The TICE event: Perturbation of carbon-nitrogen cycles during the mid-Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous) greenhouse-icehouse transition

Chemical Geology

Volumn 401, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-14

  Yao, Le ^a,b   Qie, Wenkun ^a   Luo, Genming ^c   Liu, Jiangsi ^c   Algeo, Thomas J ^c,d   Bai, Xiao ^e   Yang, Bo ^a   Wang, Xiangdong ^a  

^a NANJING INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^e Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources   (China)

Author keywords

Carbon isotope; Late Paleozoic Ice Age; Nitrogen isotope; South China; Tournaisian

Indexed keywords

CARBON; DENITRIFICATION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; ICE; NITROGEN; OCEANOGRAPHY; ORGANIC CARBON; OXYGEN;

CARBON ISOTOPES; LATE PALEOZOIC ICE AGE; NITROGEN ISOTOPES; SOUTH CHINA; TOURNAISIAN;

ISOTOPES;

CARBON CYCLE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; GLACIATION; NITROGEN CYCLE; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; PALEOCLIMATE; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTOLOGY; TOURNAISIAN;

CHINA;

EID: 84924034372     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.02.021     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Algeo T.J., Wilkinson B.H., Lohmann K.C. Meteoric-burial diagenesis of Pennsylvanian carbonate: water/rock interactions and basin geothermics. J. Sediment. Petrol. 1992, 62:652-670.
2. Algeo T.J., Rowe H., Hower J.C., Schwark L., Herrmann A. Changes in ocean denitrification during Late Carboniferous glacial-interglacial cycles. Nat. Geosci. 2008, 1:709-715.
3. Algeo T.J., Meyers P.A., Robinson R.S., Rowe H., Jiang G.Q. Icehouse-greenhouse variations in marine denitrification. Biogeosciences 2014, 11:1273-1295.
4. 14N ratios. Nature 1995, 373:506-509.
5. Banner J.L., Hanson G.N. Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:3123-3137.
6. Barrera E., Savin S.M., Thomas E., Jones C.E. Evidence for thermohaline-circulation reversals controlled by sea-level change in the latest Cretaceous. Geology 1997, 25:715-718.
7. Bebout G.E., Fogel M.L. Nitrogen-isotope compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Catalina Schist, California: implications for metamorphic devolatilization history. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:2839-2849.
8. Brand U., Legrand-Blain M., Streel M. Biochemostratigraphy of the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary Global Stratotype Section and Point, Griotte Formation, La Serre, Montagne Noire, France. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2004, 205:337-357.
9. Brandes J.A., Devol A.H. A global marine-fixed nitrogen isotopic budget: implications for Holocene nitrogen cycling. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2002, 16(4):1120. (14pp.). 10.1029/2001GB001856.
10. Brass G., Saltzman E., Sloan J., Southam J., Hay W., Holzer W., Peterson W. Ocean Circulation, Plate Tectonics and Climate, Climate in Earth History 1981, 83-89. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
11. Brenchley P.J., Carden G.A., Hints L., Kaljo D., Marshall J.D., Martma T., Meidla T., Nolvak J. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2003, 115:89-104.
12. Brezinski D.K., Cecil C.B., Skema V.W., Stamm R. Late Devonian glacial deposits from the eastern United States signal an end of the mid-Paleozoic warm period. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2008, 268:143-151.
13. Brezinski D.K., Cecil C.B., Skema V.W. Late Devonian glacigenic and associated facies from the central Appalachian Basin, eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2010, 122:265-281.
14. 2 changes. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:352-364.
15. Bruckschen P., Veizer J. Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Dinantian brachiopods: paleoenvironmental implications for the Lower Carboniferous of western Europe. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 1997, 132:243-264.
16. 86Sr isotopic evolution of Lower Carboniferous seawater: Dinantian of western Europe. Sediment. Geol. 1995, 100:63-81.
17. Bruckschen P., Oesmann S., Veizer J. Isotope stratigraphy of the European Carboniferous: proxy signals for ocean chemistry, climate, and tectonics. Chem. Geol. 1999, 161:127-163.
18. 18O records-their relation to the Late Paleozoic Glaciation. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2008, 268:273-292.
