churches for Negroes" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1940), 13.
315. Evans Edgar Crawford, "The Leadership Role of the Urban Negro Minister" (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1957), 59.
316. "Religious Enthusiasts," Chicago Defender, 10 September 1921.
317. Benjamin E. Mays and Joseph W. Nicholson, The Negro's Church (1933; reprint, New York:Arno, 1969), 17, 220, 59.
318. Ira de A. Reid, "Let Us Prey," Opportunity 4 (September 1926): 274-278.
319. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 415, 420.
320. Carol Marks, Farewell-We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 1.
321. Ira Katznelson, Black Men in White Cities: Race, Politics, and Migration in the United States, 1900-1930, and Britain, 1948-1968 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 32.
322. Ray Stannard Baker, "The Negro Goes North," World's Work 34 (July 1917): 315.
323. August Meier, Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966), 170.
324. Julie Saville, The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860-1870 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
325. Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983), 6.
326. Rebecca J. Scott, "Defining the Boundaries of Freedom in the World of Cane: Cuba, Brazil, and Louisiana after Emancipation," American Historical Review 99 (February 1994): 70-102.
327. W. E. B. Du Bois's Black Reconstruction in America: 1860-1880 (New York: Atheneum, 1985).
328. Eric Foner's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988).
329. Paul Moreno, "Racial Classifications and Reconstruction Legislation," Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995), 271-304.
330. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 677-678.
331. "Grace Presbyterian Church," Works Progress Administration, Federal Writers' Project, container A125, folder: "Illinois Religion," Library of Congress; "Atty. Marshall Pleads to Help 'Newcomers,'" Chicago Defender, 20 October 1917.
332. Chicago Defender, 4 August 1917.
333. "The Old Timer and the New Comer," Chicago Whip, 20 September 1919.
334. "The Negro Goes to Church," Opportunity (March 1929): 91.
335. Reverdy C. Ransom, The Pilgrimage of Harriet Ransom's Son 109-111.
336. Allan Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 95.
337. Inter-Ocean, 29 July 1900.
338. Terrell Dale Goddard, "The Black Social Gospel in Chicago, 1896-1906: The Ministries of Reverdy C. Ransom and Richard R. Wright, Jr.," Journal of Negro History 84 (Summer 1999), 227-246.
339. David Wills, "Reverdy C. Ransom: The Making of an A. M. E. Bishop," in Randall K. Burkett and Richard Newman, eds., Black Apostles: Afro-American Clergy Confront the Twentieth Century, (Boston: n.p., 1978), 181-212.
340. Calvin S. Morris, Reverdy C. Ransom: Black Advocate of the Social Gospel (Lanham, Md.:University Press of America, 1990).
341. "Reverend R. C. Ransom, B.D.," Christian Recorder, 1 January 1898.
342. "Rev. R. C. Ransom: The Pastor of Bethel A. M. E. Church, Chicago-A Model," Freeman, 27 January 1900.
343. Alice T. Anderson, ed., From Ocean to Ocean, 1920: Record of the Work of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society (Chicago: n.p., 1920), 189-191.
344. "New Negro Goes to Church," Opportunity (March 1929): 91.
345. James Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners and the Great Migration (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1989), 156.
346. S. Mattie Fisher, "Olivet as a Christian Center," Missions 10 (March 1919): 199-202.
347. Milton C. Sernett, Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration (Durham, N.C.:Duke University Press,) 119.
348. Alice T. Anderson, ed., Ocean to Ocean, 1918-1919: A Record of the Work of the Women's American Baptist Home Mission Society (Chicago:n.p., 1919), 189-191.
349. Lillian B. Horace, Crowned with Glory and Honor: The Life of Rev. Lacey Kirk Williams (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition, 1978), 148.
350. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 652.
351. The most definitive study of the race riot of 1919 remains William M. Tuttle, Jr., Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919.
352. C. K. Doreski, "From News to History: Robert Abbott and Carl Sandburg Read the 1919 Chicago Riot," African American Review 26 (1992): 637-660.
353. Anderson, ed., Ocean to Ocean, 1919-1920: 62-64.
354. Alice T. Anderson, ed., From Ocean to Ocean: Including Forty-Seventh Annual Report of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, The Story of the Year, 1923-1924 (New York: n.p., 1924), 73.
355. Miriam Davis, ed., From Ocean to Ocean: Including the Fiftieth Annual Report of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society, The Story of the Year, 1926-1927 (New York: n.p., 1927), 198.
356. "The Good Shepherd Congregational Church in Chicago," Negro History Bulletin 3 (October 1930).
