The far enemy: Why Jihad went global

The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-386

  Gerges, Fawaz A ^a  

^a SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924437787     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511817793     Document Type: Book

References (429)

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60. Mohammed Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years: The Journey of the Arab Afghans [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2001).
61. RifaatSayyed Ahmed (ed.), The Militant Prophet: The Revolutionaries, vol. II [in Arabic] (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 1991), p. 248.
62. Nabeel Darweesh, “Mzoudi: I Refused to Apply for Asylum in Germany…,” Asharq al-Awsat, 29 June 2005.
63. Mohammed Salah, “The Violence of Jihad Turns Outward and al-Jama’a’s Initiative Proceeds Successfully,”Al Hayat, 28 December 1998.
64. Kamal al-Said Habib, “Islamic Renewal,” compiled by Rifaat Sayyed Ahmed, ed., The Militant Prophet: The Revolutionaries, vol. II [in Arabic] (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 1991), pp. 204-5.
65. Abu al-Fida, “The Philosophy of Confrontation,”., pp. 293-313;
66. Abu al-Fida, “Indicting the Egyptian Political System,”, pp. 273-83;
67. Mohammed Abd al-Salam Faraj, “The Absent Duty,” collected by Rifaat Sayed Ahmed, ed., The Militant Prophet: The Rejectionists, vol. I [in Arabic] (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 1991), pp. 137-49;
68. Aboud al-Zumar, “The Path of Islamic Jihad,”, pp. 110-26;
69. Aboud al-Zumar “Chapters from the Charter of Islamic Political Action,”, pp. 165-78.
70. Magda Ali Saleh Rabi’i, The Political Role of Al- Azhar [in Arabic] (Cairo, 1992);
71. Steven Barraclough, “Al-Azhar Between the Government and the Islamists,” Middle East Journal, vol. 52, no. 2 (1998).
72. Faraj, “The Absent Duty,” in Ahmed, The Militant Prophet: The Rejectionists, vol. I, pp. 137-49.
73. Johannes Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
74. “The Inevitability of Confrontation,” in Ahmed, The Militant Prophet: The Revolutionaries, vol. II, pp. 244-67.
75. Montasser al-Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002), pp. 113-36.
76. “America, Egypt, and the Islamist [Jihadi] Movement,” in Ahmed, The MilitantProphet: The Rejectionists, vol. I, pp. 179–89.
77. Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism(New York: W. W. Norton, 2003);
78. Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: The Westin the Eyes of Its Enemies(New York: The Penguin Press, 2004).
79. Yusuf al-Qardawi, Fiqh of Priorities: A New Study in the Light of Quran and Sunnah [in Arabic] (Cairo, 1995), pp. 168-72;
80. Raymond William Baker, Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 235-9.
81. Mohamed Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years: The Journey of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2001), chapter 5; Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36.
82. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner [in Arabic] serialized by Asharq al-Awsat, 12 March 2001
83. Kameel al-Taweel, “Hani al-Sibai to Al Hayat: Leaders of ‘Islamic Group’ Shed Blood and Must Step Aside,” Al Hayat, 5 September 2003;
84. Francois Burgat and William Dowell, The Islamic Movement in North Africa(Austin: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas, 1997), pp. 316-33;
85. The 9/II Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 5960;
86. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 132, 242.
87. Al Qaeda fromWithin, as Narrated by Abu Jandal (Nasir al-Bahri), bin Laden’s Personal Guard,” Al-Quds al-Arabi, 24 March 2005.
88. Richard Bulliet and Fawaz A. Gerges, eds., “A Recruiting Tape of Osama bin Laden: Excerpts and Analyses,”at http://www.ciaonet.org/cbr/cbroo/video/excerpts_index.html (Columbia International Affairs Online), October 2001.
89. Benjamin and Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror, 31 March 2005; pp. 224–5, 300–2.
90. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet s Banner, 12 December 2001; Mariam Fam, “Al-QaidaNo. 2 Disparages U.S. on Reform,” Associated Press, 17 June 2005.
91. “The World Through Their Eyes - Arab Satellite Television,” The Economist, 26 February 2005;
92. Hugh Miles, Al-Jazeera(New York: Grove Press, 2005).
93. Donna Abu-Nasr, “Saudi Religious Scholars Support Holy War,” Associated Press, 6 November 2004;
94. “Saudi Clerics Reportedly Exporting Jihad,” Associated Press, 24 January 2005.
95. Abdullah Anas, The Birth of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (London: Dar al-Saqi, 2002), p. 36;
96. Salah, Narratives of the JihadYears, pp. 43-62, 65-84;
97. Hani al-Sibai, in Al Hayat, part 2 of 4, 1 September 2002.
98. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001(New York: The Penguin Press, 2004), pp. 154-5.
99. Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, pp. 43-62
100. Hani al-Sibai, in Al Hayat, part2 of 4, 1 September 2002.
101. Mohammed Abd al-Salam, “The Afghan Arabs,” Majalat al-Siyasa al-Dawliya [in Arabic] (Cairo: Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, no. 113, 1993), p. 92.
102. Fawaz A. Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests?(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
103. Richard W. Cottam, “U.S. and Soviet Responses to Islamic Militancy,” in Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski, eds., Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union and the United States(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 267-70.
104. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, vol. 16, no. 4, 28 January 1980, pp. 194-6.
105. Gary Sick, “Military Options and Constraints,” inWarren Christopher, ed., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 151.
106. Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran(London: I. B. Tauris, 1985), p. 221.
107. Zbigniew Brzesinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977-1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), pp. 470-8, 485, 489.
108. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, 3 December 2001.
109. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 16-23.
110. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet s Banner, 3 December 2001.
111. Mariam Abou Zahab and Olivier Roy, Islamic Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection(London: Hurst, 2004);
112. Roy, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
113. John K. Coo-ley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism, second edition (London: Pluto Press, 2000);
114. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001(New York: The Penguin Press, 2004).
115. Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984);
116. Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East(New York: Macmillan, 1986);
117. R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985).
118. Mohamed Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years: The Journey of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2001);
119. Ayman SabriFaraj, Memoirs of an Afghan Arab [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002);
120. Abdullah Anas, The Birth of the Afghan Arabs [inArabic] (London: Daral-Saqi, 2002);
121. Graham Fuller and Ian O. Lesser, A Sense of Siege: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1995);
122. Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq(Stanford, Calif., 1983).
123. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner [in Arabic] (serialized by Asharq al-Awsat, 3 December 2001).
124. Richard Bulliet and Fawaz A. Gerges, eds., “A Recruiting Tape of Osama bin Laden: Excerpts and Analyses,” at www.ciaonet.org (Columbia International Affairs Online), October 2001.
125. Zawahiri, KnightsUnder the Prophet s Banner, 3 December 200i.
126. Ridwan al-Sayyid, The Struggle for Islam: Fundamentalism and Reform and International Policies [in Arabic] (Beirut, 2004).
127. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet s Banner, 3 December 2001.
128. Kameel al-Taweel, a series of four lengthy interviews with Egyptian Islamist Hani al-Sibai, in Al Hayat, part 2 of 4, 2 September 2002;
129. Montasser al-Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002), pp. 51-86;
130. Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, pp. 65-84.
131. Zayat, pp. 51 -86; Taweel, part I of 4, 1 September 2002.
132. Suha Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate (London, 1996).
133. Taweel, part 1 of 4, 1 September 2002;
134. Zayat, Islamic Groups, 11 January 2005.
135. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 23-47, 51-86.
136. Lawrence Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden: How an Egyptian Doctor Became a Master of Terror,” The New Yorker (24 September 2002); Zayat, pp. 23-47, 51-86.
137. Osama Rushdi, “How Did the Ideology of the ‘Jihad Group’ Evolve?” Al Hayat, 30 January 2002.
138. Zayat, Islamic Groups, 13 January 2005.
139. Zawahiri, 5 December 2001;
140. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 51 -86.
141. Zawahiri, 3 December 2001;
142. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 89-110.
143. Zayat, Islamic Groups, 13 January 2005.
144. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36.
145. Sibai, “Introduction,” in Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, p. 17;
146. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 89-110.
147. Zawahiri, 3 December 2001.
148. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Al Qaeda’s Secret EMails,” Asharq al-Awsat, part 4 of 4, 19 June 2005.
149. Zayat, Islamic Groups, 13 January 2005.
150. Luis Martinez and John Entelis, The Algerian Civil War(New York: Columbia University Press, 2000);
151. Mohammed M. Hafez, “From Marginalization to Massacres: A Political Process Explanation of GIA Violence in Algeria,” in Quintan Wiktorowicz, ed., Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach(Bloomington, Ind., 2004).
152. “Al Qaeda from With in, as Narrated by Abu Jandal (Nasir al-Bahri), bin Laden’s Personal Guard,” Al-Quds al-Arabi, 26 March 2005.
153. Andrew Higgins and Alan Cullison, “Friend or Foe: The Story of a Traitor to Al Qaeda - Murky Loyalties in Yemen Undo the Betrayal, Who Finds Himself Betrayed - Ominous Words Before 9/II,” The Wall Street Journal, 20 December 2002.
154. Kamal Habib, “Montasser al-Zayat and the Confusion Between Personal Narrative and Critical Observation,” Al Hayat, 3 February 2005;
155. Mamdouh Ismail, ‘–Islamic Groups Book: A Personal Perspective,— Al Hayat, 3 February, 2005.
156. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, translated by Anthony E. Roberts (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), chapter 4.
157. Zawahiri, “The Bitter Harvest, the Muslim Brotherhood in Sixty Years” (no publisher, no date); Salah, Narratives ofthe Jihad Years, pp. 43-62.
158. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet s Banner, 10 December 2001.
159. Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet s Banner, 5 December 2001.
160. Olivier Roy, a French sociologist and an authority on Islamist movements, published a highly critical book –The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994)
161. Montasser al-Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002);
162. Zayat, Islamic Groups: An Inside-Out View [in Arabic] (serialized by Al Hayat in January 2005);
163. Kameel al-Taweel, a series of four lengthy interviews with Egyptian Islamist, Hani al-Sibai, in Al Hayat, part 2 of 4, 2 September 2002;
164. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner [in Arabic] (serialized by Asharq al-Awsat, December 2001);
165. Mohammed Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years: The Journey of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2001);
166. Lawrence Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden: How an Egyptian Doctor Became a Master of Terror,” The New Yorker 24 September 2002.
167. Alan Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” The Atlantic Monthly(September 2004), pp. 63-4;
168. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Zawhiri’s Secret Papers,” Asharq al-Awsat, parts 2 and 7, 14 and 18 December 2002.
169. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” Asharq al-Awsat, part 7, 19 December 2002;
170. Andrew Higgins and Alan Cullison, “Friend or Foe: The Story of a Traitor to Al Qaeda,” The Wall Street Journal, 20 December 2002.
171. Rafiq Habib in the daily Al Shaab, 4 April 1996.
172. “Introduction,” in Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, p. 16;
173. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36;
174. Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, pp.65–84
175. Madawi Al-Rashid, A History of Saudi Arabia(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
176. Khaled Abou El Fadl, “The Ugly Modern and the Modern Ugly: Reclaiming the Beautiful in Islam,” in Omid Safi, ed., Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender and Pluralism(Oxford: Oneworld, 2003), pp. 33-77.
177. Ridwan al-Sayyid, The Struggle for Islam: Fundamentalism and Reform and International Policies [in Arabic] (Beirut, 2004);
178. Hicham Chehab and Haytham Mouza-hem, “Fusion of Islamist Movements Creates Violent Groups: al-Sayyid,” The Daily Star, 7 September 2004.
179. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36.
180. Imam Abdullah Azzam, “Join the Caravan” [in Arabic]. For an English translation, see “Join the Caravan,” http://www.relgioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_caravan_ 3. parts.htm.
181. Ayman Sabri Faraj, Memoirs of an Afghan Arab [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002), pp. 24-41.
182. Faraj, Memoirs of an Afghan Arab, p. 230.
183. Faraj, Memoirs of an Afghan Arab, p. 230.
184. Faraj, Memoirs of an Afghan Arab, p. 230.
185. Declaration ofWar Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Mosques,” a message from bin Laden published in Al Islah, 2 September 1996.
186. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden.” See also Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36.
187. Abdullah Anas, The Birth of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (London, 2002), pp. 90-1.
188. “family.” Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York: Berkley Books, 2002), pp. 22-33.
189. Zayat, Islamic Groups, parts 2 and 4, 11 and 23 January 2005;
190. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 23-47;
191. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 89-110, 113-36.
192. Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, chapter 5.
193. Sahih al-Bukhari (K. Jana’iz 82:445-6), translation of Sahih al-Bukhari at www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/_hadithsun-nah/bukhari (translated by M. Muhsin Khan, vol. 2, book 23, number 446).
194. “ Abdullah Azzam, “Guidlelines and Rules of Jihad” (formatted and edited by Abu Suhayb), http://members.tripod.com/Suhayb/_The-Jihad-Page.htm.
195. Hani al-Sibai, “Introduction,” in Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, p. 14;
196. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113–36.
197. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113–36.
198. “Declaration of War Against the Americans”; Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, pp. 65-84.
199. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 89-110.
200. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Al-Qaeda’s Secret Emails,” Asharq al-Awsat (part 3), 14 June 2005.
201. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” Asharq al-Awsat (parts 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, and 7), 12, 16, 17, 18, and 19 December 2002
202. Andrew Higgins and Alan Cullison’s series of articles in The Wall Street Journal, 31 December 2001
203. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 5, 17 December 2002.
204. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 1, 13 December 2002.
205. Andrew Higgins and Alan Cullison, “Files Found: A Computer in Kabul Yields a Chilling Array of Al Qaeda Memos,” The Wall Street Journal, 31 December 2001.
206. Mohammed Salah, “The Violence of Jihad Turns Outward and al-Jama’a Initiative Proceeds Successfully,” Al Hayat, 28 December 1998;
207. Mohammed Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years: The Journey of the Afghan Arabs [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2001), chapter 5.
208. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner [in Arabic] (serialized by Asharq al-Awsat, part 8, 9 December 2001).
209. Andrew Higgins and Alan Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey: Saga of Dr. Zawahiri Illuminates Roots of Al Qaeda Terror,” The Wall Street Journal, 2 July 2002;
210. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 2, 14 December 2002.
211. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”;
212. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers”;
213. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Zawahiri Expelled Two Jihadi Leaders …,” Asharq al- Awsat, 6 June 2002.
214. Hani al-Sibai, “Introduction,” in Montasser al-Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him (Cairo, 2002), pp. 14-15;
215. Sibai, “Introduction,” in Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 14–15;
216. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”; Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, pp. 113-36, 175-208;
217. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden,” pp. 81-2;
218. Salah, “Narratives of the Jihad Years,” chapter 5.
219. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 2, 14 December 2002.
220. Thomas Kean “57,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, 23 March 2005.
221. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (NewYork:W.W.Norton, 2004), pp. 108-9.
222. William J. Clinton, “Commencement Address at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland,” 22 May 1998.
223. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 799.
224. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 184;
225. Madeleine Albright with Bill Woodward, Madam Secretary (New York: Miramax Books, 2003), p. 374.
226. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”; Higgins and Cullison, “Strained Alliance: Al Qaeda’s Sour Days in Afghanistan,” The Wall Street Journal, 2 August 2002.
227. Clarke, Against All Enemies, p. 184.
228. Clarke, Against All Enemies, p. 184.
229. Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of Sacred Terror (New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 261, 264.
230. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”; Higgins and Cullison, “Files Found”; Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” pp. 64-5; Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 2, 13 December 2002.
231. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”; Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” p. 65; Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 2, 13 December 2002.
232. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey.”
233. Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” pp. 65-6;
234. Alan Cullison and Andrew Higgins, “Terror Tour: How Al Qaeda Agent Scouted Attack Sites in Israel and Egypt,” The Wall Street Journal, 16 January 2002; Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 4, 16 December 2002.
235. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 4, 16 December 2002.
236. Shafi’i, “Zawahiri’s Secret Papers,” part 2, 13 December 2002;
237. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey.”
238. The letter was obtained from the Al Qaeda computer in Kabul by The Wall Street Journal and reproduced by Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” pp. 66-7.
239. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey.”
240. Higgins and Cullison, “Terror Tour.”
241. Higgins and Cullison, “Terrorist’s Odyssey”; Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” p. 67.
242. Salah, Narratives of the Jihad Years, chapter 5.
243. “Al Qaeda from Within, as Narrated by Abu Jandal (Nasiral-Bahri), binLaden’s Personal Guard,” Al-Quds al-Arabi, 26 March 2005.
244. Richard Bulliet and Fawaz A. Gerges, eds., “A Recruiting Tape of Osama bin Laden: Excerpts and Analyses,” at www.ciaonet.org (Columbia International Affairs Online), October 2001.
245. “The Story of the Afghan Arabs: From the Entry to Afghanistan to the Final Exodus with the Taliban,” Asharq al-Awsat, 9 December 2004.
246. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Seif al-Adl: Al-Qaeda’s Ghost,” Asharq al-Awsat, 1 June 2005.
247. Al-Quds al-Arabi: Fu’ad Hussein, Al-Zarqawi: The Second Generation of Al Qaeda, parts 7, 8, and 9, 21, 22, and 23 May 2004.
248. Alan Cullison, “Inside Al-Qaeda’s Hard Drive,” The Atlantic Monthly (September 2004), pp. 59-60.
249. Hussein, Al-Zarqawi, part 4, 19 June 2004.
250. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “An Islamic Group Leader Criticizes from Holland ‘the Statement of Apology’…,” Asharq al-Awsat, 22 June 2002;
251. Kameel al-Taweel, “Hani al-Sibai to Al Hayat: Al-Jama’a’s Leaders Shed Blood… and Must Step Aside,” Al Hayat, 5 September 2003;
252. Gamal Sultan, “Al-Jama’a’s Revisions in Egypt Await Similar Reviews by Other Groups,” Al Hayat, 7 April 2002.
253. Derbala, Al Qaeda Strategy, Asharq al-Awsat, 6, 7, 8, and 9 August 2003;
254. Ibrahim, Islam and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Asharq al-Awsat, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and28 June 2004.
255. Derbala, Al Qaeda Strategy, Asharq al-Awsat, 6 August 2003;
256. Ibrahim, Islam and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Asharq al-Awsat, 21 and 24 June 2004.
257. Derbala, Al Qaeda Strategy, Asharq al-Awsat, 6 August 2003;
258. Ibrahim, Islam and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Asharq al-Awsat, 21 and 24 June 2004.
259. Derbala, Al Qaeda Strategy, Asharq al-Awsat, 6 August 2003;
260. Ibrahim, Islam and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Asharq al-Awsat, 21 June 2004.
261. The Inevitability of Confrontation, compiled by Rifaat Sayyed Ahmed, ed., The Militant Prophet: The Revolutionaries, vol. II [in Arabic] (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books, 1991), pp. 244-72.
262. Ibrahim, Islam and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Asharq al-Awsat, 23 June 2004.
263. by Rifaat Sayed Ahmed, ed., The Militant Prophet: The Rejectionists, vol. I [in Arabic] (London: Riad El-Rayyes Books: 1991), pp. 165-78.
264. “Hani al-Sibai to Al Hayat,” Al Hayat, 5 September 2003.
265. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “A Fundamentalist Calls for Dissolving ‘al-Jama’a al-Islamiya’…,” Asharq al-Awast, 8 August 2003;
266. Taweel, “Hani al-Sibai to Al Hayat,” Al Hayat, 5 September 2003.
267. Mohammed al-Shafi’i, “Leader of Egyptian al-Jama’a al-Islamiya Criticizes from Holland…,” Asharq al-Awast, 22 June 2002;
268. Al-Shafi’i, “Former Spokesperson of Egyptian ‘ al-’Jama’a al-Islamiya’…,” Asharq al-Awsat, 8 July 2002.
269. Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri as I Knew Him (Cairo, 2002);
270. Zayat Islamic Groups: An Inside-Out View (serialized by Al Hayat on 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 January 2005).
271. Nazih N. Ayubi, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World (London and New York: Routledge, 1991).
272. Kameel al-Taweel, “Abu Qatada: Zawahiri Wise Man of the Jihadi Movement’ …,” Al Hayat, 12 May 2004.
273. Andrew Higgins, Karby Leggett, and Alan Cullison, “Uploading Terror: How al Qaeda Put Internet in Service of Global Jihad,” The Wall Street Journal, 11 November 2002.
274. Kameel al-Taweel, “Abu Qatada to Al Hayat: Narrating His Journey and Relationship with Al Qaeda,” Al Hayat, 28 November 2002;
275. Rifaat Sayed Ahmed and Omru al-Shubaki, The Future of Islamist Movements after 11 September (Damascus, 2005);
276. Rifaat Sayed Ahmed, Qur’an and Sword: Files from Political Islam, a Documented Study (Cairo, 2003);
277. Mohammed Abbas, Yes, It Is a War Against Islam (Cairo, 2003);
278. Nabil Sharaf al-Din, Bin Laden: The Taliban, the Afghan Arabs and International Fundamentalism (Cairo, 2002).
279. Hani al-Sibai, “Introduction,” Zayat, Ayman Zawahiri, Pp. 9-19;
280. Sibai, “Call for Self-Reflection and Assessment of the History of the Islamist Movement,” Al Hayat, 4 February 2002.
281. Kameel al-Taweel, a series of four lengthy interviews with Egyptian Islamist, Hani al-Sibai, Al Hayat, 1, 2, 3, and 4 September 2002.
282. Taweel, a series of four lengthy interviews with Egyptian Islamist, Hani al-Sibai, Al Hayat, part 4 of 4, 4 September 2002.
283. Taweel, “Osama Rushdi, Former Media Official and Member of the Shura Council of‘ Al-Jama’a al-Islamiya’: Bin Laden’s Speech Is Provocative and Full of Terms Only Muslims Understand,” Asharq al-Awsat, 25 January 2002.
284. Zawahiri, Al Walaa wa Al Baraa, or Loyalty to Islam and Disavowal to Its Enemies, obtained by Al Hayat, 14 January 2003.
285. Susan B. Glasser, “Terror War Seen Shifting to Match Evolving Enemy,” The Washington Post, 28 May 2005.
286. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004)
287. Fawaz A. Gerges and Christopher Isham, “Sign of Weakness,” ABCNews.com, 22 November 2003;
288. Fawaz A. Gerges and Christopher Isham, “Report Evaluates al-Qaida Risks Worldwide,” Associated Press, 11 November 2003;
289. Christopher Isham, “Terror Tape Not Recent,” ABCNews.com, 23 September 2003;
290. Sayyed Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, The Unsacred Versus the Sacred: America and the Banner of International Terrorism [in Arabic] (Beirut, 2003).
291. Mshari Al-Zaydi, “An Interview with Sheikh Abdul-Mohsen Bin Nasser Al-Obeikan,”Asharq al-Awsat, 24 May 2005.
292. Tariq al-Bishri, The Arabs in the Face of Aggression [in Arabic] (Cairo, 2002)
293. Ahmed Kamal Abu al-Magd, “Terrorism and Islam and the Future of the International System” [in Arabic], Weghat Nazar, vol. 34 (November 2001), pp.14-18.
294. Abu al-Magd, “On Modern Religious Thought,”Weghat Nazar, vol. 38 (March 2002), pp. 4-5.
295. Abu al-Magd, “Terrorism and Islam,” pp. 14-18;
296. Abu al-Magd, “On Modern Religious Thought,” pp. 4-5.
297. Adonis, “How Do We Join the Genealogy of Light?”Al Hayat, 12 December 2002.
298. Adonis “The Arab s After the September Attacks: Image and Discourse,” Working Paper (2001), pp. 6-7.
299. Ridwan al-Sayyid, “On the Anniversary of 9/11: What to Do with the Killings in the Name of Islam,”Al Hayat, 11 September 2004.
300. Sadik J. al-Azm, “Time Out of Joint: Western Dominance, Islamist Terror, and the Arab Imagination,” Boston Review (October/November 2004), p. 2.
301. Fawaz A. Gerges, “Dismantling al-Qaida?”The Baltimore Sun, 23 November 2003.
302. Steve Coll and Susan B. Glasser, “Attacks Bear Earmarks of Evolving Al Qaeda: Targets, Timing Both Familiar,”The Washington Post, 8 July 2005.
303. “Wife of Abd al-Karim al-Majati: We Entered Saudi Arabia with Fake Qatari Passports…,”Asharq al-Awasat, 18 June 2005.
304. Sarah El Deeb, “Tape Claims Responsibility for Arab Attack,”Associated Press, 31 May 2004;
305. Donna Abu-Nasr, “Saudi Commandos Free Dozens Held at Resort,”Associated Press, 30 May 2004;
306. Donna Abu-Nasr “Letter: Al-Qaida Denies Bombings in Iraq,” Associated Press, 3 March 2004.
307. International Crisis Group Middle East Report, Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists, no. 31, 21 September 2004;
308. Gerard Seenan, “Joining al-Qaida? Please Think Again,”The Guardian, 7 February 2005;
309. Martin Sieff, “Learning from the Saudis,”United Press International, 4 January 2005;
310. Martin Sieff “Al-Qaeda’s Diminishing Returns in the Peninsula,” The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Focus, vol. II, no. 1 (7 January 2005);
311. Neil Macfarquhar, “Saudis Support a Jihad in Iraq, Not Back Home: Riyadh Bombing Stirs Widespread Outrage,”The New York Times, 23 April 2004;
312. Dominic Evans, “Two Years After Bombings, Saudi Al Qaeda Weakened,”Reuters, 11 May 2005;
313. Dominic Evans “FBI Praises Saudi Crackdown on Militants,” Associated Press, 11 May 2005;
314. Anthony Cordesman, “Saudi Arabia and the Struggle Against Terrorism,” http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/newsletter2005/saudi-relations-interest- 04-11 b;
315. Abdullah al-Shihri, “Saudi Forces Kill al-Qaida Leader,”Associated Press, 3 July 2005.
316. Michael Holden, “Al Qaeda ‘To Disintegrate’ in 2 Years - UK Adviser,”Reuters, 10 November 2004.
317. Fou’ad Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: The Second Generation of Al Qaeda - Seif al-Adl’s Testament,”Al-Quds al-Arabi, part 9, 23 May 2005.
318. Kameel al-Taweel, “Al-Zarqawi: Islamic Government in Iraq as a Way Station to Overthrow Neighboring Regimes,” Al Hayat, 19 September 2004;
319. Taweel, “Al-Zarqawi Present and His Followers Everywhere,”Al Hayat, 5 September 2004;
320. Taweel “’Emir’ of the Fallujah Fighters (Abu Osama) to Al Wasat: Every Mujahid in Iraq Is a Member of Al Qaeda,” Al Wasat, 3 May 2004;
321. Taweel, “Bin Laden Fails in Afghanistan… but ‘Enter Iraq Through the Zarqawi Gate,’”Al Hayat, 19 October 2004;
322. Taweel, “Al-Zarqawi’s Absence Mixes Jihadis’ Cards in Iraq,”Al Hayat, 28 May 2005;
323. Maamoun Youssef, “Al-Qaida Announces Iraqi Suicide Squad,”Associated Press, 21 June 2005;
324. Maamoun Youssef, “Abu Mus’ab Al-Zarqawi: Collateral Killing of Muslims Is Legitimate,” http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD91705, 11 June 2005;
325. Maamoun Youssef, “The Iraqi Al-Qaida Organization: Self Portrait,” http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD884.05, 24 March 2005;
326. Laura Jordan and Katherine Shrader, “Bin Laden Enlisting Al-Zarqawi for Attacks,”Associated Press, 1 April 2005;
327. Peter Bergen, “The Most Dangerous Terrorist,”International Herald Tribune, 29 June 2004;
328. Dan Murphy, “In Iraq, a Clear-Cut bin Laden-Zarqawi Alliance,”The Christian Science Monitor, 31 December 2004;
329. Michael Holden, “Al-Qaeda ‘To Disintegrate’ in 2 Years,”Reuters, 10 November 2004;
330. Michael Holden “Purported Bin Laden Tape Calls for Boycott,” Associated Press, 27 December 2004;
331. Don Van Natta, “Who Is Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi?”The New York Times (Week in Review), 10 October 2004;
332. Nick Childs, “Zarqawi’s Insurgency,” BBC News, 9 June 2005;
333. Salah Nasrawi, “Bin Laden Seeks Transformation,” Associated Press, 27 December 2004;
334. Ghaida Ghantous, “Purpoted Zarqawi Tape Vows No Negotiations,”Reuters, 29 March 2005;
335. Ghaida Ghantous “Iraq’s Qaeda Warns Sunnis Against Constitution,” Reuters, 17 May 2005;
336. Jeffrey Gettleman, “Zarqawi’s Journey: From Dropout to Prisoner to an Insurgent Leader in Iraq,”The New York Times, 13 July 2004;
337. Donna Abu-Nasr, “Saudi Religious Scholars Support Holy War,”Associated Press, 6 November 2004;
338. Patrick McDonnell, “Confessions of a Saudi Militant in Iraq,” The Los Angeles Times, 20 February 2005;
339. Patrick McDonnell,“New Jihadist Confessions,” http://www.memritv.org/search.asp?ACT=S9&Pi =629, 12 April 2005;
340. Patrick McDonnell, “Terrorism Studies Project,” http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD89605, 20 April 2005;
341. Patrick McDonnell “Iraqi Qaeda Vows to Kill Sunnis Joining Government,”Reuters, 24 April 2005;
342. Dexter Filkins, “Insurgents Vowing to Kill Iraqis Who Brave the Polls on Sunday,”The New York Times, 26 February 2005;
343. Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, “The US Is Behaving as if Every Sunni Is a Terrorist,”The Guardian, 26 January 2005;
344. Jackie Spinner and Bassam Sebti, “Militant Declares War on Iraqi Vote,”The Washington Post, 24 January 2005;
345. Matt Spetalnick, “Al Qaeda Ally Declares All-Out War on Iraqi Election,”Reuters, 23 January 2005;
346. Edward Wong, “Balking at Vote, Sunnis Seek Role on Constitution,”The New York Times, 24 January 2005;
347. David Sanger, “Bush Takes Rare Step of Debating Bin Laden,”The New York Times, 29 December 2004;
348. Sameer Yacoub, “Purported Al-Zarqawi Tape Raps Scholars,” Associated Press, 24 November 2004;
349. Bob Herbert, “Iraq, Then and Now,” The New York Times, 21 February 2005;
350. Bob Herbert, “Iraq Qaeda Says Zarqawi in ‘Good Health,’”Reuters, 27 May 2005;
351. Paul Garwood, “Claims About Al-Zarqawi Suggest Confusion,”Associated Press, 26 May 2005;
352. Jamal Halaby, “Web Posting Claims Al-Zarqawi Fled Iraq,”Associated Press, 25 May 2005;
353. Sally Buzbee, “Iraq Insurgents’ Failure Raises Questions,”Associated Press, 31 January 2005;
354. Craig Whitlock, “In Europe New Force for Recruiting Radicals,”The Washington Post, 18 February 2005;
355. Craig Whitlock “World Terror Risk ‘on the Rise’,” BBC News, 19 March 2005;
356. Martha Raddatz, “Secret Task Force Hunting Iraq’s Most Dangerous Man,” ABC News, 26 May 2005;
357. Scott Peterson, “Pressure Builds on Iraq’s Insurgents,” The Christian Science Monitor, 26 May 2005;
358. Nicholas Blanford and Dan Murphy, “For Al Qaeda, Iraq May Be the Next Battlefield,”The Christian Science Monitor, 27 August 2003;
359. Randa Habib, “Iraq New Fertile Ground for Jihad: Son of Bin Laden’s Mentor,”Agence France Press, 29 August 2005.
360. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Seif al-Adl’s Testament”; Mohammed Al-Shafi’i, “Seif al-Adl: Al-Qaeda’s Ghost,”Asharq al-Awsat, 1 June 2005.
361. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Abu al-Montasser’s Testament,” part 2, 14-15 May 2005.
362. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Al-Maqdisi’s Testament,” parts 6 and 7, 19 and 20 May 2005.
363. Hussein, “Abu Mus’ab Al-Zarqawi: Collateral Killing of Muslims Is Legitimate,” http://www.memri.org/bin/opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD91705.
364. Christopher M. Blanchard, “Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology,”CRS Report for Congress, 20 June 2005, p. 7.
365. Christopher M. Blanchard,“Al Zarqawi Group Vows Allegiance to Bin Laden,” Associated Press, 17 October 2004;
366. Dan Murphy, “In Iraq, a Clear-Cut bin Laden-Zarqawi Alliance,” The Christian Science Monitor, 31 December 2004.
367. Laura Jordan and Katherine Shrader, “Bin Laden Enlisting Al-Zarqawi for Attacks,”Associated Press, 1 April 2005.
368. Craig Whitlock, “Al Qaeda Leaders Seen in Control,”The Washington Post, 24 July 2005.
369. Nick Childs, “Zarqawi’s Insurgency,”BBC News, 9 June 2005;
370. Maamoun Youssef, “Al-Qaida Announces Iraqi Suicide Squad,”Associated Press, 21 June 2005.
371. Mohammed Salah, “Tantawi Considers al-Zarqawi Faction’ Mishief-Makers,’”Al Hayat, 5 July 2005.
372. Mohammed Salah, “‘Al-Jihad’ and the ‘Islamic Group’ Attack al-Zarqawi,”Al Hayat, 11 July 2005;
373. Mohammed Salah, “Egyptian Islamic Group: Zarqawi Does Not Understand the Meaning of Jihad,”Asharq al-Awsat, 11 July 2005.
374. Hazem Amin, “Stories from al-Maqdisi House…,”Al Hayat, 5 July 2005;
375. Bernhard Zand, “Zarqawi’s New Strategy: Four Days of Martyrdom,”Der Spiegel, 11 July 2007.
376. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Al-Maqdisi’s Testament,” parts 6 and 7, 19 and 20 May 2005.
377. Marwan Shahada, “The al-Zarqawi-al-Maqdisi Dispute…,”Al Hayat, 5 July 2005;
378. Mshari al-Zaydi, “Abu Mohammed al-Maqdisi: Al-Zarqawi’s ‘ Spiritual Godfather’,”Asharq al-Awsat, 26 July 2005;
379. Mshari al-Zaydi “The Recruiting Story of al-Zarqawi,” Elaph (an Arabic-language electronic newspaper), 18 and 19 July 2005. See http://www.elaph.com/ElaphWeb/AkhbarKhasa/2005/7/76980.htm.
380. Maysar al-Shumri, “Al-Zarqawi’s Comrade ‘Abu al-Ghadiah’ Killed in American Air Raids…,”Al Hayat, 5 June 2005.
381. Douglas Jehl, “Iraq May be Prime Place for Training of Militants, C.I.A. Report Concludes, “The New York Times, 22 June 2005;
382. Dana Priest, “Iraq a New Terror Breeding Ground,”The Washington Post, 13 January 2005;
383. Dana Priest and Josh White, “War Helps Recruit Terrorists, Hill Told,”The Washington Post, 17 February 2005;
384. David Morgan, “Iraq Conflict Feeds International Threat - CIA,” Reuters, 16 February 2005.
385. David Morgan “Iraq Warns Neighbors of Terror Threat,” Agence France Presse, 10 July 2005.
386. David Morgan “Iraq Now an Al-Qaeda Battleground, British Report Says,” Agence France Presse,29 July 2004;
387. Faiza Saleh Ambah, “Iraq: Spinning off Arab Terrorists?”The Christian Science Monitor, 8 February 2005;
388. Craig Whitlock, “In Europe, New Force for Recruiting Radicals,”The Washington Post, 18 February 2005;
389. Elaine Sciolino, “France Seizes 11 Accused of Plotting Iraq Attacks,”The New York Times, 27 January 2005;
390. Peter Grier and Faye Bowers, “Bin Laden Tape Seeks to Stir Anger Over Iraq,”The Christian Science Monitor, 12 September 2003;
391. Nadia Abou El-Magd, “Alleged Zawahiri Statement Pushes Holy War,” 2 February 2005;
392. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Iraq War Has Swollen Ranks of al-Qaida,”The Guardian, 16 October 2003;
393. Fawaz A. Gerges, “The Bleeding of Iraq and the Rising Insurgency,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Policy Brief No. 6 (September 2004);
394. Fawaz A. Gerges, “Understanding Iraq’s Resistance,”The Christian Science Monitor, 10 September 2003.
395. Hassan M. Fattah, “Anger Burns on the Fringe of Britain’s Muslims,”The New York Times, 16 July 2005.
396. Alan Cowell, “British Seeking Fifth Man, Thought to be Ringleader,”The New York Times, 14 July 2005.
397. Patrick Seale, “Europe’s Home-grown Terrorists,”Agence Global, 18 July 2005;
398. Seale, “London Pays the Price of the Iraq War,”Agence Global, 11 July 2005.
399. Alexis Debat, “The New Head of Jihad Inc.?,” http://abcnews.go.com/International, 28 March 2005;
400. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi,” part 3, 16 May 2005.
401. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Seif al-Adl’s Testament,” part 9, 23 May 2005; Al-Shafi’i, “Seif al-Adl.”
402. Ibrahim Awed, “1300 Terrorists Caught in Syria,”Asharq al-Awsat, 10 July 2005;
403. Samar Azmashli, “Damascus Announces the Arrest of 34 Arabs…,”Al Hayat, 5 July 2004;
404. Samar Azmashli,“Jordan Says Syria Is a Training Ground for Jihadists,” Reuters, 15 July 2005.
405. Hazem Amin, “Mujahedeen of the Town of ‘Al Qaeda Leader in Lebanon’ Accuse the Government of Dragging Them into Jihad,”Al Hayat, 29 September 2004;
406. Hazem Amin “Lebanon: An Angry Funeral for Al-Kateeb in Majdal Anjar,” Al Hayat, 3 September 2004;
407. Mustafa al-Ansari, “Two Saudis Return from Iraq with Sad Experiences,” Al Hayat, 14 May 2005;
408. Ibrahim Hmeidi, “A Trans-national Network to Assist in Transporting Mujahedeen [to Iraq],”Al Hayat, 27 October 2004;
409. Mohammed al-Ashab, “European Networks to Infiltrate Mujahedeen [to Iraq]…,”Al Hayat, 11 February 2005;
410. Patrick McDonnell, “Confessions of a Saudi Militant in Iraq,”The Los Angeles Times, 20 February, 2005;
411. Patrick McDonnell, “New Jihadist Confessions,” http://www.memritv.org/search.asp? ACT=S9&Pi=629, 12 April 2005;
412. Patrick McDonnell “Terrorism Studies Project,” http://www.memri.org/bin/_opener_latest.cgi?ID=SD89605, 20 April 2005;
413. Don Van Natta, Jr., and Desmond Butler, “Calls to Jihad Are Said to Lure Hundreds of Militants into Iraq,” The New York Times, 1 November 2003;
414. Craig Whitlock, “In Europe New Force for Recruiting Radicals,”The Washington Post, 18 February 2005;
415. Todd Pitman, “N. Africans Joining Iraq Islamic Fighters,”Associated Press, 14 June 2005;
416. Ahmed Al-Haj, “Yemeni Youths Seeking Martyrdom in Iraq,”Associated Press, 20 December 2004.
417. Jehl “Rumsfeld Questions Terror War Progress,” Associated Press, 22 October 2003;
418. Fawaz A. Gerges, “Sunni Insurgency,”The Baltimore Sun, 4 April 2004.
419. Craig Charney and Nicole Yakatan, A New Beginning: Strategies for a More Fruitful Dialogue with the Muslim World (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, CSRno. 7, May 2005).
420. Hussein, “Al-Zarqawi…: Seif al-Adl’s Testament,” part 9, 23 May 2005.
421. Adonis, “Behind History, Without Future,”Al Hayat, 4 December 2003.
422. Mohammed Salah, “Al-Qardawi: Killing American Civilians in Iraq Is a Duty,”Al Hayat, 2 September 2004;
423. Ridwan al-Sayyid, “The End and the Means,”Al-Mustaqbal, 7 September 2004;
424. Ridwan al-Sayyid “Mufti of Lebanon: Jihad Is Our Weapon to Resist the Threat of American Imperialism,” Al Hayat, 27 October 2003;
425. Essam al-Aryan, “Can Jihad Be Invoked in the Case of Iraq,”Al Hayat, 4 May 2003;
426. Fawaz A. Gerges, “Muslims Called to Jihad,”The Los Angeles Times, 26 March 2003;
427. Fawaz A. Gerges, “War in Iraq,” washingtonpost.com, 3 April 2003;
428. Fawaz A. Gerges, “Fuel on Mideast Ire: Arab Moderates Are Now Joined with Radicals Against the U.S.,”The Star-Ledger, 30 March 2003;
429. Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, “Preaching Violence,”Newsweek, 29 September 2004.