19. Buick R. Did the Proterozoic 'Canfield Ocean' cause a laughing gas greenhouse?. Geobiology 2007, 5:97-100.
20. Busigny V., Cartigny P., Philippot P., Ader M., Javoy M. Massive recycling of nitrogen and other fluid-mobile elements (K, Rb, Cs, H) in a cold slab environment: evidence from HP to UHP oceanic metasediments of the Schistes Lustrés nappe (western Alps, Europe). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 215:27-42.
21. Canfield D.E., Glazer A.N., Falkowski P.G. The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle. Science 2010, 330:192-196.
22. Caputo M.V., Melo J.H.G., Streel M., Isbell J.L. Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous glacial records of South America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2008, 441:161-173. C.R. Fielding, T.D. Frank, J.L. Isbell (Eds.).
23. Conil R., Groessens E., Laloux M., Poty E., Tourneur F. Carboniferous guide foraminifera, corals and conodonts in the Franco-Belgian and Campine Basins: their potential for widespread correlation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 1990, 130:15-30.
24. Coxall H.K., Wilson P.A., Palike H., Lear C.H., Backman J. Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean. Nature 2005, 433:53-57.
25. Crowell J.C. Pre-Mesozoic Ice ages: their bearing on understanding the climate system. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 1999, 192:106.
26. de Lange G.J., van Os B., Pruysers P.A., Middelburg J.J., Castradori D., van Santvoort P., Müller P.J., Eggenkamp H., Prahl F.G. Possible early diagenetic alteration of paleo proxies. Springer Verlag, NATO ASI Series 1 1994, 225-258. R. Zahn, T.F. Pedersen, M.A. Kaminski, L. Laneyrie (Eds.).
27. Demaison G.J., Moore G.T. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1980, 64:1179-1209.
28. Deutsch C., Sigman D.M., Thunell R.C., Meckler N., Haug G.H. Isotopic constraints on the glacial/interglacial oceanic nitrogen budget. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18:1-22.
29. Emmer E., Thunell R.C. Nitrogen isotopic variation in Santa Barbara Basin sediments: implications for denitrification in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific during the last 50,000years. Paleoceanography 2000, 15:377-387.
30. Fairbanks R.G., Matthews R.K. The marine oxygen isotope record in Pleistocene coral, Barbados, West Indies. Quat. Res. 1978, 10:181-196.
31. Feng Z.Z., Yang Y.Q., Bao Z.D. Lithofacies paleogeography of the Carboniferous in South China. J. Paleogeogr. 1998, 1:75-86. (in Chinese).
32. Freudenthal T., Wagner T., Wenzhöfer F., Zabel M., Wefer G. Early diagenesis of organic matter from sediments of the eastern subtropical Atlantic: evidence from stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:1795-1808.
33. Ganeshram R.S., Pedersen T.F., Calvert S.E., McNeill G.W., Fontugne M.R. Glacial-interglacial variability in denitrification in the world's oceans: causes and consequences. Paleoceanography 2000, 15:361-376.
34. Ganeshram R.S., Pedersen T.F., Calvert S.E., François R. Reduced nitrogen fixation in the glacial ocean inferred from changes in marine nitrogen and phosphorus inventories. Nature 2002, 415:156-159.
35. Geologic Time Scale 2012 2012, 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, London. F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M. Schmitz, G.A. Ogg (Eds.).
36. Grossman E.L. Oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Geologic Time Scale 2012 2012, 1-206. Cambridge University Press, London. F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M. Schmitz, G.A. Ogg (Eds.).
37. Grossman E.L., Yancey T.E., Jones T.E., Bruckschen P., Chuvashov B., Mazzullo S.J., Mii H.S. Glaciation, aridification, and carbon sequestration in the Permo-Carboniferous: the isotopic record from low latitudes. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2008, 268:222-233.
38. Gruber N.G. The marine nitrogen cycle: overview and challenges. Nitrogen in the Marine Environment 2008, 1-50. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2nd ed. D.G. Capone, D.A. Bronk, M.R. Mulholland, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
39. Gruber N., Galloway G.N. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 2008, 451:293-296.
40. Gruber N., Sarmiento J.L. Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1997, 11:235-266.