357. Arvarh E. Strickland, History of the Chicago Urban League (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966), 34.
358. Harold Kingsley, The Negro in Chicago: A Spiritual Interpretation of an Economic Problem (Chicago: Chicago Congregational Missionary and Extension Society, 1933), 12.
359. William E. Hatcher, John Jasper: The Unmatched Negro Philosopher and Preacher (New York: Fleming H. Revel, 1908).
360. Leslie Catherine Sanders, ed., The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 5 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 591, 647-648.
361. Judith L. Stephens, "Anti-Lynch Plays by African American Women: Race, Gender, and Social Protest in American Drama," African American Review 26 (1992): 329-339.
362. Elwood Pratt Williams, "An Examination of Protagonists in Selected Federal Theatre Project Plays as a Reflection of New Deal Society and Politics" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1984).
363. Annette T. Rubinstein, "The Radical American Theatre of the Thirties," Science and Society 50 (1986): 300-320.
364. E. Quita Craig, Black Drama of the Federal Theater Era: Beyond the Formal Horizons (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980).
365. Malcolm Goldstein, The Political Stage: American Drama and Theater of the Great Depression (New York:Oxford University Press, 1974).
366. Davis, ed., From Ocean to Ocean, 188.
367. Clark A. Chambers, "Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work," Social Service Review (March 1986): 1-33.
368. Daniel J. Walkowitz, "The Making of a Feminine Professional Identity: Social Workers in the 1920s," American Historical Review 94 (October 1990): 1051-1075.
369. Louise DeKoven Bowen, The Colored People of Chicago: An Investigation Made for the Juvenile Protective Association (Chicago: Rogers and Hall, 1913), 21.
370. Harris, "The Negro Church on the South Side of Chicago," Ernest Burgess Papers; Randall K. Burkett, "The Baptist Church in the Years of Crisis:J. C. Austin and Pilgrim Baptist Church, 1926-1950," in Paul Boyer, ed., African American Christianity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 139.
371. Louis R. Harlan, "Booker T. Washington and the National Negro Business League," in William G. Shade and Roy C. Herrenkohl, eds., Seven on Black: Reflections on the Negro Experience in America (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 73-91.
372. Roscoe C. Simmons, "What Has the Negro Business League Accomplished?" Colored American 5 August 1905.
373. William A. Aery, "Business Makes Men, Especially if the Men Are Negroes," Survey 35 (September 1915).
374. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 438.
375. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro Family in Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1932).
376. Black Bourgeoisie (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 129.
377. Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie 132-139.
378. Anthony M. Platt, "Between Scorn and Longing: Frazier's Black Bourgeoisie," in James E. Teele, ed., E. Franklin Frazier and Black Bourgeoisie (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), 71-84.
379. Martin Kilson, "The Black Bourgeoisie Revisited: From E. Franklin Frazier to the Present," Dissent 30 (1983): 85-96.
380. Bart Landry, "A Reinterpretation of the Writings of Frazier on the Black Middle Class," Social Problems 26 (1978): 211-222.
381. Dale R. Vlasek, "Economics and Intergration: The Economic Thought of E. Franklin Frazier," American Studies 20 (1979): 23-40.
382. Kingsley, The Negro in Chicago 4-5.
383. Paul A. Carter, The Decline and Revival of the Social Gospel: Social and Political Liberalism in American Churches, 1920-1940 (New York: Archon, 1971), 94.
384. Sydney Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New York: Image, 1975), 387, 385, 392.
385. Robert T. Handy, "The American Religious Depression, 1925-1935," Church History 29 (March 1960): 3-16.
386. William Leach, Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture (New York: Vintage, 1994), 217.
387. Ahlstrom, Religious History, 383.
388. Bruce Barton, The Man Nobody Knows: A Discovery of Jesus (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill, 1925).
389. Kingsley, Negro in Chicago, 3.
390. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 416.
391. Henry H. Mitchell, Black Preaching (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1970).
392. Jon Michael Spencer, Sacred Symphony: The Chanted Sermon of the Black Preacher (New York: Greenwood, 1987).
393. Evans E. Crawford, The Hum:Call and Response in African American Preaching (Nashville, Tenn.: Abingdon, 1995).
394. Gerald L. Davis, I Got the Word in Me and I Can Sing, You Know (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press), 1985.
395. The Sacred Art: Preaching and Theology in the African American Tradition (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson, 1995).
396. Frank A. Thomas, They Like to Never Quit Praising God: The Role of Celebration in Preaching (Cleveland: United Church Press), 1997.
