메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-316

Coming of age in second life: An anthropologist explores the virtually human

(1)  Boellstorff, Tom a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84924016393     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (449)

References (589)
  • 2
    • 0003648585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press
    • Abbate, Janet. 1999. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Inventing the Internet
    • Abbate, J.1
  • 3
    • 0001881765 scopus 로고
    • Writing against Culture
    • ed. Richard Fox, Santa Fe: School of American Research Press
    • Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1991. "Writing against Culture." In Recapturing Anthropology, ed. Richard Fox, 137-62. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
    • (1991) Recapturing Anthropology , pp. 137-162
    • Abu-lughod, L.1
  • 5
    • 84884057463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the Virtual out of Virtual Reality
    • (March). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Almond, Paul. 2005. "Taking the Virtual out of Virtual Reality" (March). Available at: http://www.paul-almond.com/TakingTheVirtualOutOfVirtualReality.htm (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2005)
    • Almond, P.1
  • 6
    • 0001429324 scopus 로고
    • Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)
    • trans. Ben Brewster, New York: Monthly Review Press
    • Althusser, Louis. 1971. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation)." In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster, 121-73. New York: Monthly Review Press.
    • (1971) Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays , pp. 121-173
    • Althusser, L.1
  • 10
    • 0009879901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology
    • Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. "Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology." In his Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, 48-65. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (1996) Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization , pp. 48-65
    • Appadurai, A.1
  • 13
    • 84883952878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tax Revolt in Americana!
    • (September 12). Avaliable at:, (accessed December 30, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2003a. "Tax Revolt in Americana!" New World Notes, (September 12). Avaliable at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2003/09/tax_revolt_in_a.html (accessed December 30, 2006).
    • (2003) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 14
    • 84884052137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White Like Me
    • (October 28). Available at:, (accessed November 10, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2003b. "White Like Me." New World Notes, (October 28). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2003/10/white_like_me.html (accessed November 10, 2006).
    • (2003) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 15
    • 84883940226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Nine Souls of Wilde Cunningham
    • (December 15). Available at:, (accessed May 13, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2004a. "The Nine Souls of Wilde Cunningham." New World Notes, (December 15). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2004/12/the_nine_souls_.html (accessed May 13, 2006).
    • (2004) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 16
    • 84883955837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sitting Pretty
    • (February 18). Available at:, (accessed October 24, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2004b. "Sitting Pretty." New World Notes, (February 18). Available at: http://secondlife.blogs.com/nwn/2004/02/sitting_pretty.html (accessed October 24, 2006).
    • (2004) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 17
    • 84884105354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Lever to Move the Mind
    • (September 9). Available at:, (accessed January 12, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2004c. "A Lever to Move the Mind." New World Notes, (September 9). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2004/09/a_lever_to_move.html (accessed January 12, 2007).
    • (2004) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 18
    • 84884094030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man and Man on Woman on Woman
    • (January 10). Available at:, (accessed June 12, 2005)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005a. "Man and Man on Woman on Woman." New World Notes, (January 10). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2005/01/man_and_man_on_.html (accessed June 12, 2005).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 19
    • 84884058193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tragics of Tringo
    • (March 8). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005b. "The Tragics of Tringo." New World Notes, (March 8). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2005/03/the_tragics_of_.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 20
    • 84884080416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Watching the Detectives
    • (March 22). Available at:, (accessed August 12, 2005)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005c. "Watching the Detectives." New World Notes, (March 22). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2005/03/watching_the_de.html (accessed August 12, 2005).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 21
    • 84883951651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homeland Security Comes to Second Life
    • (October 19). Available at:, (accessed February 12, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005d. "Homeland Security Comes to Second Life." New World Notes, (October 19). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2005/10/homeland_securi.html (accessed February 12, 2006).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 22
    • 84884006292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Feted Inner Core, Revealed!
    • (April 27). Available at:, (accessed January 7, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005e. "The Feted Inner Core, Revealed!" New World Notes, (April 27). Available at: http://secondlife.blogs.com/nwn/2005/04/_sl_explorers_l.html (accessed January 7, 2007).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 23
    • 84883991738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feted Inner Chomsky
    • (June 29). Available at:, (accessed January 7, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2005f. "Feted Inner Chomsky." New World Notes, (June 29). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2005/06/feted_inner_cho.html (accessed January 7, 2007).
