The hungarians: A thousand years of victory in defeat

The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-572

  Lendvai, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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References (273)

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57. E. Zollner, Geschichte Osterreichs (History of Austria), p. 256.
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71. Vallotton, Maria Theresia, p. 300.
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73. Szerb, Hung. Lit., p. 206.
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75. Bogyay, Grundzuge, pp. 98-100
76. Stockl, Osteuropa und die Deutschen, p. 77.
77. Macartney, Hungary, p. 98.
78. Ludwig Nemedi, "Deutsche aus ungarischer Sicht [Germans viewed by Hungarians]", UngarischeJahrbucher, Berlin 1940, p. 46.
79. Benda and Fiigedi, Tausendjahre Stephanskrone, pp. 166-73.
80. Szekfii, Der Staat Ungarn, p. 150.
81. Denis Sinor, Hungary, London 1959, p. 251.
82. Harold Steinacker, Austro-Hungarica, Munich 1963, pp. 27 and 277-80.
83. George Barany, Steven Szechenyi and the Awakening of Hungarian Nationalism 1791-1841, Princeton, NJ 1968
84. Denis Silagi, Der grosste Ungar. Graf Stephan Szechenyi (Count Stephen Szechenyi, the Greatest Hungarian), Vienna-Munich 1967.
85. Szekfii, Der Staat Ungarn, p. 151.
86. Franz Grillparzer, Werke, vol. 5, p. 404.
87. Friedrich Kaintz, Grillparzer als Dichter (Grillparzer as poet), Vienna 1975, p. 614.
88. Ernst Joseph Gorlich, "Grillparzer und Katona", Ungarn-fahrbuch, 1971, vol. 3, pp. 123-34.
89. Silagi, Der grosste Ungar, p. 40.
90. Cf. Rosdy, Sieben Versuchen.25.
91. Silagi, Der grosste Ungar, p. 45.
92. Gyorgy M. Vajda, Wien und die Literaturen, p. 125.
93. Istvan Deak, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849, New York 1979.
94. Deak, Lawful Revolution, p. 100.
95. AJ.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, London 1947, p. 52.
96. Edward Crankshaw, The Fall of the House of Habsburg, London 1963, p. 31.
97. Franz Herre, Franz foseph von Osterreich, Cologne 1978.
98. Andrew Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945, Princeton, NJ, 1982.
99. Deak, The Lawful Revolution, p. 50.
100. Stephan Vajda, Felix Austria, p. 484.
101. Kosary, Kossuth Lajos, p. 755.
102. Grillparzers Werke vol. 1, pp. 13, 178ff. For the Revolution see Kann, ibid., pp. 275-91: Tapie,ibid.,pp. 267-71. In his book published on the 150th anniversary of the 1848 Revolution a German historian even transforms Kossuth into a "Bohemian"!
103. Gyorgy M. Vajda, Wien und die Literaturen..., p. 124.
104. Cf. also Deak, Kossuth Hagyatek, for the arrival, p. 73.
105. Kosary, 1711-1867, p. 339.
106. Kosary, 1711-1867, p. 344.
107. Kann, Geschichte, p. 289.
108. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, pp. 34-5
109. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, p. 34.
110. Kann, Geschichte, pp. 275-82.
111. Ernst Hanisch, Der kranke Mann an der Donau. Marx und Engels tiber Osterreich (The Sick Man on the Danube: Marx and Engels on Austria). Vienna-Munich-Zurich 1978, pp. 170-2.
112. Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918, London 1989, p. 101.
113. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, p. 329.
114. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, p. 298.
115. Bela Bernstein, A negyvennvolcas szabadsdgharc es a zsidok (The 1848 War of Independence and the Jews), with introduction by Mor Jokai, 1896
116. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, p. 324.
117. Kann, Geschichte, p. 315.
118. Domokos Kosary, A Gorgey-kerdes tortenete (The history of the Gorgey question- hereafter Gorgey), Budapest 1994.
119. Kann, Geschichte, p. 315.
120. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, pp. 336-41.
121. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, pp. 342-6
122. Kosary, Gorgey 11.
123. Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, 4 vols, London 1968, vol. 3, p. 1038.
124. Franz Pulszky, Meine Zeit, mein Leben (My times, my life), 3 vols, Pressburg-Leipzig 1882, p. 90
125. Tibor Frank, Egy emigrans alakvaltasai. Zerffi Gusztav palyakepe (The changing roles of an emigre: Gusztav Zerffi's career), Budapest 1985
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127. John Lukacs, Budapest 1900: a Historical Portrait of a City and its Culture, London 1988, p. 120
128. Bela Fogarasi and Bela Illes, Magyar-szovjet tortenelmi kapcsolatok (Hungarian-Russian historical connections), Budapest 1945.