397. Cleophus J. LaRue, The Heart of Black Preaching (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox, 2000).
398. William E. Hatcher, John Jasper: The Unmatched Negro Philosopher and Preacher (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1908), 9.
399. Works Progress Administration in Virginia, The Negro in Virginia (Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, 1994), 276-277.
400. William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African American Church in the South, 1865-1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 309-310.
401. Daniel Wolff, You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke (New York:William Morrow, 1995), 20.
402. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, "Rethinking Vernacular Culture: Black Religion and Race Records in the 1920s and 1930s," in Wahneema Lubiano ed., The House that Race Built (New York: Vintage, 1998), 166-167.
403. Michael W. Harris, The Rise of Gospel Blues: The Music of Thomas Andrew Dorsey in the Urban Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 156.
404. Paul Oliver, Songsters and Saints: Vocal Traditions on Race Records (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 140.
405. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, (reprint, New York: New American Library, 1903), 211.
406. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 674.
407. Sutherland, "Analysis of Negro Churches," 94.
408. Mellonee V. Burnim, "The Black Gospel Music Tradition: A Complex of Ideology, Aesthetic, and Behavior," in Irene Jackson-Brown, ed., More than Dancing:Essays on Afro-American Music and Musicians, (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985), 149.
409. Mellonee V. Burnim and Portia K. Maultsby, "From Backwoods to City Streets: The Afro-American Musical Journey," in Geneva Gay and Willie L. Baber, eds., Expressively Black: The Cultural Basis of Ethnic Identity (New York:Praeger, 1987), 109-136.
410. Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture, Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 180.
411. Eileen Southern, The Music of Black Americans: A History, 2nd ed. (New York:W.W. Norton, 1983), 449, 451.
412. Gwen Ihnat and John Russick, "That's Good News! Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music," Chicago History 28 (2000): 22-37.
413. Irene Viola Jackson, "Afro-American Gospel Music and Its Social Setting with Special Attention to Roberta Martin" (Ph.D. diss., Wesleyan University, 1974).
414. M. J. Rinderer, "The Gospel Music Mothers," Daughters of Sarah 17 (1991): 14-18.
415. Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Justified, Sanctified, and Redeemed: Blessed Expectation in Black Women's Blues and Gospels (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1997).
416. Horace Boyer, "Roberta Martin," in W. Wiley Hitchcock, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, vol. 4 (London: Macmillan, 1986).
417. Bernice Johnson Reagan, ed., We'll Understand It Better By and By (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992).
418. John Lovell, Jr., "The Social Implications of the Negro Spiritual," Journal of Negro Education 8 (October 1939): 634-643.
419. "Reflections on the Origins of the Negro Spiritual," Negro American Literature Forum 3 (Autumn 1969): 91-97.
420. LeRoy Moore, Jr., "The Spiritual: Soul of Black Religion," American Quarterly 23 (December 1971): 658-676.
421. James H. Cone, The Spirituals and the Blues (New York: Orbis, 1992).
422. Norman W. Spaulding, "The History of Black Oriented Radio in Chicago, 1929-1963" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois, Champagne-Urbana, 1981), 141.
423. Edward Boatner and Rudolf Schramm, "Freedom Suite: Rise and Shine" (Hammond Music, 1966).
424. Michael Harris, Rise of Gospel Blues: The Music of Thomas Andrew Dorsey in the Urban Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 198, 158.
425. Burnim, "Black Gospel Music Tradition," 150.
426. Levine, Black Culture, Black Consciousness, 183.
427. Harris, Gospel Blues, 201.
428. Spaulding, "History of Black Oriented Radio," 2.
429. Steven Kaplan, "Gospel Man: Thomas Dorsey," Horizon 25 (1982): 16-19.
430. Timothy Michael Kalil, "The Role of the Great Migration of African Americans in Chicago in the Development of Traditional Black Gospel Piano by Thomas A. Dorsey, circa 1930" (Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1993).
431. Harris, Gospel Blues, 209.
432. Harris, Gospel Blues, 196.
433. "Echoes of Glory," Chicago Tribune, 29 March 1998.
434. Randall K. Burkett, "The Baptist Church in the Years of Crisis: J. C. Austin and Pilgrim Baptist Church, 1926-1950," in Paul Boyer, ed., African American Christianity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 134-158.
435. Farah Jasmine Griffin, Who Set You Flowin'? The African American Migration Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 61.
