The Chinese people at war: Human suffering and social transformation, 1937-1945

The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937-1945

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-231

  Lary, Diana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924503285     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511761898     Document Type: Book

References (219)

1. Prasanjit Duara, Culture, Power and the State: Rural North China 1900-1942(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), p. 249.
2. Drew Gilpin Faust, The Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War(New York: Knopf, 2008)
3. Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: the Red Army, 1939-45(London: Faber and Faber, 2005).
4. Angus Calder, The Peoples’ War(New York: Pantheon, 1969).
5. Hariu Ichiro, Art in Wartime Japan, 1937-1945 (Tokyo: Kokusho Kankokai, 2007), pp. 21, 26.
6. Michael Berry, A History of Pain: Trauma in Modern Chinese Literature and Film(New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), p. 3.
7. Pierre Bourdieu, La misere du monde(Paris: Editions de seuil, 1993);
8. Priscilla Ferguson as, The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Society (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999).
9. Ban Wang, Illuminations from the Past: Trauma, Memory and History in Modern China(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004)
10. David Derwei Wang, The Monster that Is History: History, Violence and Fictional Writing in Twentieth Century China(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
11. Stephen MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra Vogel (eds.), China at War (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007).
12. Chalmers Johnson, Peasant Nationalism and the Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962).
13. Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right(New York: Random House, 2008), p. 225.
14. Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong. General Staff, Shanghai, Naval and Military Intelligence Summary, December 28, 1937.
15. Harold Timperley, What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China, a Documentary Record(London: Gollancz, 1938).
16. Erwin Wickert (ed.), The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe (New York, Knopf, 1998).
17. John Rabe, Notizen fur die 100-Jahre Feier [Notes for the Centenary], 1943, p. 9.
18. Diana Lary, ‘A ravaged place: the devastation of the Xuzhou region, 1938’, in Diana Lary and Stephen MacKinnon (eds.), The Scars of War(Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 2001), pp. 98-177.
19. Carroll Alcott, My War with Japan(New York: Henry Holt, 1943), pp. 238-239.
20. K. A. Wittfogel, ‘“Culture is war”: is the bombing of Chinese universities caprice or policy?’ in National Southwest Associated University Library, Japan’s Aggression andPublic Opinion (Kunming, 1938), p. 331.
21. Royal Leonard, I Flew for China(New York: Doubleday, 1941), p. 188.
22. Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right(New York: Random House, 2008), p. 10.
23. Xie Yongguang, Rijun weianfu neimu(Taibei: Lianya chubanshe, 1995), p. 76.
24. Wei Hongyun, KangRi zhanzheng yu Zhongguo shehui(Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1997), p. 166.
25. Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 1960.
26. Stephen MacKinnon, Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees and the Making of Modern China(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), pp. 45-48
27. Wei Hongyun, KangRi zhanzheng yu Zhongguo shehui(Shenyang: Lianoning renmin chubanshe, 1997), p. 163;
28. Zhang Genfu, Kangzhan shiqi de renkou qianyi(Beiping: Chaoyang ribao, 2006), p. 39.
29. Ke Xiangfeng, Shehui jiuji(Chongqing: Zhengzhong shuju, 1945), p. 85.
30. Kong Jingzhou, Kangzhan yu jiuhu gongzuo (Changsha: Shangwu, 1938), pp. 3, 16.
31. Diana Lary, ‘Faith and war: Canadian Jesuits and the Japanese invasion of China’, Modern Asian Studies39(4):825-852, 2005.
32. He Ziquan, Yiwei chengshi aiguo de Shandong xuezhe(Beiping: Beiping chubanshe, 1996), p. 33.
33. Chiang Monlin (Jiang Menglin), Tides from the West(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1947), pp. 211-212.
34. J. K. Fairbank, Chinabound(New York: Harper and Row, 1982), p. 228.
35. Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army, 1939-45(London: Faber and Faber, 2005).
36. Sun Benwen, Xiandai Zhongguo shehui wenti(Chongqing: Shangwu, 1943), p. 204.
37. Ji Chaoding, Wartime Economic Development in China(New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1939), p. 132.