    • (2005) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 24
    • 84883950631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Triumph of Tringo
    • (April 12). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006a. "The Triumph of Tringo." New World Notes, (April 12). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/04/the_triumph_of_.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 25
    • 84861681198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open Forum: Copybot Controversy
    • (November 14). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006b. "Open Forum: Copybot Controversy." New World Notes, (November 14). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/11/open_forum_copy.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 26
    • 84883930401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copying a Controversy
    • (November 15). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006c. "Copying a Controversy." New World Notes, (November 15). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/11/second_life_clo.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 27
    • 84884109073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mixed Success of Mixed Reality
    • (October 23). Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006d. "The Mixed Success of Mixed Reality." New World Notes, (October 23). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/10/why_mixed_reali.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 28
    • 84883992028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building Walls, Building Platforms
    • (April 10). Available at:, (accessed October 29, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006e. "Building Walls, Building Platforms." New World Notes, (April 10). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/04/building_walls_.html (accessed October 29, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 29
    • 84883974646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Day without Screenshots
    • (June 23). Available at:, (accessed June 29, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006f. "A Day without Screenshots." New World Notes, (June 23). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/06/a_day_without_s.html (accessed June 29, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 30
    • 84884031857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Spaces between Us
    • (August 9). Available at:, (accessed October 10, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006g. "The Spaces between Us." New World Notes, (August 9). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/08/the_spaces_betw.html (accessed October 10, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 31
    • 84884026007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Skin You're In
    • (February 23). Available at:, (accessed November 10, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006h. "The Skin You're In." New World Notes, (February 23). Available at: http://secondlife.blogs.com/nwn/2006/02/the_skin_youre_.html (accessed November 10, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 32
    • 84883918686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Brother-HUD of Man
    • (August 23). Available at: , (accessed September 2, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006i. "A Brother-HUD of Man." New World Notes, (August 23). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/08/a_brotherhud_of.html (accessed September 2, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 33
    • 84883962498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open Forum: Security Breach and True Names
    • (September 9). Available at:, (accessed September 14, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006j. "Open Forum: Security Breach and True Names." New World Notes, (September 9). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/09/open_forum_secu.html (accessed September 14, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 34
    • 84884025882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Governor Mark Warner Comes to Second Life
    • (August 30). Available at:, (accessed November 20, 2006)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006k. "Governor Mark Warner Comes to Second Life." New World Notes, (August 30). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/08/governormark_w.html (accessed November 20, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 35
    • 84884044716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walk Like an American?
    • (June 2). Available at:
    • Au, Wagner James. 2006l. "Walk Like an American?" New World Notes, (June 2). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/06/walk_like_an_am.html (accessed November 4, 2006).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 36
    • 84883932407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtually Democratic
    • (January 4). Available at:, (accessed January 4, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2007a. "Virtually Democratic." New World Notes, (January 4). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2007/01/virtual_democra.html (accessed January 4, 2007).
    • (2007) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 37
    • 84883950083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Agency of Avatars
    • (January 4). Available at:, (accessed January 26, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2007b. "The Agency of Avatars." New World Notes, (January 4). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2007/01/the_selfactuali.html (accessed January 26, 2007).
    • (2007) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 38
    • 84883919755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Losing Voice
    • (March 19). Available at:, (accessed March 23, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2007c. "Losing Voice." New World Notes, (March 19). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2007/03/losing_voice.html (accessed March 23, 2007).
    • (2007) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 39
    • 84884044903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mosque of Chebi-and Muslims in Second Life
    • (March 20). Available at:, (accessed April 2, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2007d. "The Mosque of Chebi-and Muslims in Second Life." New World Notes, (March 20). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2007/03/the_world_from_1.html (accessed April 2, 2007).
    • (2007) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 40
    • 84884122152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Circles
    • (May 16). Available at:, (accessed May 16, 2007)
    • Au, Wagner James. 2007e. "Social Circles." New World Notes, (May 16). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2007/05/social_circles.html (accessed May 16, 2007).