436. Cheryl J. Sanders, Saints in Exile: The Holiness-Pentecostal Experience in African American Religion and Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
437. Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, If It Wasn't for the Women: Black Women's Experience and Womanist Culture in Church and Community (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 2001), 78.
438. Zora Neale Hurston, The Sanctified Church (Berkeley, Calif.: Turtle, 1981).
439. Brenda Dervin and Bradley S. Greenberg, Use of Mass Media by the Urban Poor:Findings of Three Research Projects with an Annotated Bibliography (New York:Praeger, 1970).
440. Roi Ottley, The Lonely Warrior: The Life and Times of Robert S. Abbott (Chicago: H. Regnery, 1955).
441. Spaulding, "History of Black Oriented Radio," 143.
442. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 522.
443. Derek Valillent, "Sounds of Whiteness: Local Radio, Racial Formation, and Public Culture in Chicago, 1921-1935," American Quarterly 4 (March 2002):38-39.
444. William Barlow, Voice Over: The Making of Black Radio (Philadelphia:Temple University Press, 1999), 96.
445. "Biographical Sketch of Jack L. Cooper," Biographical Files, Chicago Historical Society
446. "Meet Jack L. Cooper: 'Dynamo of Radio,' " Chicago Defender, 5 March 1949.
447. Lawrence W. Levine, "The Folklore of Industrial Society: Popular Culture and Its Audiences," American Historical Review 97 (December 1992): 1393.
448. Margaret T. McFadden, "America's Boy Friend Who Can't Get a Date: Gender, Race, and the Cultural Work of the Jack Benny Program, 1932-1946," Journal of American History 80 (June 1993): 132.
449. Melvin Patrick Ely, The Adventures of Amos 'N' Andy: A Social History of an American Phenomenon (New York: Free Press, 1991), 173-186.
450. J. Fred MacDonald, Don't Touch That Dial! (Chicago: Nelson and Hall, 1980), 332-334.
451. Spaulding, "History of Black Oriented Radio," 79.
452. "Biographical Sketch of Jack L. Cooper," 1.
453. Higginbotham, "Rethinking Vernacular Culture," 167.
454. "World's Greatest Spiritual!" Chicago Defender, 20 June 1925.
455. Spaulding, "History of Black Oriented Radio," 102.
456. Spaulding, "History of Black Oriented Radio," 102.
457. Barlow, Voice Over 98-103.
458. Tona J. Hangen, Redeeming the Dial: Radio, Religion, and Popular Culture in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 23-25.
459. Higginbotham, "Rethinking Vernacular Culture," 163.
460. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (reprint, New York: New American Library, 1903), 217.
461. Manning Marable, Black Leadership (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 59.
462. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 65-66.
463. "The Negro Church," Crisis, May 1912.
464. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Religious Bodies: 1906 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1910).
465. C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya, The Black Church in the African American Experience (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990), 53.
466. James T. Campbell, Songs of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 32.
467. Clarence Walker, A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 51.
468. Wesley J. Gaines, African Methodism in the South: Or Twenty Five Years of Freedom (Atlanta Franklin, 1890), x, 302, 300-301.
469. Robert Gregg, Sparks from the Anvil of Oppression: Philadelphia's African Methodists and Southern Migrants, 1890-1940 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), 173.
470. Carter G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration (Washington, D.C.: Associated Press, 1918), 187.
471. Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965), 292.
472. Martin Marty, Modern American Religion, vol. 1, The Irony of It All, 1893-1919 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 151.
473. S.S. Acquaviva, The Decline of the Sacred in Industrial Society, trans. Patricia Lipscomb (New York:Harper and Row, 1979), 136.
474. Josiah Strong, Our Country (reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 171-178.
475. Sernett, "If Not Moses," 3.
476. Levi J. Coppin, "The Thorn in the Flesh . . . What's the Remedy?" Church Review 26 (January 1910): 263-266.
477. David W. Wills, "Aspects of Social Thought in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, 1884-1910" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1975), 233.
478. Sernett, "If Not Moses," 5.
479. Grossman, Land of Hope, 57.
480. L. H. Bailey, The Country Life Movement in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1920).
481. William L. Bowers The Country Life Movement in America, 1900-1920 (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat, 1924) 15.
482. Benjamin F. Hubert, "The Country Life Movement for Negroes," Rural America 7 (May 1929).
483. Mervin Swanson, "The Country Life Movement and the American Churches," Church History 46 (September 1977): 358-373.
484. Carl C. Taylor, Rural Life in the United States (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press Publishers; New York: Knopf, 1949).
485. C. T. Shaffer, "Shall the Negro Leave the South?" AME Church Concern, 20 October 1903.
486. Allan Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890-1920 (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1967), 178.