38. Olga Lang, ‘Foreign and Chinese Shanghai’, Amerasia 1(9):419, November 1937.
39. William Fenn, The Effect of the Japanese Invasion on Higher Education in China(Hong Kong: IPR, 1940), p. 12.
40. Lin Yutang, Moment in Peking(New York: John Day, 1939), p. 814.
41. Haruki Murakami, translated by Jay Rubin, The Wind-up Bird Chronicle (New York: Bantam, 1998), p. 143.
42. Roger Hollis, ‘The Conflict in China’, in Japanese Aggression and Public Opinion (Kunming, 1938), p. 129.
43. Stephen MacKinnon, War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
44. Lo Jiu-jung, ‘Survival as justification for collaboration’, in David Barrett and Lary Shyu (eds.), Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932-1945: The Limits of Accommodation(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), p. 121.
45. Diana Lary, ‘Faith and war: Canadian Jesuits and the Japanese invasion of China’, Modern Asian Studies, XXXIX, 4 (2005), pp. 825-852.
46. L. S. C. Smythe, ‘Nanking’s population in wartime’, China Critic, XXII, 7 (August 16, 1938), pp. 115-118.
47. L. S. C. Smythe, ‘The plight of Nanking’s wartime population’, China Critic, XXII, 8 (August 25, 1938), pp. 121-122.
48. L. S. C. Smythe. ‘Nanking’s building losses’, China Critic, XXII, 9 (September 1, 1938), pp. 138-140.
49. Hsu Shu-hsi, Guangzhou Kangri ji(Hong Kong: Kelley and Walsh, 1939), pp. 25-26.
50. Violet Cressy-Marks, Journey into China(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1940), p. 247.
51. Lin Yutang, ‘Singing patriots of China’, Asia(February 1941), pp. 70-72.
52. Edgar Snow, Scorched Earth, Vol. 2 (London: Gollancz, 1941), p. 233.
53. Geremie Barme, An Artistic Exile: The life of Feng Zikai(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 238.
54. Lu Yan, Re-understanding Japan (Hawaii, 2004), pp. 96-97.
55. Robert Payne, Forever China(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945), p. 77.
56. Diana Lary, ‘The waters covered the earth: China’s war-induced natural disasters’, in Mark Selden and Alvin So (eds.), War and State Terrorism(Rowman and Littlefield: Lanhma MD, 2004), pp. 143-170.
57. Ren Guangchun, Huocheng Changsha(Beiping: Tuanjie chubanshe, 1955), p. 39
58. Liang Xiaojing, Chen Xianshu, 1938: ‘11.13’ Changsha dahuo (Wuhan: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 2005) pp. 79, 81
59. LuoYuming, KangRi zhanzheng shiqi de Hunan zhanchang (Shanghai: Xuelin dushu, 2002), p.106
60. Liang Xiaojing and Chen Xianshu, 1938: ‘11.13’ Changsha dahuo (Wuhan: Hebei renmin chubanshe, 2005), pp. 11-13.
61. Tang Xun, Mao Ling, ‘Yi Changsha dahuo de shanhou gongzuo’, in Bing Xin (ed.), Kangzhan jishi (Beiping: Youyi chubanshe, 1984), p. 125.
62. Richard Dobson, China Cycle(London: Macmillan, 1946), p. 135.
63. Winifred Galbraith, In China Now(New York: William Morrow, 1941), p. 255.
64. Shao Minghuang, ‘Taiwan in wartime’, in Stephen MacKinnon and Diana Lary (eds.), China at War (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 91-109.
65. Lin Yutang, Moment in Peking(New York: John Day, 1939), p. 742.
66. Wolfgang Franke, Im Banne Chinas(Dortmund: Edition Cathay, 1997), p. 130.
67. Parks Coble, Chinese Capitalists in Japan’s New Order(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002).
68. Wang Chi-chen (ed.), Stories of China at War (New York: Columbia, 1947), pp. 107-109.
69. T’ien Chun (Xiao Jun), Village in August (London: Collins, 1942), pp. 41-42.
70. Evans Carlson, Twin Stars of China(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940), p. 295.
71. Lin Yutang, ‘The four-year war in review’, Asia, July 1941, p. 335.
72. Zhang Genfu, Kangzhan shiqi de renkou qianyi(Beijing: Chaoyang ribao chubanshe, 2006), p. 51.
73. H. F. MacNair (ed.), Voices from Unoccupied China (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1944), pp. 54-55.