    • (2007) New World Notes
    • Au, W.J.1
  • 42
    • 84884115131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escorting 101
    • (October 25), Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Bainbridge, Sandi. 2006. "Escorting 101." theKonstrukt 4 (October 25):14-15. Available at: http://www.theKonstrukt.com/magz/Konstrukt4.pdf (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) TheKonstrukt , vol.4 , pp. 14-15
    • Bainbridge, S.1
  • 43
    • 0005469433 scopus 로고
    • Signal to Noise: On the Meaning of Cyberpunk Subculture
    • ed. Frank Biocca and Mark R. Levy, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Balsamo, Anne. 1995a. "Signal to Noise: On the Meaning of Cyberpunk Subculture." In Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality, ed. Frank Biocca and Mark R. Levy, 347-68. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1995) Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality , pp. 347-368
    • Balsamo, A.1
  • 44
    • 84976980616 scopus 로고
    • Forms of Technological Embodiment: Reading the Body in Contemporary Culture
    • ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, London: Sage
    • Balsamo, Anne. 1995b. "Forms of Technological Embodiment: Reading the Body in Contemporary Culture." In Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment, ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, 215-37. London: Sage.
    • (1995) Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment , pp. 215-237
    • Balsamo, A.1
  • 46
    • 84883966035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balsamo, Anne
    • Forthcoming, Durham, NC: Duke University Press
    • Balsamo, Anne. Forthcoming. Designing Culture: The Technological Imagination at Work. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • 48
    • 34547381038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-Interface-Aesthetics: The Docile Avatars and Embodied Pixels of Second Life BDSM
    • Available at:, (accessed November 15, 2006)
    • Bardzell, Shaowen, and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2006. "Sex-Interface-Aesthetics: The Docile Avatars and Embodied Pixels of Second Life BDSM." Available at: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~johannab/sexual.interactions.2006/papers/ShaowenBardzell&JeffreyBardzell-SexualInteractions2006.pdf (accessed November 15, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Bardzell, S.1    Bardzell, J.2
  • 49
    • 4644233243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selling Wine without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Barlow, John Perry. 1996a. "Selling Wine without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on the Global Net." In High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace, ed. Peter Ludlow, 9-34. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1996) High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace , pp. 9-34
    • Barlow, J.P.1
  • 50
    • 27844553251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Barlow, John Perry. 1996b [2001 reprint]. "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace." In Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias, ed. Peter Ludlow, 27-30. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1996) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias , pp. 27-30
    • Barlow, J.P.1
  • 51
    • 33846089092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not Yet, You Fools
    • (July 28). Available at:, (accessed October 26, 2006)
    • Bartle, Richard A. 2003a. "Not Yet, You Fools!" Game Girl Advance, (July 28). Available at: http://www.gamegirladvance.com/archives/2003/07/28/not_yet_you_fools.html (accessed October 26, 2006).
    • (2003) Game Girl Advance
    • Bartle, R.A.1
  • 52
    • 84884064258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players Who Suit MUDs
    • ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, Indianapolis: New Riders
    • Bartle, Richard A. 2003b. "Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players Who Suit MUDs." In Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide, ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, 397-435. Indianapolis: New Riders.
    • (2003) Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide , pp. 397-435
    • Bartle, R.A.1
  • 59
    • 84937264321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black Struggles in Cyberspace: Cyber-segregation and Cyber-Nazis
    • 1(Spring)
    • Beckles, Colin. 1997. "Black Struggles in Cyberspace: Cyber-segregation and Cyber-Nazis." Western Journal of Black Studies 21, 1(Spring):12-19.
    • (1997) Western Journal of Black Studies , vol.21 , pp. 12-19
    • Beckles, C.1
  • 61
    • 0010824774 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • ed. Michael Benedikt, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Benedikt, Michael. 1991. "Introduction." In Cyberspace: First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt, 1-25. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1991) Cyberspace: First Steps , pp. 1-25
    • Benedikt, M.1
  • 63
    • 0002720643 scopus 로고
    • The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
    • ed. and introd. by Hannah Arendt, New York: Schoken Books
    • Benjamin, Walter. 1955. "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." In Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. and introd. by Hannah Arendt, 217-52. New York: Schoken Books.
