Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations

Economic Gangsters: Corruption, Violence, and the Poverty of Nations

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-244

  Fisman, Raymond ^a   Miguel, Edward ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84924040570     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (80)

1. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (1967). A Grain of Wheat (London: Heinemann), 1967.
2. Lynne Duke, "Kenyan novelist Ngugi wa Thiong'o writes truth to power, speaking a language it can understand.Trouble is, sometimes power answers back." Washington Post, Sunday, September 17, 2006, p.D01.
3. "The outsider," The Guardian (UK), January 28, 2006.
4. Luciano Iorizzo, Al Capone: A Biography (2003) (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press), Note that some of Capone's biographers dispute this widely held view of his early, legitimate career.
5. Robert Schoenberg (1992). Mr.Capone: The Real and Complete Story of Al Capone (New York: Harper Collins).
6. Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion (2007). "Absolute poverty mea sures for the developing world, 1981-2004," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, October 23, 2007, 104(43), pp.16757-62.
7. Jeffrey Sachs (2005). The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin).
8. William Easterly (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (New York: Penguin).
9. See the Transparency International website: www.Transparency.org.
10. From a monologue by Gladwell at the TED 2004 conference in Monterrey, California.See http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/20 to view the video (last visited March 23, 2008).
11. See "Suharto Son, Now a Fugitive, Flamboyantly Evades Capture," New York Times, November 13, 2000.
12. Adam Bellow (2003). In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History (New York: Doubleday).
13. "Health matters for Suharto's children," Financial Times, January 3, 1998.
14. "Politics, legal systems and corruption in Indonesia: A historical overview." INSEAD teaching note, 2002.
15. "Bribes, Extortion a Way of Life for Many in Sicily," Associated Press, August 15, 1992.
16. Mara Faccio, "Politically Connected Firms," American Economic Review, 96(1), March 2006, pp.369-86.
17. Don Wolfernsberger, "Punishing Disorderly Behavior in Congress: The First Century," mimeo, the Woodrow Wilson Center, 2006.
18. Seema Jayachandran, "The Jeffords Effect," Journal of Law and Economics, 49(2), October 2006, pp.397-425.
19. David Fisman, Ray Fisman, Julia Galef, and Rakesh Khurana (2006). "Estimating the value of po liti cal connections to Vice-President Cheney," unpublished manuscript Columbia University.
20. Interested readers should refer to Gary Becker's seminal discussion of the economics of crime, "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach," in the Journal of Political Economy (1968).
21. For a review of various factors affecting criminal behaviors, refer to Steve Levitt's (2004). "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), pp.163-90.
22. Raymond Fisman and Shang-Jin Wei (2004). "Tax Rates and Tax Evasion: Evidence from 'Missing Imports' in China," Journal of Political Economy 112(2).
23. "Umbrian Umbrage: Send Back That Etruscan Chariot," New York Times, April 5, 2007.
24. Raymond Fisman and Shang-jin Wei (2007). "The Smuggling of Art, and the Art of Smuggling: Uncovering the Illicit Trade in Cultural Property and Antiques," National Bureau of Economic Research working paper 13446.
25. For more information, see the Doing Business Report 2008 (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).
26. "Steel Smugglers Pull Wool Over the Eyes Of Customs Agents to Enter U.S.Market," Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2001.
27. "In Apparel, All Tariffs Aren't Created Equal," New York Times, April 28, 2007.
28. The parking violations analysis is based on our joint paper, Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, "Corruption, Norms and Legal Enforcement: Evidence from Diplomatic Parking Tickets," (2008). Journal of Political Economy, 115(6).
29. See the paper by Dani Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi, "Governance Matters V: Governance Indicators for 1996-2005" for further details on this mea sure. Available on the World Bank website at http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi2007/pdf/govmatters5.pdf (last accessed March 23, 2008).
30. "U.N. Hears of 2 Diplomats' Treatment," New York Times, January 10, 1997.
31. Jennifer Steinhauer. "Suspension of Hostilities Over Diplomats' Tickets," New York Times, August 23, 2002
32. Don Singleton. "Bill Socks Scofflaw Diplos," New York Daily News, November 21, 2004, p. 28.
33. See Senan Murray, "Lake Chad Fishermen Pack up their Nets," BBC News Website, published Jan. 15, 2007.
34. L. Roberts, P. Ngoy, C. Mone, C. Lubula, L. Mwezse (2003). "Mortality in the Demo cratic Republic of Congo: Results from a nationwide survey." International Rescue Committee, New York.
35. James Fearon and David Laitin (2003), "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War," American Political Science Review, 97 (March), is a leading academic reference on the subject.
36. See L. Roberts, R Lafta, R Garfield, J Khudhairi (2004). "Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: cluster sample survey," Lancet, 364(9448), pp. 1857-64.
37. We focus here on the time period from 1981 to 1999, the period examined in the Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004) paper, "Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach," Journal of Political Economy, 112(4).
38. BBC News, August 15, 2005. "Drought Diary V: Avoiding disaster in Mali," Mark Snelling.
39. Miguel, Satyanath, and Sergenti (2004). "Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach."
40. H. Kazianga and C. Udry (2006). "Consumption Smoothing? Livestock, Insurance, and Drought in Rural Burkina Faso," Journal of Development Economics, 79, pp. 413-46.
41. David Bloom and Jeffrey Sachs (1998), "Geography, Demography, and Economic Growth in Africa," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, p. 222.
42. Monique Mekenkamp, Paul van Tongeren, and Hans van de Veen (1999). Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities (Utrecht: European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation), p. 326. On the 2004 Niger drought, refer to http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6N5HX3?OpenDocument (last visited March 29, 2008).
43. New York Times, "World Briefing: Africa: Niger: Rebel Attack at Army Base Kills 13," June 23, 2007.
44. The International Energy Agency Statistics, 2007 (www.iea.org) contains detailed global data on CO2 emissions.
45. This is for the range of low emission to high emission scenarios: see http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html, p. 13 (last visited March 29, 2008).
46. For the first formal theoretical discussion of this idea within economics, refer to J. A.Mirrlees (1975). "A Pure Theory of Underdeveloped Economies," in L. Reynolds (ed.). Agriculture in Development Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press).
47. Michael Brogden (2000). Geronticide: Killing the El derly (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers), p. 65.
48. Peter Geschiere (1997). Translated by P. Geschiere and J. Roitman. The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press), p. 11.
49. S. Mesaki (1994). "Witch- Killing in Sukumaland," in R. Abrahams (ed.). Witchcraft in Contemporary Tanzania (African Studies Center, University of Cambridge), p. 58.
50. Most of the research findings in this chapter are from Edward Miguel (2005). "Poverty and Witch Killing," Review of Economic Studies, 72(4), pp. 1153-72.
51. International crime statistics can be found at http://www.uncjin.org/Statistics/WCTS/wcts.html (last visited March 29, 2008).
52. "African Crucible: Cast as Witches, Then Cast Out," New York Times, November 15, 2007.
53. For the seminal reference on the economic causes of Europe an witch hunts, see Wolfgang Behringer. (1999). "Climatic Change and Witch- Hunting: The Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities," Climatic Change, 43, pp. 335-51.
54. Also refer to Emily Oster (2004). "Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Medieval Europe," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), pp. 215-28.
55. Maia Green (2003). Priests, Witches, and Power: Pop u lar Christiantiy After Mission in Southern Tanzania (New York: Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, Cambridge University Press).
56. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Might Drink Your Blood, but Otherwise Not Bad Guys," New York Times, June 22, 2007.
57. Refer to Theodore Valentine (1993). "Drought, Transfers, Entitlements and Income Distribution: The Botswana Experience." World Development, 21(1), pp. 109-26.
58. For a comparison of Kenya and Tanzania, refer to Edward Miguel (2004). "Tribe or Nation? Nation- Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics, 56(3), pp. 327-62.
59. Michael Clodfelter (1995). Vietnam in Military Statistics: A History of the Indochina Wars 1772-1991 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland).
60. The U.S. Department of Energy page contains a discussion; see: http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm and http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/nagasaki.htm (last visited March 29, 2008).
61. Donald Davis and David Weinstein (2002). "Bones, Bombs, and Breakpoints: The Geography of Economic Activity," American Economic Review, 92(5).
62. Earl H. Tilford, Jr. (1991). Setup: What the Air Force Did in Vietnam and Why (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press).
63. Source: World Development Indicators (http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2006/contents/cover.htm, last visited March 29, 2008.
64. Source: Human Development Report 2006 online (http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/, last visited March 29, 2008).
65. A notable exception is Anke Hoeffler and Paul Collier (2007). "Chapter 3: Civil War," Handbook of Defense Economics 2, eds. Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley (North Holland), which lays out the research that has been done on these topics.
66. Source: Sierra Leone News Archives, June 3, 2003: www.sierra-leone.org/slnews0603.html (last visited March 29, 2008).
67. Interested readers should refer to David Keen (2005). Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone (London: James Currey; New York: Palgrave)
68. John Bellows and Edward Miguel (2008). "War and Institutions: New Evidence from Sierre Leone," American Economic Review, 96(2), pp. 394-99.
69. M. Guidolin and E. La Ferrara (2007). "Diamonds are forever, wars are not: Is conflict bad for private firms?," American Economic Review, 97(5).
70. The Angola Peace Monitor: http://www.actsa.org/Pages/Page.php?pID=1084&title=Angola%20Peace%20Monitor (last visited March 29, 2008).
71. The discussion in this textbox has been published as a column in Slate, at http://www.slate.com/id/2172333/ (last visited May 29, 2008).
72. BBC News Africa, "Huge pay rise for Kenya's police," January 22, 2004.
73. For perhaps the most detailed recent study of these programs, interested readers should refer to Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein (2007). "Demobilization and reintegration," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4), pp. 531-67.
74. The academic paper is Edward Miguel and Michael Kremer (2004). "Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities," Econometrica, 72(1), pp. 159-217.
75. Paul Glewwe, Michael Kremer, and Sylvie Moulin (2007). "Many Children Left Behind? Textbooks and Test Scores in Kenya," forthcoming American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.
76. UNICEF press release, "4.5 million children across Ghana to be deworming," February 5, 2007.
77. Ben Olken (2007). "Monitoring Corruption: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia," Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), pp. 200-49.
78. NOAA also reports on the heavy rainfall in western Kenya in 2005: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/may/hazards.html (last visited March 29, 2008).
79. Mian Atif, Amir Sufi, and Francesco Trebbi (2009). "The Political Economy of the U.S. Mortgage Default Crisis," unpublished manuscript, University of Chicago.
80. "Political Interference Seen in Bank Bailout Decisions," Wall Street Journal, January 22, 2009.