74. Pearl Buck, ‘He who lives, wins’, Asia, November 1939, pp. 635-636.
75. Rhodes Farmer, Shanghai Harvest(London: Museum, 1945), p. 200.
76. Hallet Abend, Chaos in China(London: Bodley Head, 1940), p. 138.
77. Han Suyin, Destination Chungking(London: Jonathan Cape, 1942), p. 167.
78. J. K. Fairbank, Chinabound(New York: Harper & Row, 1982), p. 228.
79. Robert Ekvall, ‘The bombing of Chungking’, Asia, August 1939, p. 472.
80. Robert Payne, Chungking Diary(London: Heinemann, 1945), p. 274.
81. John Israel, Lianda: A Chinese University in War and Revolution(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998).
82. Li Lixia, Wang Jianjun, ‘Kangzhan shiqi ruShaan yimin chunti de renkou fenxi’, Xibei renkou, 3.3 (2006), p. 5.
83. George Hogg, ‘The new countryside’, China Journal, XXXIV, 3 (March 1941), pp. 138-142.
84. F. W. James, Changing China(Kilmarnock: Ritchie, 1946), p. 176.
85. Edgar Snow, Scorched Earth, Vol. II (London: Gollancz, 1941), p. 232.
86. Francis Hsu, ‘China’s new social spirit’, Asia, September 1942, pp. 506-509.
87. Ba Jin, The Family(New York: Garden City, 1972).
88. Sun Benwen, Xiandai Zhongguo shehui wenti(Chongqing: Shangwu, 1943), pp. 202-204.
89. Dagfinn Gatu, Village China at War(Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: UBC Press, 2008), pp. 232-233.
90. Hsu Meng-hsiung, ‘The unoccupied women of unoccupied China’, Asia, March 1941, p. 123.
91. Chai Chi-chen, ‘Being an old maid in China’, Asia, September 1941, pp. 492-494.
92. Lee Mei-fung, Childhood Lost(Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada: Bauhinia Press, 2004).
93. Vivienne Poy, Profit, Victory and Sharpness: The Lees of Hong Kong(Toronto: York Centre for Asian Research, 2006), pp. 120-129.
94. Lin Jiahua, ‘Zhanshi ertong baoyuhui de jianli yu zuzhi yunzuo’, Shihui, X (September 2006), pp. 269-320.
95. Violet Cressy-Marks, Journey into China(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1940), p. 111.
96. Xiao Hong, ‘North China’, in Howard Goldblatt (trans.), Selected Stories of Xiao Hong (Beijing: Panda Books, 1981), pp. 175, 176.
97. Joseph Lao and Howard Goldblatt (eds.), Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 514.
98. Madame Chiang Kai-shek, China Shall Rise Again(London: Hurst and Blackett, 1941), pp. 38-48.
99. Ai Qing, June 11, 1940. Reprinted in Ai Qing, Xuanji, Vol. 1 (Chengdu: Sichuan wenyi chubanshe, 1986), p. 378.
100. Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right (New York: Random House, 2008), p. 16. The body was taken home after the war - but during the Cultural Revolution, the tomb was destroyed (p. 163).
101. Zheng Zhonglin, ‘Fuzi bing’, in Situ Fu (ed.), Kangzhan suiyue (Taibei: Zhongyang ribao, 1985), pp. 32-39.
102. Cheng Siyuan, Bai Chongxi zhuan (Beijing: Huayi chubanshe, 1991), pp. 222-224.
103. Jiang Pei, Huabei ‘zhiyun’ shiqi zhu qunti xintai kaocha, 1941-42 (Third International Conference on the Sino-Japanese War, Hakone, November 2006), p. 15.
104. Chen Jianhui, Wurenqu (Beijing: Zhongyang biance chubanshe, 2005).
105. Ju Zhifen, ‘Labour conscription in north China, 1941-1945’, in Stephen MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra Vogel (eds.), China at War, pp. 227-246;
106. Zhuang Jianping, ‘Japan’s exploitative labour system in Qingdao, 1933-1945’, ibid., pp. 267-264.
107. Jean Lyon, ‘War casualties on the psychological front’, China at War, XIII, 3 (September 1944), pp. 33-37. Dr. Cheng himself had turned to religion after the death of his wife.
108. Statistics of the National Health Administration, cited in Yip Ka-che ‘Disease and the fighting men: Nationalist anti-epidemic efforts in wartime China, 1937-1945’, in David Barrett and Larry Shyu (eds.), China in the Anti-Japanese War (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), p. 174.
109. C. K. Chu, ‘Modern public health movement’, in H. F. MacNair (ed.), Voices from Unoccupied China (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1944), p. 29.