129. Lehel Szeberenyi, The Poet and his Guardian Angel, Budapest 1965
130. Tamas Aczel and Tibor Meray, Tisztito Vihar (Cleansing storm), London 1959, pp. 24-9 (in Hung.).
131. Brigitte Hamann, Elisabeth, Kaiserin wider Willen (Elisabeth, the Reluctant Empress), Munich 1992, pp. 267-280
132. Heinrich Benedikt, "Die Casa d'Austria, das Reich und Europa" (The House of Austria, the German Reich and Europe) in Otto Schulmeister (ed.), Spectrum Austriae, Vienna 1980, p. 85.
133. Harold Steinacker, Austro-Hungarica, p. 281.
134. Kann, Geschichte, p. 333.
135. Hamann, Elisabeth, pp. 267-72.
136. Istvan Lazar, Kleine Geschichte Ungarns (Hungary-a Brief History), Vienna 1990, p. 152.
137. Katalin Sinko, 'Zur Entstehung der staatlichen und nationalen Feiertage in Ungarn (1850-1991)' (On the origins of national holidays in Hungary) in Brix and Stekl, Der Katnpf um das Gedachtnis (The fight for remembrance), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1997, pp. 251-71.
138. Hamann, Elisabeth, p. 274.
139. Hamann, Rudolf, Kronprinz und Rebell, Vienna-Munich 1987, p. 303.
140. Simanyi, Andrdssy, p. 103.
141. Bela Kiraly, Ferenc Dedk, Budapest 1993, pp. 16f
142. Herre, Franz Joseph, pp. 228-36.
143. Hamann, Elisabeth, p. 261.
144. Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities, trans. Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike, London: Picador, 1995, pp. 180 and 490-1.
145. Tapie, Die Vblker..., p. 301.
146. Friedrich Engel-Janosi and Helmut Rumpler (eds), Probleme der franziskojosephinischen Zeit 1848-1916, Munich 1967.
147. Peter Hanak, Die Stellung Ungarns in derMonarchie (Hungary's position in the monarchy),p. 84.
148. B. Sutter, Die Ausgleichsverhandlungen zwischen Osterreich und Ungarn 1867-1918 (Compromise negotiations between Austria and Hungary 1867-1918), 1968, pp. 71-111.
149. Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch (eds), Die Habsburgermonarchie, vol. Ill, parts 1-2: Die Volker des Reiches (The people of the empire), Vienna 1980.
150. Laszlo Katus, Die Magyaren, pp. 410-88.
151. Macartney, Hungary, p. 173.
152. Hamann, Elisabeth, p. 227.
153. Ignac Romsics, Magyarorszdg tortenete a XX. Szdzadban (Hungary's history in the twentieth century), Budapest 1999, p. 20.
154. Musil, The Man without Qualities, pp. 30-1.
155. Jorg Hoensch, Geschichte Ungarns 1867-1983 (A History of Hungary 1867-1983), Stuttgart 1984, p. 28.
156. Johann Weber, Eotvos und die ungarische Nationalitdtenfrage (Eotvos and the Hungarian nationalities question), Munich 1966, p. 101.
157. Lajos Gogolak, "Ungarns Nationalitatengesetze und das Problem des magyarischen National- und Zentralstaates" (Hungary's nationalities laws and the problem of the Magyar national and central state) in Die Hahsburgermonarchie, pp. 1263f.
158. Gusztav Gratz, A dualizmus kora (The era of dualism), Budapest 1934, reprint 1992, 2 vols, vol. 2, p. 65.
159. John Lukacs, Budapest um 1900, p. 126.
160. Gogolak, "Ungarns Nationalitatengesetze...",pp. 1263f.
161. Katus, Die Magyaren, pp. 483f.
162. Oszkar Jaszi, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, Chicago, 1929, pp. 279-81.
163. Hamann, Rudolf, pp. 277f.
164. Geza Jeszenszky, Az elveszett presztizs (The Lost Prestige), Budapest 1986, pp. 196 and 221.
165. Cf. Lajos Gogolak, Mocsdry Lajos es a nemzetisegi kerdes (Lajos Mocsary and the nationalities question), Budapest 1943
166. Szerb, Hung. Lit., p. 353.
167. Szerb, Hung. Lit., pp. 313-15
168. Janos M. Bak and Anna Gara-Bak, "The Ideology of a 'Millennial Constitution in Hungary'", East Europe Quarterly, XV/3, Sept. 1981.
169. cf. Laszlo Tarr (ed.), Az ezredev (The Millennium), Budapest 1979
170. Ilona Sarmany-Parson, "Ungarns Millenniumsjahr" in Brix and Stekl, Der Kampfum das Gedachtnis (The fight for the memory), pp. 273-91.
171. Ezredev, "Sie war nur eine Lehrerin" (She was only a school teacher),pp. 231-4.
172. Ivan Berend and Gyorgy Ranki, Hungary: A Century of Economic Development, New York 1974
173. Berend and Ranki. The Development of Manufacturing Industry in Hungary (1900-1944), Budapest 1960
174. Cf. Gyozo Concha, "A gentry" in Budapesti Szemle, 1910, vols 400-401, pp. 1-34
175. Gyorgy M. Vajda, Wien und die Literaturen..., pp. 212-16.
176. Otto Friedlander, Letzter Glanz der Marchenstadt (The last sparkle of the fairytale city), Vienna 1977, pp. 130-5.
177. Gyula Illyes, Pusztak Nepe (People of the Puszta), quoted from the German edn, Nordlingen, 1985, pp. 6f.
178. Ivan T. Berend, "Budapest anno, metropolis in the East", Nepszabadsdg, Budapest, 4 June 1997.
179. Sebastian Haffner, Anmerkungen zu Hitler (Comments on Hitler), Munich 1978, p. 128.
180. George Barany, "Magyar Jew or Jewish Magyar?", Canadian-American Slavic Studies, spring 1974.
181. Wolfgang Fleischer, Das verleugnete Leben. Die Biographie des Heimito von Doderer (The disowned life: the biography of Heimito von Doderer), Vienna 1996, p. 37.
182. Rolf Fischer, Entuncklungsstufen des Antisemitismus in Ungarn 1867-1939 (Developmental stages of anti-Semitism in Hungary 1867-1939), Munich 1988,p. 9.
183. Peter Hanak, Zsidokerdes, asszimilacio, antiszemitizmus (The Jewish question, assimilation, anti-Semitism), Budapest 1984, pp. 355-7.
184. Hamann, Rudolf, pp. 266f.
185. Viktor Karady, "Assimilation and social crisis" (in Hung.), Vildgossdg, Budapest 1993/3.
186. Hanak, Ungarn in der Donaumonarchie, pp. 297-304
187. Tibor Erenyi, A zsidok tortenete Magyarorszdgon (The history of the Jews in Hungary), Budapest 1996, pp. 49-55.
188. Andrew Janos, The Politics of Backwardness (for ref. see Ch. 20, n. 8), pp. 114-18.
189. Cf. Paul Lendvai, Antisemitismus ohne Juden (Anti-Semitism without Jews), Vienna 1972, pp. 270-2
190. Cf. Deak, Beyond Nationalism, p. 177.
191. Randolph Braham, The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary, rev. and enlarged edn, 2 vols, New York 1994
192. Franz von Loher, Die Magyaren und andere Ungarn (The Magyars and other Hungarians), Leipzig 1874.
193. Walter Weiss, Nikolaus Lenau in Tausend Jahre Osterreich (ed. Walter Pollak), Vienna 1973, vol. 1,pp. 63-6.
194. Antal Madl, Auf Lenaus Spuren (On the tracks of Lenau), Budapest-Vienna 1982.
195. Miss Pardoe, City of the Magyars, 3 vols, London 1840, vol. 3, ch. XXL, pp. 340ff.
196. Edouard Ritter von Liszt, Franz Liszt. Abstammung, Familie, Begebenheiten (Origins, family, events), Vienna-Leipzig 1937, pp. 6-9.
197. Friedrich Gottas, "Die Deutschen in Ungarn" (The Germans in Hungary) in Die Habsburgermonarchie, pp. 340-410.
198. Rudolf Kiszling, Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand von Osterreich-Este, Graz-Cologne 1953. Quotations on pp. 148f.
199. Karoly Manherz, Die Ungarndeutschen, Budapest 1998.
200. Joseph Roth, The Radetzky March, trans. Joachim Neugroschel, London (Penguin), 1995, pp. 296-7.
201. Hugo von Hofmannstahl, Ottavia Grafin Degenfeld. Briefwechsel (Correspondence with Countess Ottavia Degenfeld), Frankfurt, p. 304.
202. Maria Ormos, Magyarorszdg a ket vildghdboru kozott, 1914-1945 (Hungary between the two world wars, 1914-1945), Budapest 1998, pp. 8-12
203. Peter Hanak, "On Hungarian society at the beginning of the century" (Hung.), in Tortenelmi Szemle. Budapest 1962, pp. 210-45.
204. Dan Diner, Das Jahrhundert verstehen (To understand the century), Munich 1999, p. 98.
205. Cf. Thomas Sakmyster. Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklos Horthy 1918-1944. Boulder, CO/New York 1994.
206. Ernest Gellner, Nationalismus und Moderne, Berlin 1991.
207. Bogyay, Grundzuge, p. 129
208. Miklos Horthy, Memoirs (in Hung.), Budapest, p. 80.
209. Cf. Anton Lehar, Gegenrevolution und Restaurationsversuche in Ungarn, 1918-1921 (Counter-revolution and restoration attempts in Hungary), Munich 1973
210. Romsics, Magyarorszdg tortenete (Hungary's history), pp. 190-200.
211. Gyula Juhasz, Magyarorszdg kulpolitikdja [Hungary's foreign policy] 1919-1945. Budapest 1988, pp. 102f
212. L. Nagy Zsuzsa, Bethlen liberalis ellenzeke (Bethlen's liberal opposition). Budapest 1980, pp. 155-65
213. Romsics, Bethlen, pp. 194-8
214. Ignotus, Hungary, pp. 161f.
215. Viscount Rothermere, My Campaign for Hungary, London 1939
216. Pal Nadori, "Lord Rothermere akcio" (Hung.) in ELTE Aktdi 1968/10, pp. 91-118
217. Miklos Zeidler. A Magyar Revizios Liga Trianontol Rothermereig (The Hungarian League for Revision from Trianon to Rothermere), Szazadok, Budapest 1990, p. 5f.
218. Franz Hohenlohe, Stephanie. Das Leben meiner Mutter (Stephanie:the life of my mother), Vienna 1991, p. 50
219. Rudolf Stoiber and Boris Celovsky, Stephanie von Hohenlohe. Sie liebte die Machtigen der Welt (Stephanie von Hohenlohe: She loved the powerful of this world), Munich-Berlin 1988, p. 76.
220. William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: an Intellectual and Social History 1948-1938, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1983, p. 347.
221. Cf. Lorant Tilkovszky, Teleki Pal titkos haldla (Pal Teleki's mysterious death), Budapest 1989.
222. Anton Czettler, Pal Graf Teleki und die Aussenpolitik Ungarns, 1939-1941 (Count Pal Teleki and Hungary's foreign policy, 1939-1941), Munich 1996.
223. Sakmyster, Hungary's Admiral, p. 261.
224. Manfred Nebelin, Deutsche Ungarnpolitik, 1939-1941, Opladen 1989, p. 149.
225. Ivan T. Berend and Gyorgy Ranki, Magyarorszdg a fasiszta Nemetorszdg elettereben (Hungary in the economic sphere of fascist Germany), Budapest 1960, p. 189.
226. Raoul Hilberg, Die Vernichtung des europdischen fudentums (The destruction of European Jewry), Frankfurt 1994, vol. 2, pp. 859-927
227. Gyorgy Ranki. A harmadik birodalom arnyekaban (In the shadow of the Third Reich), Budapest 1988, p. 211.
228. Janos, Politics of Backwardness, p. 232n.
229. Cf. Istvan Bibo, Zur Judenfrage (On the Jewish question), Frankfurt 1990, pp. 32f.
230. Horthy, Memoirs, pp. 262-4.
231. Peter Longerich, "Ungarn-Das letzte Kapitel" in Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenvefolgung (Hungary-the last chapter, in: An overall picture of the National Socialist persecution of the Jews), Munich-Zurich 1998, pp. 565-70.
232. Cf. Gyorgy Ranki, 1944 Marcius 19. Magyarorszdg nemet megszdlldsa (19 March 1944. Hungary's occupation by Germany), Budapest 1978.
233. Laszlo Varga, "Ungarn" in Wolfgang Benz (ed.), Dimensionen des Volkermordes (Dimensions of the genocide), Munich 1991, pp. 331-43.
234. Sandor Vida (ed.), Pdrtkongresszusok es pdrtkonferencidk (Party congresses and party conferences) W S-S O , Budapest 1985,pp. 41-8.
235. Laszlo Gyurko, Arckepvdzlat tortenelmi hdtterrel (Portrait sketch with historical background), Budapest 1992, pp. 68-70
236. Miklos Molnar, De Bela Kun a Janos Kdddr, Paris 1987, pp. 105,115.
237. Julius Hay, Geboren 1900 (Born 1900), Hamburg 1971, p. 249.
238. Cf. Janos Nemes, Rakosi Maty as szuletesnapja (Matyas Rakosi's birthday), Budapest 1988, pp. 109-10.
239. Cf. Arkadi Waksberg, Gnadenlos, Andrei Wischinski-der Handlanger Stalins (Andrey Vishinsky-Stalin's henchman), Bergisch Gladbach 1991, pp. 23If
240. Paul Lendvai, Blacklisted:A Journalist's Life in Central Europe, London and New York, 1998, esp. pp. 98-122.
241. Vladimir Farkas, Nines mentseg, az AVH alezredese voltam (No excuse: I was a lieutenant colonel in the AVH), Budapest 1990.
242. Cf. Klara Szakasits, Fent es lent, 1945-1950 (Up and down, 1945-1950),Budapest, 1985.
243. Cf. Farkas, No excuse, Yearbook, pp. 116f.
244. Elias Canetti, Das Gewissen der Worte (The conscience of words), Frankfurt/ Main 1981, p. 35.
245. V. Szereda and J.M. Rainer, Dontes a Kremlben 1956 (Decision in the Kremlin 1956: the discussions of the Soviet presidium about Hungary), Budapest 1996
246. V Szereda and A. Sztikalin, Hidnyzo lapok 1956 tortenelmebol (Missing pages from the history of 1956 [documents from the archives of the former Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR]), Budapest 1993.
247. Lendvai, Blacklisted, pp. 251f.
248. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants, Chicago-London 1968, p. 57.
249. Gyorgy Marx, The Voice of the Martians, Budapest 1994, pp. 17-42, 79-95.
250. Norman Macrae, John von Neumann, New York 1992, p. 250.
251. Cf. Paul Hoffmann, Der Mann, der die Zahlen liebte (The man who loved numbers), Berlin 1999.
252. Emil Lengyel, Americans from Hungary, New York 1948.
253. Georg Kovary, Ein Ungar kommt selten allein (A Hungarian seldom arrives on his own), Vienna 1984, p. 162.
254. Istvan Nemeskurty, Wort und Bild, Die Geschichte des ungarischen Films (Word and picture: history of the Hungarian film), Budapest-Frankfurt 1980, pp. 33-46.
255. Nemeskurty, Wort und Bild, p. 65.
256. Georg Kovary, Der Dramatiker Franz Molndr, Innsbruck 1984, pp. 42f
257. Emil Lengyel, Americans from Hungary; Ladislas Farago, Strictly from Hungary, New York 1962, pp. 11-37
258. Friedrich Torberg, Tante Jolesch, Munich 1977, pp. 168-83.
259. George Tabori, TheaterstUcke I, Frankfurt 1994.
260. David Cesarini, Arthur Koestler, London 1994, p. 446.
261. Vilmos Juhasz, in Magyar Album, ed. Sandor Incze, American Hungarian Studies Foundation, Elmshurst College, Elmshurst, IL, 1956, pp. 8-21.
262. Cf. Peter Weibel (ed.) Jenseits von Kunst (Beyond art), Vienna 1997,pp. 12-15, 67-81
263. Eva Bajkay, Die Ungarn am Bauhaus, pp. 82-6.
264. Lee Congdon, Exile and Social Thought: Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria, Princeton, NJ 1991.
265. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukacs and his Generation, 1900-1918, Cambridge, MA, 1985.
266. Emil Lengyel, Americans from Hungary, pp. 84-92
267. Cf. Paul Harmat, Freud, Ferenczi und die ungarische Psychoanalyse, Tubingen 1988
268. Ferenc Eros, "Uber die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in Ungarn" in Weibel, fenseits von Kunst, pp. 627-30.
269. Richard Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, vol. 1, London 1975
270. Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, London 1991, p. 41
271. George Weidenfeld, Remembering My Good Friends, London 1994, p. 331.
272. Connie Bruck, "The World According to Soros", New Yorker, February 1995, pp. 54-78
273. Robert Slater, The Life, Times, and Trading Secrets of the World's Greatest Investor, New York 1995