41. Hance L., Hou H.F., Vachard D. Upper Famennian to Visean Foraminifers and Some Carbonate Microproblematica from South China-Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou 2011, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, (359pp.).
42. Hansell D.A., Waterhouse T.Y. Controls on the distributions of organic carbon and nitrogen in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 1997, 44:843-857.
43. Haug G.H., Pedersen T.F., Sigman D.M., Calvert S.E., Nielsen B., Peterson L.C. Glacial/interglacial variations in production and nitrogen fixation in the Cariaco Basin during the last 580kyr. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:427-432.
44. Henry R.A. Paired Positive Carbonate Carbon Isotope, Organic Carbon Isotope, and Oxygen Isotope Composition Study Across the Lower Mississippian Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion, Southeastern Nevada, USA 2011, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, (72pp.).
45. +. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2012, 109:2269-2274.
46. Isaacson P., Diaz-Martinez E., Grader G., Kalvoda J., Babek O., Devuyst F. Late Devonian-earliest Mississippian glaciation in Gondwanaland and its biogeographic consequences. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2008, 268:126-142.
47. Isbell J.L., Miller M.F., Wolfe K.L., Lenaker P.A. Timing of late Paleozoic glaciation in Gondwana: was glaciation responsible for the development of Northern Hemisphere cyclothems?. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 370 2003, 5-24. M.A. Chan, A.W. Archer (Eds.).
48. Isbell J.L., Henry L.C., Gulbranson E.L., Limarino C.O., Fraiser M.L., Koch Z.J., Ciccioli P.L., Dineen A.A. Glacial paradoxes during the late Paleozoic ice age: evaluating the equilibrium line altitude as a control on glaciation. Gondwana Res. 2012, 22:1-19.
49. Jenkyns H.C., Gröcke D.R., Hesselbo S.P. Nitrogen isotope evidence for water mass denitrification during the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:593-603.
50. Jenkyns H.C., Matthews A., Tsikos H., Erel Y. Nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and sedimentary iron isotope evolution during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2007, 22:1-17.
51. Ji Q. On the change of conodonts near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary, in Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Paleontology 2004, 111-123. Geology Publishing House, Beijing.
52. Jia Y.F., Kerrich R. Nitrogen 15-enriched Precambrian kerogen and hydrothermal systems. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2004, 5:1-21.
53. Joachimski M.M., Buggisch W. Conodont apatite d18O signatures indicate climatic cooling as a trigger of the Late Devonian mass extinction. Geology 2002, 30(8):711-714.
54. Joachimski M.M., Pancost R.D., Freeman K.H., Ostertag-Henning C., Buggisch W. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Frasnian-Famennian. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2002, 181:91-109.
55. Joachimski M.M., van Geldern R., Breisig S., Buggisch W., Day J. Oxygen isotope evolution of biogenic calcite and apatite during the Middle and Late Devonian. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2004, 93:542-553.
56. Junium C.K., Arthur M.A. Nitrogen cycling during the Cretaceous, Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event II. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2007, 8:1-18.
57. Kienast S.S., Calvert S.E., Pedersen T. Nitrogen isotope and productivity variations along the northeast Pacific margin over the last 120kyr: surface and subsurface paleoceanography. Paleoceanography 2002, 17:1-17.
58. Kuhnt W., Holbourn A., Moullade M. Transient global cooling at the onset of early Aptian oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1a. Geology 2011, 39:323-326.
59. Kump L.R., Arthur M.A. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions, carbonates and organic matter. Chem. Geol. 1999, 161:181-198.
60. 2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. Geology 2004, 32:853-856.
61. Lane H., Sandberg C.A., Ziegler W. Taxonomy and phylogeny of some Lower Carboniferous conodonts and preliminary standard post-Siphonodella zonation. Geol. Paleontol. 1980, 14:117-164.
62. Lehmann M.F., Bernasconi S.M., Barbieri A., McKenzie J.A. Preservation of organic matter and alteration of its carbon and nitrogen isotope composition during simulated and in situ early sedimentary diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:3573-3584.
