Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder after termination of pregnancy and reproductive loss: A systematic review

Journal of Pregnancy

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Daugirdaite, Vilte ^a   Van Den Akker, Olga ^b   Purewal, Satvinder ^c  

^a VILNIUS UNIVERSITY   (Lithuania)

^b MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FETUS DEATH; HUMAN; INDUCED ABORTION; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; NEWBORN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PERINATAL DEATH; PREGNANCY; PSYCHOLOGY; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TREATMENT FAILURE;

ABORTION, INDUCED; ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS; FEMALE; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; FETAL DEATH; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; PERINATAL DEATH; PREGNANCY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 84924152437     PISSN: 20902727     EISSN: 20902735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/646345     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. O. B. A. van den Akker, The psychological and social consequences of miscarriage, Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 295-304, 2011.
2. F. Zegers-Hochschild, G. D. Adamson, J. de Mouzon et al., International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and theWorldHealth Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009, Fertility and Sterility, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 1520-1524, 2009.
3. O. B. A. van den Akker, Reproductive Health Psychology, Wiley- Blackwell, 2012.
4. A. L. Greil, Infertility and psychological distress: a critical review of the literature, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1679-1704, 1997.
5. B. D. Peterson,M. Pirritano, U. Christensen, J. Boivin, J. Block, and L. Schmidt, The longitudinal impact of partner coping in couples following 5 years of unsuccessful fertility treatments, Human Reproduction, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1656-1664, 2009.
6. J. R. W. Fisher,K.Hammarberg, and G.H.W. Baker, Antenatal mood and fetal attachment after assisted conception, Fertility and Sterility, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 1103-1112, 2008.
7. W. Bandenhorst and P. Hughes, Psychological aspects of perinatal loss, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 21, pp. 249-259, 2007.
8. S. M. Bennett, B. S. Lee, B. T. Litz, and S. Maguen, The scope and impact of perinatal loss: current status and future directions, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 180-187, 2005.
9. P. A. Geller, D. Kerns, and C. M. Klier, Anxiety following miscarriage and the subsequent pregnancy: a review of the literature and future directions, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 35-45, 2004.
10. D. A. Bagarozzi, Identification, assessment and treatment of women suffering from post traumatic stress after abortion, Journal of Family Psychotherapy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 25-54, 1994.
11. J. Condon, Womensmental health: a wish-list for the DSMV, Archives ofWomens Mental Health, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 5-10, 2010.
12. S. Iles, Theloss of early pregnancy, Baillieres ClinicalObstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 769-790, 1989.
13. G. Sedgh, S. Singh, I. H. Shah, E. Åhman, S. K. Henshaw, and A. Bankole, Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008, The Lancet, vol. 379, no. 9816, pp. 625-632, 2012.
14. World Health Organisation (WHO), Facts on induced abortion worldwide, April 2014, http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/ fb IAW.html.
15. N. F. Russo and K. L. Zierk, Abortion, childbearing, and womens well-being, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 269-280, 1992.
16. S. M. Stanford-Rue,Will I CryTomorrow?HealingPost-Abortion Trauma, Fleming H. Revell, 1999.
17. B. Major, M. Appelbaum, L. Beckman, M. A. Dutton, N. F. Russo, and C. West, Abortion and mental health: evaluating the evidence,American Psychologist, vol. 64,no. 9, pp. 863-890, 2009.
18. J. Astbury, Overview of key issues, inMental Health Aspects of Womens Reproductive Health.AGlobal Review of Literature, pp. 1-7, World Health Organization, 2009, http://whqlibdoc.who .int/publications/2009/9789241563567 eng.pdf.
19. D.Carter, S.Misri, and L. Tomfohr, Psychologic aspects of early pregnancy loss, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 154-165, 2007.
20. C. Lee and P. Slade, Miscarriage as a traumatic event: a review of the literature and new implications for intervention, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 235-244, 1996.
21. A. Horsch, Post-traumatic stress disorder following childbirth and pregnancy loss, in Clinical Psychology in Practice, H. Beinart, P. Kennedy, and S. Llewelyn, Eds., pp. 274-287, Blackwell Publishing,West Sussex, UK, 2009.
22. C. T. Coyle, P. K. Coleman, and V. M. Rue, Inadequate preabortion counseling and decision conflict as predictors of subsequent relationship difficulties and psychological stress in men and women, Traumatology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 16-30, 2010.
23. B. Major, C. Cozzarelli, M. L. Cooper et al., Psychological responses of women after first-trimester abortion, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 777-784, 2000.
24. D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, and D. Altman, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 62, pp. 1006-1012, 2009.
25. M. J. Horowitz, Stress Response Syndromes, Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ, USA, 2001.
26. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Press,Washington, DC, USA, 5th edition, 2013, http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/ Default.aspx.
27. J. P. T. Higgins and S. Green, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2011, http://handbook.cochrane.org/.
28. J. M. Green, J. Hewison, H. L. Bekker, L. D. Bryant, and H. S. Cuckle, Psychosocial aspects of genetic screening of pregnant women and newborns: a systematic review, Health Technology Assessment, vol. 8, no. 33, pp. 1-128, 2004.
29. D. S. Armstrong, Perinatal loss and parental distress after the birth of a healthy infant, Advances in Neonatal Care, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 200-206, 2007.
30. A. N. Broen, T. Moum, A. S. Bdtker and O. Ekeberg, Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: a 2-year follow-up study, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 265-271, 2004.
31. A. N. Broen, T.Moum, A. S. Bdtker and O. Ekeberg, Reasons for induced abortion and their relation to womens emotional distress: a prospective, two-year follow-up study, General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 36-43, 2005.
32. P. K. Coleman, C. T. Coyle, and V. M. Rue, Late-term elective abortion and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress symptoms, Journal of Pregnancy, vol. 2010,Article ID130519, 10 pages, 2010.
33. I. M. Engelhard, M. A. van den Hout, and A. Arntz, Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy loss, GeneralHospital Psychiatry, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 62-66, 2001.
34. I. M. Engelhard, M. A. van den Hout, and M. Kindt, The relationship between neuroticism, pre-traumatic stress, and posttraumatic stress: a prospective study, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 381-388, 2003.
35. I. M. Engelhard, M. A. van den Hout, and J.W. S. Vlaeyen, The sense of coherence in early pregnancy and crisis support and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: a prospective study, Behavioral Medicine, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 80-84, 2003.
36. I. M. Engelhard, M. A. van den Hout, and E. G. W. Schouten, Neuroticism and low educational level predict the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in women after miscarriage or stillbirth, General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 414- 417, 2006.
37. M. A. van den Hout and I. M. Engelhard, Pretrauma neuroticism, negative appraisals of intrusions, and severity of PTSD symptoms, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 181-183, 2004.
38. J. A. M. Hunfeld, J.W.Wladimiroff, F. Verhage, and J. Passchier, Previous stress and acute psychological defence as predictors of perinatal grief-an exploratory study, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 829-835, 1995.
39. J. A. M.Hunfeld, J.W.Wladimiroff, and J. Passchier, Prediction and course of grief four years after perinatal loss due to congenital anomalies: a follow-up study, British Journal of Medical Psychology, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 85-91, 1997.
40. J. A. M. Hunfeld, J.W.Wladimiroff, and J. Passchier, The grief of late pregnancy loss, Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 57-64, 1997.
41. A. Kersting,M. Dorsch, C. Kreulich et al., Trauma and grief 2- 7 years after termination of pregnancy because of fetal anomalies- a pilot study, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 9-14, 2005.
42. A. Kersting, K. Kroker, J. Steinhard et al., Complicated grief after traumatic loss: a 14-month follow up study, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol. 257, no. 8, pp. 437-443, 2007.
43. M. J. Korenromp, G. C. M. L. Page-Christiaens, J. van den Bout et al., Psychological consequences of termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: similarities and differences between partners, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 25, no. 13, pp. 1226-1233, 2005.
44. M. J. Korenromp, G. C. M. L. Page-Christiaens, J. van den Bout, E. J. H.Mulder, and G. H. A. Visser, Adjustment to termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a longitudinal study in women at 4, 8, and 16 months, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 201, no. 2, pp. 160.e1-160.e7, 2009.
45. B.Major and R. H.Gramzow, Abortion as stigma: cognitive and emotional implications of concealment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 735-745, 1999.
46. J. S. Seng, L. K. Low, M. Sperlich, D. L. Ronis, and I. Liberzon, Prevalence, trauma history, and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder among nulliparous women in maternity care, Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 839-847, 2009.
47. A. Speckhard and N. Mufel, Universal responses to abortion? Attachment, trauma, and grief responses in women following abortion, The Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, vol. 18, pp. 3-7, 2003.
48. P. Turton, W. Badenhorst, P. Hughes, J. Ward, S. Riches, and S. White, Psychological impact of stillbirth on fathers in the subsequent pregnancy and puerperium, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 188, pp. 165-172, 2006.
49. P. Turton, C. Evans, and P. Hughes, Long-term psychosocial sequelae of stillbirth. Phase II of a nested case-control cohort study, Archives ofWomens Mental Health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 35- 41, 2009.
50. P. Turton, P. Hughes, C. D. H. Evans, and D. Fainman, Incidence, correlates and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in the pregnancy after stillbirth, British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 178, pp. 556-560, 2001.
51. P. Turton, P. Hughes, P. Fonagy, and D. Fainman, An investigation into the possible overlap between PTSD and unresolved responses following stillbirth: an absence of linkage with only unresolved status predicting infant disorganization, Attachment and Human Development, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 241-253, 2004.
52. D. S. Armstrong, M. H. Hutti, and J. Myers, The influence of prior perinatal loss on parents psychological distress after the birth of a subsequent healthy infant, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 654-666, 2009.
53. A. N. Broen, T. Moum, A. S. Btker, and Ekeberg, The course of mental health after miscarriage and induced abortion: a longitudinal, five-year follow-up study, BMCMedicine, vol. 3, article 18, 2005.
54. I. M. Engelhard, M. A. van denHout,M. Kindt, A. Arntz, and E. Schouten, Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: a prospective study, Behaviour Research andTherapy, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 67-78, 2003.
55. L. Hamama, S. A. M. Rauch, M. Sperlich, E. Defever, and J. S. Seng, Previous experience of spontaneous or elective abortion and risk for posttraumatic stress and depression during subsequent pregnancy, Depression and Anxiety, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 699-707, 2010.
56. P. Hughes, P. Turton, E. Hopper, and C. D. H. Evans, Assessment of guidelines for good practice in psychosocial care of mothers after stillbirth: a cohort study, The Lancet, vol. 360, no. 9327, pp. 114-118, 2002.
57. J. A. M. Hunfeld, J. W. Wladimiroff, J. Passchier, M. Uniken Venema-Van Uden, P. G. Frets, and F. Verhage, Emotional reactions in women in late pregnancy (24 weeks or longer) following the ultrasound diagnosis of a severe or lethal fetal malformation, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 603-612, 1993.
58. A.Kersting, K. Kroker, J. Steinhard et al., Psychological impact on women after second and third trimester termination of pregnancy due to fetal anomalies versus women after preterm birth-a 14-month follow up study, Archives ofWomensMental Health, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 193-201, 2009.
59. M. J. Korenromp, G. C. M. L. Christiaens, J. Van Den Bout et al., Long-term psychological consequences of pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality: a cross-sectional study, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 253-260, 2005.
60. M. J. Korenromp, G. C. M. L. Page-Christiaens, J. van den Bout et al., A prospective study on parental coping 4 months after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 709-716, 2007.
61. N. Mufel, A. Speckhard, and S. Sivuha, Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder following abortion in a former Soviet Union country, The Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, vol. 17, pp. 41-61, 2002.
62. P. K.Coleman, C. T.Coyle, M. Shuping, and V. M.Rue, Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: isolating the effects of abortion in the national comorbidity survey, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 770- 776, 2009.
63. J. R. Steinberg and L. B. Finer, Examining the association of abortion history and current mental health: a reanalysis of the National Comorbidity Survey using a common-risk-factors model, Social Science and Medicine, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 72-82, 2011.
64. S. Allanson, Abortion decision and ambivalence: insights via an abortion decision balance sheet, Clinical Psychologist, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 50-60, 2007.
65. L. Cohen and S. Roth, Coping with abortion, Journal of Human Stress, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 140-145, 1984.
66. A. A. P. van Emmerik, J. H. Kamphuis, and P. M. G. Emmelkamp, Prevalence and prediction of re-experiencing and avoidance after elective surgical abortion: a prospective study, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 378-385, 2008.
67. A. Hemmerling, F. Siedentopf, and H. Kentenich, Emotional impact and acceptability of medical abortion with mifepristone: a German experience, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23-31, 2005.
68. T. Kelly, J. Suddes, D. Howel, J. Hewison, and S. Robson, Comparing medical versus surgical termination of pregnancy at 13-20weeks of gestation: a randomised controlled trial, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 117, no. 12, pp. 1512-1520, 2010.
69. S. D. Layer, C. Roberts, K. Wild, and J. Walters, Postabortion grief: evaluating the possible efficacy of a spiritual group intervention, Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 344-350, 2004.
70. L. M. Pope, N. E. Adler, and J. M. Tschann, Postabortion psychological adjustment: are minors at increased risk? Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 2-11, 2001.
71. C. Rousset, C. Brulfert, N. Sjourn, N. Goutaudier, and H. Chabrol, Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological distress following medical and surgical abortion, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 506-517, 2012.
72. V. M. Rue, P. K. Coleman, J. J. Rue, D. C. Reardon. Induced abortion and traumatic stress: a preliminary comparison of American and Russian women, Medical Science Monitor 10 10 SR5-SR16 2004
73. P. Slade, S. Heke, J. Fletcher, and P. Stewart, A comparison of medical and surgical termination of pregnancy choice, psychological consequences and satisfaction with care, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 105, no. 12, pp. 1288- 1295, 1998.
74. S. Suliman, T. Ericksen, P. Labuschgne, R. de Wit, D. J. Stein, and S. Seedat, Comparison of pain, cortisol levels, and psychological distress in women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy under local anaesthesia versus intravenous sedation, BMC Psychiatry, vol. 7, article 24, 2007.
75. J. Trybulski, Women and abortion: the past reaches into the present, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 683- 690, 2006.
76. V. J. Walters and D. A. Oakley, Hypnosis in post-abortion distress: an experimental case study, Contemporary Hypnosis, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 85-99, 2002.
77. C. Canrio, B. Figueiredo, and M. Ricou, Women and mens psychological adjustment after abortion: a six months prospective pilot study, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 262-275, 2011.
78. F. S. Cowchock, S. E. Ellestad, K. G. Meador, H. G. Koenig, E. G. Hooten, and G. K. Swamy, Religiosity is an important part of coping with grief in pregnancy after a traumatic second trimester loss, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 901-910, 2011.
79. V. Davies, J. Gledhill, A.McFadyen, B.Whitlow, and D. Economides, Psychological outcome in women undergoing termination of pregnancy for ultrasound-detected fetal anomaly in the first and second trimesters: a pilot study, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 389-392, 2005.
80. R. Fernandez, D. Harris, and A. Leschied, Understanding grief following pregnancy loss: a retrospective analysis regarding womens coping responses, Illness Crisis and Loss, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 143-163, 2011.
81. J. Kroth, M. Garcia, M. Hallgren, E. LeGrue, M. Ross, and J. Scalise, Perinatal loss, trauma, and dream reports, Psychological Reports, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 877-882, 2004.
82. K. A. Salvesen, L. en, N. Schmidt, U. F. Malt, and S. H. Eik-Nes, Comparison of long-term psychological responses of women after pregnancy termination due to fetal anomalies and after perinatal loss, Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 80-85, 1997.
83. L. Alderman, J. Chisholm, F.Denmark, and S. Salbod, Bereavement and stress of amiscarriage: as it affects the couple,Omega, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 317-327, 1998.
84. S. V. Bowles, R. S. Bernard, T. Epperly et al., Traumatic stress disorders following first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study of patient characteristics associated with these disorders, Journal of Family Practice, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 969-973, 2006.
85. M. P. Johnson and J. E. Puddifoot, The grief response in the partners of women who miscarry, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 313-327, 1996.
86. C. Lee, P. Slade, and V. Lygo, The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional adaptation in women following early miscarriage: a preliminary study, The British Journal ofMedical Psychology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 47-58, 1996.
87. E. Rowsell, G. Jongman, M. Kilby, R. Kirchmeier, and J. Orford, The psychological impact of recurrent miscarriage, and the role of counselling at a pre-pregnancy counselling clinic, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 33- 45, 2001.
88. N. Sjourn, S. Callahan, and H. Chabrol, The utility of a psychological intervention for coping with spontaneous abortion, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 287-296, 2010.
89. F. Serrano and M. L. Lima, Recurrent miscarriage: psychological and relational consequences for couples, Psychology and Psychotherapy:Theory, Research and Practice, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 585-594, 2006.
90. A. K.-H. Sham, M. G.-C. Yiu, and W. Y.-B.Ho, Psychiatricmorbidity following miscarriage in Hong Kong, General Hospital Psychiatry, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 284-293, 2010.
91. T. M.Walker and K.M. Davidson, A preliminary investigation of psychological distress following surgical management of early pregnancy loss detected at initial ultrasound scanning: a trauma perspective, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 7-16, 2001.
92. D. S.Armstrong, Impact of prior perinatal loss on subsequent pregnancies, JOGNN-Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 765-773, 2004.
93. A. Forray, L. C. Mayes, U. Magriples, and C. N. Epperson, Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in pregnant women with prior pregnancy complications, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 522- 527, 2009.
94. L. Jind, Do traumatic events influence cognitive schemata? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 113-120, 2001.
95. L. Jind, Parents adjustment to late abortion, stillbirth or infant death: the role of causal attributions, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 383-394, 2003.
96. J. OLeary, The trauma of ultrasound during a pregnancy following perinatal loss, Journal of Loss and Trauma, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 183-204, 2005.
97. M. H. Hutti, D. S. Armstrong, and J. Myers, Healthcare utilization in the pregnancy following a perinatal loss, MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 104-111, 2011.
98. J. Cacciatore, Effects of support groups on post traumatic stress responses in women experiencing stillbirth, Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 71-90, 2007.
99. T.H. Urenand C. A.Wastell, Attachment andmeaning-making in perinatal bereavement, Death Studies, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 279- 308, 2002.
100. K. J. Gold and S. M. Marcus, The effect of maternal mental illness on pregnancy outcomes, Expert Review ofObstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 391-401, 2008.
101. L. Bonari, N. Pinto, E. Ahn, A. Einarson, M. Steiner, and G. Koren, Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 726- 735, 2004.
102. T. Munk-Olsen, T. M. Laursen, C. B. Pedersen, Lidegaard, and P. B.Mortensen, Induced first-trimester abortion and risk of mental disorder, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 364, no. 4, pp. 332-339, 2011.