    • (1955) Illuminations: Essays and Reflections , pp. 217-252
    • Benjamin, W.1
  • 64
    • 84883984147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immersion vs. Augmentation
    • Available at:, (accessed December 7, 2006)
    • Bennetsen, Henrik. 2006. "Immersion vs. Augmentation." Available at: http://www.slcreativity.org/wiki/index.php?title=Augmentation_vs_Immersion&oldid=2149 (accessed December 7, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Bennetsen, H.1
  • 67
    • 0003452297 scopus 로고
    • New York: Henry Holt and Company
    • Bergson, Henri. 1911. Creative Evolution. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
    • (1911) Creative Evolution
    • Bergson, H.1
  • 68
    • 0005411160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments
    • September
    • Biocca, Frank. 1997. "The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 2 (September).
    • (1997) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.3 , Issue.2
    • Biocca, F.1
  • 69
    • 0038259966 scopus 로고
    • The Vision of Virtual Reality
    • ed. Frank Biocca and Mark R. Levy, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Biocca, Frank, Taeyong Kim, and Mark R. Levy. 1995. "The Vision of Virtual Reality." In Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality, ed. Frank Biocca and Mark R. Levy, 3-14. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1995) Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality , pp. 3-14
    • Biocca, F.1    Kim, T.2    Levy, M.R.3
  • 71
    • 84937282609 scopus 로고
    • Urban Crisis: Past, Present, and Virtual
    • Winter
    • Bleecker, Julian. 1994. "Urban Crisis: Past, Present, and Virtual." Socialist Review 24, 1-2 (Winter):189-221.
    • (1994) Socialist Review , vol.24 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 189-221
    • Bleecker, J.1
  • 72
    • 0038217457 scopus 로고
    • The Study of Geography
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Boas, Franz. 1887 [1940 version]. "The Study of Geography." In Race, Language, and Culture, 639-47. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1887) Race, Language, and Culture , pp. 639-647
    • Boas, F.1
  • 75
    • 33947231790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Ludicrous Discipline? Ethnography and Game Studies
    • Boellstorff, Tom. 2006. "A Ludicrous Discipline? Ethnography and Game Studies." Games and Culture 1, 1:29-35.
    • (2006) Games and Culture 1 , vol.1 , pp. 29-35
    • Boellstorff, T.1
  • 77
    • 76749161853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asynchronous Multiplay: Futures for Casual Multiplayer Experience
    • Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Bogost, Ian. 2004. "Asynchronous Multiplay: Futures for Casual Multiplayer Experience." Proceedings of the Other Players conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at: http://www.itu.dk/op/papers/bogost.pdf (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2004) Proceedings of the Other Players conference
    • Bogost, I.1
  • 82
    • 84884054216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Being Virtual
    • Available at:, (accessed December 30, 2006)
    • Boyd, Danah. 2006a. "On Being Virtual." Available at: http://www.zephoria.org/thoughts/archives/2006/12/15/on_being_virtua.html (accessed December 30, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Boyd, D.1
  • 83
    • 33845336522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friends, Friendsters, and Top 8: Writing Community into Being on Social Network Sites
    • Available at:, (accessed December 24, 2006)
    • Boyd, Danah. 2006b. "Friends, Friendsters, and Top 8: Writing Community into Being on Social Network Sites." First Monday 11, 12. Available at: http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue11_12/boyd/index.html#p2 (accessed December 24, 2006).
    • (2006) First Monday , vol.11-12
    • Boyd, D.1
  • 84
    • 84926274165 scopus 로고
    • Speaking in the Name of the Real: Freeman and Mead on the Samoa (Introduction)
    • Brady, Ivan. 1983. "Speaking in the Name of the Real: Freeman and Mead on the Samoa (Introduction)." American Anthropologist 85, 4:908-9.
    • (1983) American Anthropologist , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 908-909
    • Brady, I.1
  • 85
    • 0001709148 scopus 로고
    • Compu-Sex: Erotica for Cybernauts
    • ed. Mark Dery, Durham, NC: Duke University Press
    • Branwyn, Gareth. 1994. "Compu-Sex: Erotica for Cybernauts." In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, ed. Mark Dery, 223-35. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • (1994) Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture , pp. 223-235
    • Branwyn, G.1
  • 86
    • 0035556741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Limits to Scale? Methodological Reflections on Scalar Structuration
    • Brenner, Neil. 2001. "The Limits to Scale? Methodological Reflections on Scalar Structuration." Progress in Human Geography 25, 4:591-614.
    • (2001) Progress in Human Geography , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 591-614
    • Brenner, N.1
  • 87
    • 0001310997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are MUDs Communities? Identity, Belonging, and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds
    • ed. Rob Shields, London: Sage Publications
    • Bromberg, Heather. 1996. "Are MUDs Communities? Identity, Belonging, and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds." In Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies, ed. Rob Shields, 143-52. London: Sage Publications.
    • (1996) Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies , pp. 143-152
    • Bromberg, H.1
  • 89
    • 84884028830 scopus 로고
    • Gibson's Typewriter
    • ed. Mark Dery, Durham, NC: Duke University Press
    • Bukatman, Scott. 1994. "Gibson's Typewriter." In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, ed. Mark Dery, 71-89. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • (1994) Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture , pp. 71-89
    • Bukatman, S.1
  • 90
    • 6344231734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boas, Foucault, and the 'Native Anthropologist': Notes toward a Neo-Boasian Anthropology
    • September
    • Bunzl, Matti. 2004. "Boas, Foucault, and the 'Native Anthropologist': Notes toward a Neo-Boasian Anthropology." American Anthropologist 106, 3(September):435-42.
    • (2004) American Anthropologist , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 435-442
    • Bunzl, M.1
  • 93
    • 84883926516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Is Changing Our Lives
    • Cairncross, Frances. 2001. The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Is Changing Our Lives. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    • (2001) Boston: Harvard Business School Press
    • Cairncross, F.1
  • 94
    • 0004264804 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Callois, Roger. 1961. Man, Play, and Games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1961) Man, Play, and Games
    • Callois, R.1
  • 98
    • 0346521425 scopus 로고
    • Better Living Through Languages: The Communicative Implications of a Text-Only Virtual Environment, or Welcome to LambdaMOO!
    • Avaliable at:, (accessed December 10, 2006)
    • Carlstrom, Eva-Lise. 1992. "Better Living Through Languages: The Communicative Implications of a Text-Only Virtual Environment, or Welcome to LambdaMOO!" Avaliable at: ftp://ftp.game.org/pub/mud/text/research/communicative.txt (accessed December 10, 2006).
    • (1992)
    • Carlstrom, E.-L.1
  • 99
    • 0012725636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conflict on the Internet
    • ed. Sara Kiesler, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Carnevale, Peter J., and Tahira M. Probst. 1997. "Conflict on the Internet." In Culture of the Internet. ed. Sara Kiesler, 233-55. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1997) Culture of the Internet , pp. 233-255
    • Carnevale, P.J.1    Probst, T.M.2
  • 100
    • 52149101311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metaverse Roadmap: Pathways to the 3D Web
    • Available at:, (accessed July 10, 2007)
    • Cascio, Jamais, Jerry Paffendorf, and John Smart. 2007. "Metaverse Roadmap: Pathways to the 3D Web." Available at: http://metaverseroadmap.org/MetaverseRoadmapOverview.pdf (accessed July 10, 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Cascio, J.1    Paffendorf, J.2    Smart, J.3
  • 101
    • 0009636535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture
    • Boston: Blackwell
    • Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. Volume 1: The Rise of the Network Society. Boston: Blackwell.
    • (2000) The Rise of the Network Society , vol.1
    • Castells, M.1
  • 104
    • 34249044942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Research Value of Large Games: Natural Experiments in Norrath and Camelot
    • April
    • Castronova, Edward. 2006. "On the Research Value of Large Games: Natural Experiments in Norrath and Camelot." Games and Culture 1, 2(April):163-86.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 163-186
    • Castronova, E.1
  • 106
    • 85050788910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Games We Play Online and Offline: Making Wangtta in Korea
    • Chee, Florence. 2006. "The Games We Play Online and Offline: Making Wangtta in Korea." Popular Communication 4, 3:225-39.
    • (2006) Popular Communication , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 225-239
    • Chee, F.1
  • 110
    • 84968180938 scopus 로고
    • On Ethnographic Authority
    • Spring
    • Clifford, James. 1983. "On Ethnographic Authority." Representations 1, 2(Spring):118-46.
    • (1983) Representations , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-146
    • Clifford, J.1
  • 114
    • 0034372074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming
    • Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. 2000. "Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming." Public Culture 12, 2:291-343.
    • (2000) Public Culture , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-343
    • Comaroff, J.1    Comaroff, J.L.2
  • 119
    • 0040135374 scopus 로고
    • Heidegger and Virtual Reality: The Implications of Heidegger's Thinking for Computer Representations
    • Coyne, Richard. 1994. "Heidegger and Virtual Reality: The Implications of Heidegger's Thinking for Computer Representations." Leonardo 27, 1:65-73.
    • (1994) Leonardo , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 65-73
    • Coyne, R.1
  • 122
    • 0000289266 scopus 로고
    • Mudding: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities
    • reprint, ed. Sara Kiesler, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Curtis, Pavel. 1992 [1997 reprint]. "Mudding: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities." In Culture of the Internet, ed. Sara Kiesler, 121-42. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1992) Culture of the Internet , pp. 121-142
    • Curtis, P.1
  • 127
    • 79952923643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Life: The Second Life of Virtual Reality
    • Avaliable at:, (accessed December 13, 2006)
    • de Nood, David, and Jelle Attema. 2006. "Second Life: The Second Life of Virtual Reality." Avaliable at: www.epn.net (accessed December 13, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • De Nood, D.1    Attema, J.2
  • 129
    • 0003905795 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Derrida, Jacques. 1974. Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (1974) Of Grammatology
    • Derrida, J.1
  • 134
    • 79957032917 scopus 로고
    • How to Build a Universe That Doesn't Fall Apart Two Days Later
    • In his Garden City, NY: Doubleday
    • Dick, Philip K. 1985. "How to Build a Universe That Doesn't Fall Apart Two Days Later." In his I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon, 1-23. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
    • (1985) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon , pp. 1-23
    • Dick, P.K.1
  • 135
    • 84883948008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Life Struggles with Copying
    • November 15, Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Doctorow, Cory. 2006. "Second Life Struggles with Copying." Boingboing (November 15). Available at: http://www.boingboing.net/2006/11/15/second_life_struggle.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) Boingboing
    • Doctorow, C.1
  • 136
    • 42149172064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Online Games are Dictatorships
    • April 16, Available at:, (accessed April 23, 2007)
    • Doctorow, Cory. 2007. "Why Online Games are Dictatorships." Information Week (April 16). Available at: http://informationweek.com/internet/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199100026&pgno=1&queryText= (accessed April 23, 2007).
    • (2007) Information Week
    • Doctorow, C.1
  • 137
    • 85071308746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Worlds: Simulation, Suppletion, S(ed)uction, and Simulacra
    • ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, London: Routledge
    • Doel, Marcus A., and David B. Clarke. 1999. "Virtual Worlds: Simulation, Suppletion, S(ed)uction, and Simulacra." In Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations, ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, 261-83. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations , pp. 261-283
    • Doel, M.A.1    Clarke, D.B.2
  • 138
    • 0002603702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Donath, Judith S. 1999. "Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 29-59. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 29-59
    • Donath, J.S.1
  • 141
    • 0010221442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guided Exploration of Virtual Worlds
    • ed. Fay Sudweeks, Margaret McLaughlin, and Sheizaf Rafaeli, Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press
    • Doyle, Patrick, and Barbara Hayes-Roth. 1998. "Guided Exploration of Virtual Worlds." In Network and Netplay: Virtual Groups on the Internet, ed. Fay Sudweeks, Margaret McLaughlin, and Sheizaf Rafaeli, 243-63. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.
    • (1998) Network and Netplay: Virtual Groups on the Internet , pp. 243-263
    • Doyle, P.1    Hayes-roth, B.2
  • 143
    • 33750022126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing for Sociability in Massively Multiplayer Games: An Examination of the 'Third Places' of SWG
    • Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Ducheneaut, Nicolas, Robert J. Moore, and Eric Nickell. 2004. "Designing for Sociability in Massively Multiplayer Games: An Examination of the 'Third Places' of SWG." Proceedings of the Other Players conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at: http://www.itu.dk/op/papers/ducheneaut_moore_nickell.pdf (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2004) Proceedings of the Other Players conference
    • Ducheneaut, N.1    Moore, R.J.2    Nickell, E.3
  • 144
    • 34547595997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Building an MMO with Mass Appeal: A Look at Gameplay in World of Warcraft
    • October
    • Ducheneaut, Nicolas, Nick Yee, Eric Nickell, and Robert J. Moore. 2006. "Building an MMO with Mass Appeal: A Look at Gameplay in World of Warcraft." Games and Culture 1, 4(October):281-317.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-317
    • Ducheneaut, N.1    Yee, N.2    Nickell, E.3    Moore, R.J.4
  • 145
    • 0004097752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. Linguistic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1997) Linguistic Anthropology
    • Duranti, A.1
  • 146
    • 0004149983 scopus 로고
    • Translated by Rodney Needhan. 1963 edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Durkheim, Emile, and Marcel Mauss. 1902. Primitive Classification. Translated by Rodney Needhan. 1963 edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1902) Primitive Classification
    • Durkheim, E.1    Mauss, M.2
  • 147
    • 0003888263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Routledge
    • Dyer, Richard. 1997. White. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) White
    • Dyer, R.1
  • 148
    • 84934563437 scopus 로고
    • The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity
    • Autumn
    • Edwards, Paul N. 1990. "The Army and the Microworld: Computers and the Politics of Gender Identity." Signs 16, 1(Autumn):102-27.
    • (1990) Signs , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 102-127
    • Edwards, P.N.1
  • 149
    • 0004224983 scopus 로고
    • Trans. John Wilkinson and introd. by Robert K. Merton. New York: A. A. Knopf
    • Ellul, Jacques. 1964 [1954]. The Technological Society. Trans. John Wilkinson and introd. by Robert K. Merton. New York: A. A. Knopf.
    • (1954) The Technological Society
    • Ellul, J.1
  • 150
    • 84937318333 scopus 로고
    • Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberculture
    • June
    • Escobar, Arturo. 1994. "Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberculture." Current Anthropology 35, 3(June):211-23.
    • (1994) Current Anthropology , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-223
    • Escobar, A.1
  • 152
    • 84937381614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Archives and Ethnographic Writing: 'Commentary' as a New Genre?
    • December
    • Fabian, Johannes. 2002. "Virtual Archives and Ethnographic Writing: 'Commentary' as a New Genre?" Current Anthropology 43, 5(December):775-86.
    • (2002) Current Anthropology , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 775-786
    • Fabian, J.1
  • 153
    • 84883941525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-Social Contracts: The Contractual Governance of Online Communities
    • July, Available at SSRN:
    • Fairfield, Joshua. 2007. "Anti-Social Contracts: The Contractual Governance of Online Communities." Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-20 (July). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1002997.
    • (2007) Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2007-20
    • Fairfield, J.1
  • 154
    • 84884037702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Problems of Gor, Part 1
    • November 27, Available at:, (accessed December 2, 2006)
    • Fate, Artemis. 2006a. "The Problems of Gor, Part 1." The Second Life Herald, (November 27). Available at: http://www.secondlifeherald.com/slh/2006/11/the_problems_of.html (accessed December 2, 2006).
    • (2006) The Second Life Herald
    • Fate, A.1
  • 155
    • 84884037702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Problems of Gor, Part 2
    • November 29, Available at:, (accessed December 2, 2006)
    • Fate, Artemis. 2006b. "The Problems of Gor, Part 2." The Second Life Herald, (November 29). Available at: http://www.secondlifeherald.com/slh/2006/11/the_problems_of_1.html (accessed December 2, 2006).
    • (2006) The Second Life Herald
    • Fate, A.1
  • 156
    • 84982349161 scopus 로고
    • Margaret Mead and Samoa: Coming of Age in Fact and Fiction
    • September
    • Feinberg, Richard. 1988. "Margaret Mead and Samoa: Coming of Age in Fact and Fiction." American Anthropologist 90, 3(September):656-63.
    • (1988) American Anthropologist , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 656-663
    • Feinberg, R.1
  • 157
    • 0002736288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is a There There: Notes Toward a Definition of Cybercommunity
    • ed. Steven G. Jones, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Fernback, Jan. 1999. "There is a There There: Notes Toward a Definition of Cybercommunity." In Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, ed. Steven G. Jones, 203-20. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1999) Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net , pp. 203-220
    • Fernback, J.1
  • 159
    • 77749340564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redefining Grief Play
    • Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Foo, Chek Yang. 2004. "Redefining Grief Play." Proceedings of the Other Players conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at: http://www.itu.dk/op/papers/yang_foo.pdf (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2004) Proceedings of the Other Players conference
    • Foo, C.Y.1
  • 160
    • 79951530667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grief Player Motivations
    • Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Foo, Chek Yang, and Elina M. I. Koivisto. 2004. "Grief Player Motivations." Proceedings of the Other Players conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at: http://www.itu.dk/op/papers/yang_foo_koivisto.pdf (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2004) Proceedings of the Other Players conference
    • Foo, C.Y.1    Koivisto, E.M.I.2
  • 161
    • 84937336464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paralysis Lost: Impacts of Virtual Worlds on Those with Paralysis
    • October
    • Ford, Paul J. 2001. "Paralysis Lost: Impacts of Virtual Worlds on Those with Paralysis." Social Theory and Practice 27, 4(October):661-80.
    • (2001) Social Theory and Practice , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 661-680
    • Ford, P.J.1
  • 165
    • 25144477044 scopus 로고
    • The History of Sexuality
    • New York: Vintage Books
    • Foucault, Michel. 1978. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. New York: Vintage Books.
    • (1978) An Introduction , vol.1
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 166
    • 0008306132 scopus 로고
    • The History of Sexuality
    • New York: Vintage Books
    • Foucault, Michel. 1985. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure. New York: Vintage Books.
    • (1985) The Use of Pleasure , vol.2
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 167
    • 0008389772 scopus 로고
    • The History of Sexuality
    • New York: Vintage Books
    • Foucault, Michel. 1986. The History of Sexuality, Vol. 3: The Care of the Self. New York: Vintage Books.
    • (1986) The Care of the Self , vol.3
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 168
    • 0001844449 scopus 로고
    • Governmentality
    • ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf
    • Foucault, Michel. 1991. "Governmentality." In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, ed. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 87-104. London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.
    • (1991) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality , pp. 87-104
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 170
    • 0003298935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias
    • ed. Neil Leach, London: Routledge
    • Foucault, Michel. 1997b. "Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias." In Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory, ed. Neil Leach, 350-56. London: Routledge.
    • (1997) Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory , pp. 350-356
    • Foucault, M.1
  • 177
    • 0002044071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer Simulations and the Trading Zone
    • ed. Peter Galison and David J. Stump, Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • Galison, Peter. 1996. "Computer Simulations and the Trading Zone." In The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power, ed. Peter Galison and David J. Stump, 118-57. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    • (1996) The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power , pp. 118-157
    • Galison, P.1
  • 180
    • 0012135501 scopus 로고
    • The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man
    • New York: Basic Books
    • Geertz, Clifford. 1973a. "The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man." In his The Interpretation of Cultures, 33-54. New York: Basic Books.
    • (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures , pp. 33-54
    • Geertz, C.1
  • 181
    • 0001806636 scopus 로고
    • Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture
    • New York: Basic Books
    • Geertz, Clifford. 1973b. "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture." In his The Interpretation of Cultures, 3-32. New York: Basic Books.
    • (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures , pp. 3-32
    • Geertz, C.1
  • 182
    • 0002412285 scopus 로고
    • From the Native's Point of View": On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding
    • New York: Basic Books
    • Geertz, Clifford. 1983. "From the Native's Point of View": On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding." In his Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, 55-72. New York: Basic Books.
    • (1983) Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology , pp. 55-72
    • Geertz, C.1
  • 184
    • 0003954001 scopus 로고
    • New York: Ace Books
    • Gibson, William. 1984. Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books.
    • (1984) Neuromancer
    • Gibson, W.1
  • 186
    • 0001746981 scopus 로고
    • New York: Bantam Books
    • Gibson, William. 1993. Virtual Light. New York: Bantam Books.
    • (1993) Virtual Light
    • Gibson, W.1
  • 190
    • 33846112462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life's a Game
    • January
    • Giles, Jim. 2007. "Life's a Game." Nature 445(January):18-20.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.445 , pp. 18-20
    • Giles, J.1
  • 192
    • 84923981424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Can't Gay Dwarves Get Married in Middle-earth?
    • Available at:, (accessed April 30, 2007)
    • