The qualities of a citizen: Women, immigration, and citizenship, 1870-1965

The Qualities of A Citizen: Women, Immigration, and Citizenship, 1870-1965

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-271

  Gardner, Martha ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84924038392     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (224)

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27. William C. Van Vleck, The Administrative Control of Aliens: A Study in Administrative Law and Procedure (New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1932).
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38. W. E.Waltz, The Nationality of MarriedWomen: A Study of Domestic Policies and International Legislation (Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1937), 24.
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40. Ian F. Haney L"pez, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996).
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42. Bill Ong Hing, Making and Remaking Asian America through Immigration Policy, 1850-1990 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), 19-38;
43. Sucheng Chan, ed., Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
44. Yuji Ichioka, The Issei: TheWorld of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885-1924 (New York: The Free Press, 1988).
45. Jennifer Gee, "Housewives, Men's Villages, and Sexual Respectability: Gender and the Interrogation of Asian women at Angle Island Immigration Station," in Asian/Pacific Islander AmericanWomen: A Historical Anthology, ed. Shirley Hune and Gail Nomura (New York: New York University Press, 2003).
46. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 421.
47. Edith Abott, Immigration: Select Documents and Case Records (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1924), 303-307.
48. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 507.
49. Danl. J. Keefe, Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, in Reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor (1911), 302.
50. Mary McDowell, "The Quota Law and the Family," in Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 57th Annual Session, Boston, 1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1930), 484.
51. Gabaccia, From the Other Side, 38.
52. Chan, "Exclusion of Chinese Women," in Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943, ed. Sucheng Chan (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 117.
53. Abott, "Lida and Marie Stribei (A 'Common-Law' Wife and Illegitimate Child)," Immigration, 384-386.
54. A. Caminetti, Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration to the Secretary of Labor (1914), 23.
55. Frank L. Auerbach, ed., " 'GI Brides Act' and 'GI Fiancees Act': Some Questions Concerning Their Interpretation and Administration," Interpreter Releases 24, no. 10 (24 February 1947), 56
56. Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era, 56.
57. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 65.
58. Sucheng Chan, "The Exclusion of Chinese Women, 1870-1943," 99-105;
59. Charles J. McClain, In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 56.
60. Lucie Cheng Hirata, "Free, Indentured, Enslaved," 27.
61. Chan, "The Exclusion of Chinese Women," 99-100;
62. McClain, In Search of Equality, 55-61.
63. Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes, 69.
64. W. Almont Gates, Oriental Immigration on the Pacific Coast: An Address Delivered at the National Conference of Charities and Correction at Buffalo, New York, June 10, 1909 (San Francisco, 1909), 10
65. Annual Report of the Superintendent of Immigration to the Secretary of the Treasury (1892), 7;
66. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1900), 6-7;
67. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1905), 6-7;
68. Reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor (1911);
69. Report to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor and Reports of Bureaus (1912), 216;
70. Historical Statistics of the United States, 112.
71. Strangers in the Land: Patterns in American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1955, 1992);
72. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
73. Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 7-8.
74. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992), 137-138, 200, 369-370 fn. 42.
75. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Makings of a Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
76. Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes, 57, 89-93.
77. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 147-148.
78. Gilfoyle, City of Eros, 292
79. Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes, 69.
80. Peiss, Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turnof- the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
81. Jane Perry Clark, Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 241.
82. Connelly, The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era, 129.
83. Reisler, "Always the Laborer, Never the Citizen: Anglo Perceptions of the Mexican Immigrant during the 1920s," Pacific Historical Review 45, no. 2 (May 1976): 231-254.
84. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies, 55
85. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 410.
86. Frederick H. Wines, Report on Crime, Pauperism, and Benevolence in the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part I, Analysis, Department of the Interior, Census Office (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1896), 7-120, 267-314.
87. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1895), 4;
88. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1900), 8-10;
89. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1905), 8-10;
90. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1920), 196-198;
91. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1915), 124-125;
92. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration (1920), 192-195.
93. Thislewaite, "Migration from Europe Overseas in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," in A Century of European Migrations, 1830-1930, eds. Rudolph J. Vecoli and Suzanne M. Sinke (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 17-49.
94. Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America (New York: Knopf, 1976).
95. Immigration Commission, Immigrant Homes and Aid Societies, Reports of the Immigration Commission presented by Mr. Dillingham, 1911, vol. 19; United States Senate, 61st Cong., 2nd sess., Washington, D.C.
96. Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995);
97. Martha Mabie Gardner "Working on White Womanhood: White Working Women in the San Francisco Anti-Chinese Movement, 1877-1890," Journal of Social History 33, No 1 (fall 1999).
98. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 429, 494-496.
99. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 438.
100. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 496.
101. Emma Wold, "Alien Women vs. the Immigration Bureau," Survey 59, no. 4 (15 November 1927): 217-219.
102. Van Vleck, The Administrative Control of Aliens, 54.
103. Calavita, "A Sociological Analysis of U.S. Immigration Policy," 288.
104. Emma Wold, "Alien Women v. the Immigration Bureau," Survey 29, no. 4 (November 15, 1927): 217-218.
105. Wold, "Alien Women v. the Immigration Bureau," 219.
106. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 159.
107. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own:Women, Marriage, and the Law of Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 117-119.
108. New York Law Journal, 26 February 1924.
109. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 123.
110. Frank L. Auerbach, "The Status of Women Under US Immigration Laws," Interpreter Releases 25, no. 1 (2 January 1948): 3
111. Frank L. Auerback, "The Status of Women Under US Immigration Laws" Interpreter Releases 25, no. 1 (2 January 1948)
112. "American Citizens and their Alien Wives, Husbands, or Fiancees," Interpreter Releases (21 August 1924)
113. Josephine Roche, "The Effect of the Cable Law on the Citizenship Status of Foreign Women," in Proceedings of the National Conference of SocialWork, 52nd Annual Session, Denver, 1925 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925), 611-614.
114. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 125-128;
115. Chan, "The Exclusion of Chinese Women," 125-127.
116. Florence P. Kahn, representative from Calif., Wives of American Citizens of the Oriental Race: Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1930, 543-544.
117. Calif., Wives of American Citizens of the Oriental Race, 1930, 554.
118. Mae Ngai, "The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law," Journal of American History 86, No. 1 (June 1999): 79.
119. Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83, No. 1 (1996).
120. Emma Wold, Amendment to the Women's Citizenship Act of 1922, and for Other Purposess, 1930-31, 27.
121. Amendment to the Women's Citizenship Act of 1922, and for Other Purposes, 1930-31, 18-20.
122. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Law, 506-507, 509-511.
123. McClain and McClain, "The Chinese Contribution to the Development of American Law," in Entry Denied, ed. Sucheng Chan (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 20-21.
124. Xiaojian Zhao, Remaking Chinese America: Immigration, Family, and Community, 1940-1965 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
125. H.T.F. Rhodes, Alphonse Bertillon: Father of Scientific Detection (New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1956).
126. Francis Walker, "Immigration and Degradation," Forum 11 (March/August, 1891).
127. Ngai, "Illegal Aliens and Alien Citizens: United States Immigration Policy and Racial Formation, 1924-1945," (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, New York, 1998).
128. Joseph J. Spengler, "The Decline in Birth-Rate of the Foreign Born," Scientific Monthly 32 (January-June, 1931): 54-59;
129. Maurice R. Davie, "Immigration and the Declining Birthrate," Scientific Monthly 19 (July-December 1924): 68-76.
130. Geo. B. Benham, The Asiatic Problem and American Opinions (San Francisco: Asiatic Exclusion League, 1908), 6
131. Elaine Tyler May, Barren in the Promised Land: Childless Americans and the Pursuit of Happiness (New York: Basic Books, 1995);
132. Linda Gordon,Woman's Body,Woman's Right: Birth Control in America (New York: Penguin Books, 1990);
133. Higham, Strangers in the Land.
134. Madison Grant, Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916)
135. Coulter, "Alien Colonies and the Children's Court," North American Review 179 (November 1904): 731-740;
136. Mr. H. H. Laughlin, Biological Aspects of Immigration: Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 1921, Washington, D.C.
137. Robert F. Foerster, "The Racial Problems Involved in Immigration from Latin America and theWest Indies to the United States," Report Submitted to the Secretary of Labor, James J. Davis (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925), 56.
138. Report of the Ellis Island Committee (New York, 1934), 75.
139. Roberts, "Sex and the Immigration Law," 12.
140. Edith Lowenstein, The Alien and the Immigration Law: A Study of 1446 Cases Arising Under the Immigration and Naturalization Laws of the United States (New York: Common Council for American Unity, 1957), 293-297.
141. Emma Wold, "AlienWomen vs. the Immigration Bureau," 217-219.
142. Fred Ryons, Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 31.
143. Charles Kramer, Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 25-26.
144. William Traeger, Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 41.
145. Martin Dies, Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 40.
146. William C. Hushing, legislative representative, American Federation of Labor, "Brief for the American Federation of Labor," Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 46.
147. Ruth Taunton, Relating to Naturalization and Citizenship Status of Children, 49.
148. Ruth Milkman, "Women's Work and the Economic Crisis: Some Lessons from the Great Depression," in A Heritage of Her Own: Toward a New Social History of American Women, eds. Nancy Cott and Elizabeth Pleck (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 507-541.
149. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 1924-1952 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1957), 78-80.
150. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 88-89;
151. Daniels, Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990), 295.
152. Marian Schibsby, "The New Plan for Reducing Immigration to the United States," Interpreter Releases 7, no. 37 (27 October 1930), 7
153. Lasker, "Likely to Become," 433-434;
154. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 175-176.
155. Bredbenner, A Nationality of Her Own, 182-183.
156. Marian Schibsby, "Deportation on the Ground of Being a Public Charge," Interpreter Releases 7, no. 42 (11 December 1930)
157. Marian Schibsby, "Concerning the Removal at Government Expense of the Families of Deported Aliens," Interpreter Releases 10, no. 34 (9 October 1933)
158. Schibsby, "The Repatriation of Destitute Aliens," Interpreter Releases 12, no. 24, series E, Interpreter Report no 4 (23 May 1935): 211-213
159. Marian Schibsby, "Deportation on the Ground of Being a Public Charge," Interpreter Releases 7, no. 42 (11 December 1930)
160. Agnes K. Hanna, "Social Services on the Mexican Border," Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work, 62nd Annual Session, Montreal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1935), 693.
161. Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1979, 1974), 19-20.
162. Marian Schibsby, "Certain State Legislation Affecting Aliens," Interpreter Releases 10, no. 20 (2 May 1933)
163. Marian Schibsby, "The Repatriation of Destitute Aliens," Interpreter Releases 12
164. Marian Schibsby, "The Repatriation of Destitute Aliens," Interpreter Releases 12, no. 24, series E, Interpreter Report no. 4 (23 May 1935), RACNS, reel 4.
165. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American, 210.
166. Hanna, "Social Services on the Mexican Border," 699.
167. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American, 221-224.
168. Schibsby, "Deportation on the Ground of Being a Public Charge," Interpreter Releases 7, no. 42 (11 December 1930)
169. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
170. Marion Schibsby, "Is there an Undue Proportion of Aliens on Relief?" Interpreter Releases 13, no. 48, series B, Naturalization no. 9 (19 October 1936): 289.
171. Mr. Traeger, Amendments to the Immigration Laws as Recommended by the Department of Labor and by the Secretary's Ellis Island Committee, 1934
172. Marian Schibsby, "Legislative Bulletin, no. V.," Interpreter Releases, vol. 13, no. 26, series D (6 June 1936): 172-173
173. Marian Schibsby, "Is there an Undue Proportion of Aliens on Relief?" Interpreter Releases 13, no. 48, series B, Naturalization no. 9 (19 October 1936): 292-294
174. Marian Schibsby, "Naturalization in 1936," Interpreter Releases 13, no. 54, series B, Naturalization no. 12 (30 November 1936): 318-319;
175. Marian Schibsby, "Aliens on Relief, Legislative Bulletin No VI," Interpreter Releases 15, no. 22, series D, (17 May 1938): 200-201.
176. Marian Schibsby, "Proof of American Citizenship: How and Where It May be Secured," Interpreter Releases 14, no. 35, series B, Naturalization no. 7 (8 July 1937): 234-235
177. Frank Auerback, "Immigration Statistics for 1946," Interpreter Releases 24, no. 13 (17 March 1947)
178. David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985, 1992), 23-24;
179. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 113-114.
180. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 130-145;
181. Frank L. Auerbach, "The Displaced Persons Act-Its Interpretation and Administration (II)," Interpreter Releases 26, no. 3 (12 January 1949)
182. Frank L. Auerbach, "The Displaced Persons Act-Its Interpretation and Administration (II)," Interpreter Releases 26, no. 3 (12 January 1949)
183. Ernesto Galarza, Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story: An Account of the Managed Migration of Mexican Farm Workers in California, 1942-1960 (Santa Barbara: McNally& Loftin,West, 1978);
184. Robert F. Foerster, "The Racial Problems Involved in Immigration from Latin American and the West Indies to the United States," 55.
185. Frank L. Auerbach, "TheWetback Invasion-Illegal Alien Labor in American Agriculture," Interpreter Releases 28, no. 21 (3 May 1951)
186. Hondagneu-Sotelo, Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 92.
187. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 414.
188. Huang, Asian and Hispanic Immigrant Women in the Work Force: Implications of the United States Immigration Policies since 1965 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), 57.
189. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 306-310.
190. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 377-378.
191. Edith Lowenstein, "The Act of October 3, 1965 to Amend the Immigration and Nationality Act; and for Other Purposes," Interpreter Releases 43, no. 6 (3 February 1966), 58
192. Edith Lowenstein, "Labor Department Struggles with Live-in Maid Problem," Interpreter Releases 46, no. 45 (20 November 1969)
193. Fung-Yea Huang, Asian and Hispanic Immigrant Women in the Work Force, 57.
194. Edith Lowenstein, "More About Labor Certifications," Interpreter Releases 45, no. 38 (11 October 1968)
195. William Brinkley, "The Agonizing Odyssey of Two People in Love," Life, 5 March 1956, 160
196. Marion F. Houstoun et al., "Female Predominance of Immigration to the United States since 1930: A First Look," International Migration Review 28 (winter 1984): 908-963;
197. Gabaccia, From the Other Side, 28.
198. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 269.
199. Jenel Virden, Good-bye Piccadilly: British War Brides in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996).
200. Frank L. Auerbach, " 'GI Brides Act': and 'GI Fiancees Act': Some Questions Concerning Their Interpretation and Administration," Interpreter Releases 24, no. 10 (24 February 1947).
201. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 517.
202. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 510, 516.
203. Xiaolan Bao, "When Women Arrived: The Transformation of New York's Chinatown," in Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960, ed. Joanne Meyerowitz (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 19-36;
204. Hutchinson, Legislative History of American Immigration Law, 514.
205. Edith Lowenstein, "Problems of Support of Abandoned Families of Migrants," Interpreter Releases 31, no. 14 (25 March 1954): 110-111
206. Edith Lowenstein, "Problems of Support of Abandoned Families of Migrants," Interpreter Releases 31, no. 14 (25 March 1954): 110
207. Edith Lowenstein, "Administrative Decisions under the Immigration and Nationality Laws of the United States: The Illegitimate Child, Adjustment of Status under Section 245," Interpreter Releases 38, no. 25 (14 July 1961)
208. Frank L. Auerback, " 'GI Brides Act' and 'GI Fiancees Act': Some Questions Concerning Their Interpretation and Administration" Interpreter Releases 24, no. 10 (24 February 1947): 50-51
209. Virden, Good-bye Piccadilly, 99.
210. Virden, Good-bye Piccadilly, 99-100.
211. Lowenstein, The Alien and the Immigration Law, 296.
212. Lowenstein, The Alien and Immigration Law, 295.
213. Konvitz, Civil Rights in Immigration, 152.
214. Roberts, "Sex and the Immigration Law," 30.
215. Roberts, Sex and the Immigration Law, 35-36.
216. Robert J. Foss, "The Demise of the Homosexual Exclusion: New Possibilities for Gay and Lesbian Immigration," Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 29, no. 2 (summer 1994): 445-446.
217. Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men andWomen inWorld War II (New York: Free Press, 1990).
218. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 288-295.
219. Foss, "The Demise of the Homosexuality Exclusion," 451.
220. Foss, "The Demise of the Homosexual Exclusion," 451-453.
221. Foss, "Sex and the Immigration Law," 19
222. Minter, "Sodomy and Public Morality Offense Under U.S. Immigration Law," 788.
223. Minter, "Sodomy and Public Morality Offenses Under U.S. Immigration Law," 794-800.
224. Philip Shenon, "Judge Denounces U.S. Visa Policies Based on Race or Looks," New York Times, 23 January 1998