63. Li R.F., Liu B.P., Zhao C.L. Correlation of Carboniferous depositional sequences on the Yangtze Plate with others on a global scale. Acta Sedimentol. Sin. 1997, 5:23-28. (in Chinese).
64. Liu Z., Altabet M.A., Herbert T.D. Glacial-interglacial modulation of eastern tropical North Pacific denitrification over the last 1.8-Myr. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L23607.
65. Luo G.M., Wang Y.B., Algeo T.J., Kump L.R., Bai X., Yang H., Yao L., Xie S.C. Enhanced nitrogen fixation in the immediate aftermath of the latest Permian marine mass extinction. Geology 2011, 39:647-650.
66. Luo G.M., Xie S.C., Liu D., Algeo T.J. Microbial influences on paleoenvironmental changes during the Permian-Triassic boundary crisis. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2014, 57:965-975.
67. Marshall J.D. Climatic and oceanographic isotopic signals from the carbonate rock record and their preservation. Geol. Mag. 1992, 129:143-160.
68. Marshall J.D., Brenchley P.J., Mason P., Wolff G.A., Astini R.A., Hints L., Meidla T. Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 1997, 132:195-210.
69. Meyers P.A. Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chem. Geol. 1994, 114:289-302.
70. Meyers P.A., Bernasconi S.M., Yum J.-G. 20 My of nitrogen fixation during deposition of mid-Cretaceous black shales on the Demerara Rise, equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Org. Geochem. 2009, 40:158-166.
71. Mii H.S., Grossman E.L., Yancey T.E. Carboniferous isotope stratigraphies of North America: implications for Carboniferous paleoceanography and Mississippian glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1999, 111:960-973.
72. Mii H.S., Grossman E.L., Yancey T.E., Chuvashov B., Egorov A. Isotopic records of brachiopod shells from the Russian Platform-evidence for the onset of mid-Carboniferous glaciation. Chem. Geol. 2001, 175:133-147.
73. 2O isotope signatures in the Arabian Sea. Nature 1998, 394:462-464.
74. Prentice M.L., Matthews R.K. Cenozoic ice-volume history: development of a composite oxygen isotope record. Geology 1988, 16:963-966.
75. Pride C., Thunell R., Sigman D., Keigwin L., Altabet M., Tappa E. Nitrogen isotopic variations in the Gulf of California since the last deglaciation: response to global climate change. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:397-409.
76. Pucéat E., Joachimski M.M., Bouilloux A., Monna F., Bonin A., Motreuil S., Morinière P., Hénard S., Mourin J., Dera G., Quesne D. Revised phosphate-water fractionation equation reassessing paleotemperatures derived from biogenic apatite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 298:135-142.
77. Qie W.K., Zhang X.H., Du Y.S., Zhang Y. Lower Carboniferous carbon isotope stratigraphy in South China: implications for the Late Paleozoic glaciations. Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci. 2011, 54:84-92.
78. 13C signal in Devonian-Carboniferous boundary successions of South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2015, 418:290-303.
79. 14N variations in Cretaceous Atlantic sedimentary sequences: implication for past changes in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 82:269-279.
80. Rind D. Latitudinal temperature gradients and climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:5943-5971.
81. Robinson R.S., et al. A review of nitrogen isotope alteration in marine sediments. Paleoceanography 2012, 27:1-13.
82. Ross C.A., Ross J.R.P. Late Paleozoic transgressive-regressive deposition. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 1988, 42:227-247. C.K. Wilgus (Ed.).
83. Sadler P.M. Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections. J. Geol. 1981, 89:569-584.
84. Saelen G., Tyson R.V., Telnaes N., Talbot M.R. Contrasting watermass conditions during deposition of the Whitby Mudstone (Lower Jurassic) and Kimmeridge Clay (Upper Jurassic) formations, UK. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2000, 163:163-196.
85. Saltzman M.R. Carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the lower Mississippian (Kinderhookian-Lower Osagean), Western United States: implications for seawater chemistry and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2002, 114:96-108.
86. 2?. Geology 2003, 31:151-154.