110. Ba Jin, Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China (trans. by Haili Kong and Howard Goldblatt) (San Francisco: China Books, 1999).
111. Arthur Young, China’s Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937-1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), XXXX, p. 299.
112. Krishna Menon, Twilight in China (Bombay, India: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1972), p. 213. Things got much worse. In 1945, 100 dollars could buy 1 fish; in 1946, 1 egg; in 1947, half a packet of matches.
113. Peng Tianhua, ‘Kangzhan qijian Quanzhou de mihunag ji qi heimu’, Quanzhou wenshi ziliao, 13 (1982), pp. 55-56.
114. Hsu Kai-yu, Wen I-to [Wen Yiduo] (Boston: Twayne, 1980), p. 155. Seals are used in China instead of signatures. Seal carving is one of the high arts, and Wen was an accomplished practitioner.
115. Chang Tao-hsing, ‘The food situation in China’, Asiatic Review, XLI, 148 (October 1945), pp. 196-200.
116. China Newsweek, 117 (December 14, 1944), pp. 8-9.
117. Zhang Zhonglu, ‘1942 nian Henan dazai de huiyi’, in Song Zhixin (ed.), 1942: Henan da jihuang (Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 2005), p. 145.
118. Erleen Christensen. In War and Famine (Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queens, 2005). Christensen’s father was a missionary doctor in southern Henan.
119. Fugou xianzhi (Zhengzhou: Henan renmin chubanshe, 1986), p. 93.
120. Liu Qingzhao, ‘Minguo sanshiyi nian Gongxian zaiqing ji jiuzai’, Henan wenshi ziliao, 19 (1986), p. 166.
121. Wang Yuguan, ‘Yijiu siernian dacaozai zhi Sishui’, Henan wenshi ziliao, 19 (1986), pp. 160-165.
122. Jin Shilun, ‘Tanghe de renshi’, in Song, pp. 209-211.
123. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: William Sloane, 1946), p. 170.
124. Diana Lary, ‘Treachery, disgrace and death: Han Fuju and China’s resistance to Japan’, War in History, XIII, 1 (January 2006).
125. He Zichuan, Yige chengshi aiguo de Shandong xuezhe (Beijing: Beijing chubanshe, 1996), pp. 323-334.
126. Dagfinn Gatu, Village China at War: The Impact of Resistance to Japan (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: UBC Press, 2008), p. xi.
127. Guy Alitto, The Last Confucian (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 303.
128. Elise Devido, ‘The survival of the Shandong Base Area, 1937-1943’, in Feng Chongyi and David Goodman (eds.), North China at War: The Social Ecology of Revolution, 1937- 1945 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), pp. 173-188.
129. Ramon Myers, The Chinese Peasant Economy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 278-282, describes the situation in Shandong and Hebei, documented from Japanese sources.
130. Mo Yan, Hong Gaoliang (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 1995).
131. Howard Goldblatt as Red Sorghum (London: Penguin, 1993).
132. Thomas Gottschang and Diana Lary, Swallows and Settlers (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2000), p. 117
133. O. J. Caldwell, ‘Japan’s failure in Fukien [Fujian]’, Amerasia, IV, 2 (April 1940), pp. 83-85.
134. Zeng Kunluo, Jinjiang Chidianzhen, May 14, 2005.
135. Chen Shubi, Huang Ruilian, Quanzhou Fengzhouzun, May 15, 2005.
136. Xing Tianying, Yongningzhen, May 16, 2005.
137. Helen and John Yu, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 25, 2008.
138. Denise Chong, The Concubine’s Children: Portrait of a Family Divided (Toronto, Montreal, Canada: Viking, 1994).
139. Diana Lary, ‘Faith and war: Canadian Jesuits and the Japanese invasion of China’, Modern Asian Studies, XXXIX, 4 (2005), pp. 825-852.
140. ITMA (It’s That Man Again) was the BBC’s wartime comedy show, a linear predecessor of the Goons and Monty Python. ITMA and Winston Churchill’s speeches were the two broadcasts that no one ever missed.
141. George Kao, Chinese Wit and Humor (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1946).
142. Shen Yunjia, ‘Wuzhi zhong de yumo’, in Siwei yu zhihui, Vol. 1, 1998, p. 48.
143. Diana Lary, ‘Treachery, disgrace and death: Han Fuju and China’s resistance to Japan’, War in History, XIII, 1 (January 2006).
144. Guy Alitto, The Last Confucian, pp. 311-314.
145. Lu Qian, ‘Chinese poetry in wartime’, Asiatic Review, XLI (October 1945), p. 75.
146. Nicole Huang’s important study, Women, War, Domesticity: Shanghai Literature and Popular Culture in the 1940s (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
147. IElias Canetti, Auto da Fei (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982).
148. T. C. Lai, Ch’i Pai Shih (Kowloon: Swindon, 1973), pp. 99-103.
149. Zhang Changfa, Mei Lanfang nianpu (Nanjing: Hehai daxue, 1994), pp. 137-151. For an extravagant version of the life of Mei Lanfang, see the 2008 movie Forever Enthralled 梅兰芳.
150. Norman Smith, Resisting Manchukuo: Chinese Women Writers and the Japanese Occupation (Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 2007).
151. Banyue wencui; reprinted in Lao She wenji, Vol. XIV (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 1989), pp. 250-251.
152. Zhonggong Longkou shiwei dangshiwei, Longkou dangshi ziliao, III (November 1990), pp. 190-191.
153. Dagfinn Gatu, Village China at War (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: UBC Press, 2008), pp. 30-31.
154. Dagfinn Gatu, pp. 358-359.
155. Odoric Wou, Mobilizing the Masses: Building Revolution in Henan(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 375-379.
156. Lincoln Li, The Japanese Army in North China (Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 232.
157. The Yellow Earth (Huang tudi), which launched the revolution in Chinese filmmaking in the early 1980s, gives a vivid picture of the activities of a song collector.
158. Guangxi tongzhi dashiji(Nanning: Guangxi ren minchubanshe, 1998), p. 232.
159. Harold Isaacs: CBI Roundup, 1944. Isaacs was near Guilin to cover the destruction of the US air bases.
160. Huang Mengnian, ‘Rijun jinfan Guilinji’, Guangxi wenshi ziliao, 25 (1987), pp. 91-98;
161. Chao Wei, ‘Guilin jiaotu kangzhan qinliji’, Wenshi ziliao xuanji, XL (1963), pp. 181-189.
162. Cao Fuqian, ‘Xiangguiqian dakuitui qinduji’, Wenshi ziliao xuanji(1963), pp. 191–197.
163. Chang Kia-ngau, The Inflationary Spiral: The Experience in China, 1939–1950(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1958).
164. Arthur Young, China’s Wartime Finance and Inflation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 363-365. After 1942, the central bank took over all issuing responsibilities.
165. Krishna Menon, Twilight in China(Bombay, India: Bharatiya, 1972), p. 213.
166. Peng Tianhua, ‘Kangzhan qijian Quanzhou de mihuan geji qi heimu’, Quanzhou wenshiziliao, 13 (1982), pp. 55-56.
167. Robert Payne, Chungking Diary(London: Heinemann, 1945), p. 99.
168. Zhang Quan, KangRi zhanzheng shiqi lunxianqu shiliao yu yanjiu (Nanchang: Jiangix chubanshe, n.d.), p. 131.
169. F. F. Liu, A Military History of Modern China (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1956), pp. 135-138.
170. Ju Zhifen, ‘Labour conscription in north China’, in Stephen MacKinnon, Diana Lary, and Ezra Vogel (eds.), China at War (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 218.
171. J. G. Ballard. Miracles of Life: Shanghai to Shepperton(London, Fourth Estate, 2008).
172. Frances Osborne, Lilla’s Feast(London: Black Swan, 2004).
173. Ng Wing Chung, The Chinese in Vancouver (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: University of British Columbia Press, 1999), p. 44;
174. Judy Maxwell, A cause worth fighting for: Chinese Canadians debate their participation in the Second World War. Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2005.
175. Qian Qishen, Huaqiao yu KangRi zhanzheng (Beijing, 1995), p. 6.
176. Zhonggong Lungkoushi weiyuanhui in Zhonggong Longkoushi dangshi dashiji(Longkou, 1990), pp. 84-85.
177. Mao Tun (Dun), April 26, 1943. Reprinted in Spring Silkworms and Other Stories (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1956), pp. 253-254.
178. Krishna Menon, Twilight in China, pp. 165-166.
179. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: William Sloane, 1946), p. 201.
180. Matthew Arnold, Growing Old. Quoted by K. P. S. Menon, in Twilight in China, p. xi.
181. Zhang Genfu, Kangzhan shiqi de renkou qianyi(Beijing: Chaoyang ribao chubanshe, 2006), p. 49.
182. Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1987 film, The Last Emperor.
183. Hou Yangfang (ed.), Zhongguo renkou shi, Vol. 6 (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2001), pp. 266, 296.
184. Shen Yiju, Guangxi KangRi zhanzheng shigao(Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 1996), p. 324.
185. Zhang Ruide, Kangzhan shiqi de guojun renshi(Taipei: Institute of Modern History, 1993), p. 105.
186. Ch’i Hsi-sheng, ‘The military dimension 1942–45’, in James Hsiung and Steven Levine (eds.), China’s Bitter Victory (Armonk: Sharpe, 1992), p. 180. The figures have been rearranged by order of magnitude.
187. Dai Xiong, ‘Kangzhan shiqi Zhongguo tushu sunshi gaiyao’, Minguo dangan, 3 (2004), p. 119.
188. Shambaugh Elliott and David Shambaugh, The Odyssey of China’s Imperial Treasures (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005).
189. Chester Ronning, Memoir of China in Revolution(Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2004), pp. 192-193.
190. Suzanne Pepper, Civil War in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 8. I have added the characters.
191. Jacques Guillermaz, Une vie pour la Chine(Paris: Lafont, 1989), p. 126.
192. Dangdai Zhongguo di Guangxisheng(Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1992), p. 46.
193. Marcel Ophuls’ film, Le chagrin et la pitie (The Sorrow and the Pity) came out in 1969.
194. George Woodbridge, UNRRA: The History of the United National Relief and Rehabilitation Agency, Vol. II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), p. 405.
195. Huang He dukou futi gongchengju’ (1947), Huang He Huayuankou helong jiniance (Commemorative volume for the closing of the breach at Huayuankou on the Yellow River). Nanjing: Second Archives 568.
196. George Woodbridge, Vol. II, pp. 430-437;
197. O. J. Todd, ‘The Yellow River reharnessed’, The Geographical Review, XXXIX (1949), pp. 38-56.
198. Zhao Fuhai, Lao Zhengzhou(Zhengzhou: Henan chubanshe, 2004), pp. 133-135.
199. Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of the Sino-Japanese War(Taipei, Taiwan: Chungwu, 1971), p. 571.
200. Wang Huan, Guigen: Riben canliu guer de bianji rensheng(Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 2004).
201. Michael David Kwan, Things That Must Not Be Forgotten(Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Macfarlane, Walter and Ross, 2000), pp. 145-146.
202. Cold Nights, translated by Nathan Mao and Liu Ts’un-yan (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1978), pp. 161-162.
203. William Hinton, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village(New York: Monthly Review, 1966), pp. 116-117.
204. Michael Ondaatje, Divisadero(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2007), p. 82.
205. Prasanjit Duara, Culture, Power and the State: Rural North China 1900-1942(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), p. 253.
206. Susan Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 1915-1953(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
207. Kangxi (1672-1722), Yongzheng (1723-1725), and Qianlong (1736-1795), are now considered to be the greatest Chinese emperors of all. See the recent exhibition at the Royal Academy in London, The Three Emperors, 1662-1795.
208. Mao Zedong, In Memory of Norman Bethune. The article was written in late 1939. It was kept in the forefront of attention, as one of the `commonly-read articles’ until the demise of Maoism in the 1980s.
209. Cathy Caruth, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History(Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1996), pp. 2-5.
210. Observer Magazine, February 10, 2007, p. 42.
211. Zhang Shaosi, ed., Zhongguo kangRi zhanzheng dazidian (Wuhan: Wuhan chubanshe, 1995), pp. 1075-1080.
212. Thomas Gottschang and Diana Lary, Swallows and Settlers (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000).
213. Madeleine Thien, Certainty(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2007), pp. 302-303.
214. Dai Yuanzhi, ‘QinHua Rijun Hushan cun baoxing zhengci’, in Minguo dangan, 2004, 3, pp. 48-60.
215. Vicki Zhao has since played the heroine Yao Mulan in a TV adaptation of Lin Yutang’s Moment in Peking (2006).
216. Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: the Forgotten Holocaust of World War11(New York: Penguin, 1998).
217. Geremie Barme, “Mirrors of history: on a Sino-Japanese moment and some antecedents”, Japan Focus (May 4, 2005).
218. Joshua Howard, Workers at War: labor in China’s Arsenals, 1937-1953 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 3, 317.
219. Constitution of the Peoples’ Republic of China (1982), Articles 34-48.