487. Bishop Levi J. Coppin, Unwritten History (Philadelphia: AME Book Concern, 1919), 341-343.
488. Vattel Elbert Daniel, "Ritual in Chicago's South Side Churches for Negroes" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1940), 134.
489. Campbell, Songs of Zion, 39.
490. Sernett, "If Not Moses," 31.
491. Robert S. Gregg, "The Earnest Pastor's Heated Term: Robert J. Williams at 'Mother' Bethel, 1916-1920," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113 (1989): 67-88.
492. Gregg, "Sparts from the Anvil," 176-180.
493. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis : A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1945), 673-675.
494. Logsdon, "Rev. Archibald J. Carey," 62.
495. Logsdon, "Rev. Archibald J. Carey," 17-18.
496. Richard R. Wright, Jr., Encyclopedia of African Methodism (Philadelphia: Book Concern of the AME, 1947), 310-311.
497. June O. Patton, "'And the Truth Shall Make You Free': Richard Robert Wright, Sr., Black Intellectual and Iconoclast, 1877-1897," Journal of Negro History 81 (Winter-Autumn, 1996): 17-30.
498. Elizabeth Ross Haynes, The Black Boy of Atlanta (Boston: House of Edinboro, 1952).
499. Reverdy Ransom, "AME Churches Tell of Conditions," Christian Recorder, 14 December 1916.
500. Richard R. Wright, Jr., "The Industrial Condition of the Negro in Chicago" (B.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1901), 11.
501. Wright, "The Migration of Negroes," 97.
502. R. R. Wright, Jr., "Social Work and Social Science," Charities 30 (November 1907): 88.
503. R. R. Wright, Jr. "Negro in Times of Industrial Unrest," Charities 15 (October 7, 1905): 69-73.
504. R. R. Wright, Jr., "Industrial Condition," 23.
505. Sernett, "If Not Moses," 14.
506. Henry E. Jackson, A Community Church (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1919).
507. Albert Clay Zumbrunnen, The Community Church: A Probable Method of Approach and Bases for Denominational Unity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922).
508. John Haynes Holmes, New Churches for Old (New York: Dodd Mead, 1922).
509. David R. Piper, Community Churches: The Community Church Movement (Chicago:Willet, Clark and Colby, 1928).
510. J. Ralph Shotwell, Unity without Conformity: The Community Church Movement, 2nd ed. (Frankfort, Ill.: Community Church Press, 2000).
511. Zumbrunnen, Community Church, 1.
512. Martin Marty, Modern American Religion, vol. 2, The Noise of Conflict, 1919-1941 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 15.
513. Piper, Community Churches, 27.
514. Piper, Community Churches, 47.
515. Zumbrunnen, Community Church, 76.
516. Zumbrunnen, Community Church, 78.
517. Piper, Community Churches, 10.
518. Piper, Community Churches, 8.
519. Zumbrunnen, Community Church, 76.
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522. Gwendolyn Brooks, Maud Martha (New York: Harper and Row, 1953), 63-64.
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535. Jarenq Lee, Religious Experiences and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee: A Preachin Woman (reprint, Nashville, Tenn.: AMEC Sunday School Union/Legacy Publishers, 1991), 18.
536. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims, 134.
537. James A. Handy, Scraps of African Methodist Episcopal History (Philadelphia: A.M.E. Book Concern, 1901), 345.
538. L. L. Berry, A Century of Missions of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (New York: Gutenberg, 1942), 39.
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550. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims, 179.
551. Jarena Lee, Religious Experiences, 22, 8, 14.
552. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims, 259.
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554. Miles Mark Fisher, "Organized Religion and the Cults," Crisis 44 (January 1937), 10.
555. Lincoln and Mamiya, Black Church in African American Experience, 307.
556. Latter Rain Evangel (October 1908), 3.
557. W. C. Stevens, The Latter Rain (New York:Alliance, 1907).
558. D. Wesley Myland, The Latter Rain Covenant and Pentecostal Power in Three Early Pentecostal Tracks (New York: Garland, 1985).
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562. Spear, Black Chicago, 176.
563. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 643.
564. Strong, "Social Types," 206-207.
565. Strong, "Social Types," 269.
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567. Chicago Herald American, 25 June 1952.
568. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 416.
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571. Laurraine Goreau, Just Mahalia Baby (Waco, Tex. Word, 1975), 116-117.
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573. Ralph Ellison, Going to the Territory (New York: Random House, 1988), 133.