87. Saltzman M.R. Organic carbon burial and phosphogenesis in the Antler Foreland Basin: an out-of-phase relationship during the Lower Mississippian. J. Sediment. Res. 2003, 73:844-855.
88. Saltzman M.R., González L.A., Lohmann K.C. Earliest Carboniferous cooling step triggered by the Antler orogeny?. Geology 2000, 28:347-350.
89. 13C: an example from the lower Mississippian. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2004, 213:359-377.
90. Sandberg C.A., Ziegler W., Leuteritz K., Brill S.M. Phylogeny, speciation, and zonation of Siphonodella (Conodonta, upper Devonian and lower Carboniferous). Newsl. Stratigr. 1978, 7:102-120.
91. Scholle P.A., Arthur M.A. Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1980, 64:67-87.
92. Sigman D.M., Casciotti K.L. Nitrogen isotopes in the ocean. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 2001, 1884-1994. Academic Press, London. J.H. Steele, K.K. Turekian, S.A. Thorpe (Eds.).
93. Sigman D.M., Altabet M.A., Francois R., McCorkle D.C., Gaillard J.F. The isotopic composition of diatom-bound nitrogen in Southern Ocean sediments. Paleoceanography 1999, 14:118-134.
94. 15N of nitrate in the Southern Ocean: nitrogen cycling and circulation in the ocean interior. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:19599-19614.
95. 2 decrease-driven cooling and increased latitudinal temperature gradient during the mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 293:97-103.
96. Smith L.B., Read J.F. Rapid onset of late Paleozoic glaciation on Gondwana: evidence from Upper Mississippian strata of the Midcontinent, United States. Geology 2000, 28:279-282.
97. Stanley S.M. Relation of Phanerozoic stable isotope excursions to climate, bacterial metabolism, and major extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:19185-19189.
98. Straub M., Sigman D.M., Ren H., Martinez-Garcia A., Meckler A.N., Hain M.P., Haug G.H. Changes in North Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by ocean circulation. Nature 2013, 501:200-204.
99. Struck U. On the use of stable nitrogen isotopes in present and past anoxic environments. Book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology 2012, 21:497-513. Springer, Berlin. A.V. Altenbach, J.M. Bernhard, J. Seckbach (Eds.).
100. Sun Y.L., Baliński A. Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, Southern China: Rhynchonellides, Athyridides, Spiriferides, Spiriferinides, and Terebratulides. Acta Paleontol. Pol. 2011, 56:793-842.
101. 2O and global climate. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2001, 15:637-649.
102. Tesdal J.E., Galbraith E.D., Kienast M. The marine sedimentary nitrogen isotope record. Biogeosci. Discuss. 2012, 9:4067-4097.
103. 2O. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2004, 18(GB1001). (12pp.).
104. Van Geldern R., Joachimski M.M., Day J., Jansen U., Alvarez F., Yolkin E.A., Ma X.-P. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 2006, 240:47-67.
105. Voss M., Dippner J.W., Montoya J.P. Nitrogen isotope patterns in the oxygen-deficient waters of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 2001, 148:1905-1921.
106. Ward P., Labandeira C., Laurin M., Berner R.A. Confirmation of Romer's gap as a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103(45):16818-16822.
107. Wilkinson B.H., Opdyke B.N., Algeo T.J. Time partitioning in cratonic carbonate rocks. Geology 1991, 19:1093-1096.
108. Witzke B.J. Models for circulation patterns in epicontinental seas applied to Paleozoic facies of North American craton. Paleoceanography 1987, 2:229-248.
109. Young G.M. The geological record of glaciation: relevance to the climatic history of earth. Geosci. Can. 1991, 18:100-108.
110. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65Ma to present. Science 2001, 292:686-693.
111. 2-fixing cyanobacteria lack oxygenic photosystem II. Science 2008, 322:1110-1112.
112. Zeng J., Cao C.Q., Davydov V.I., Shen S.Z. Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and implications of paleoclimatic changes during the Cisuralian (Early Permian) in the southern Urals, Russia. Gondwana Res. 2012, 21:601-610.
113. 2-fixation at high Fe concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113(G3):G03014.
114. Zhang X.N., Sigman D.M., Morel F.M.M., Kraepiel A.M.L. Nitrogen isotope fractionation by alternative nitrogenases and past ocean anoxia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111:4782-4787.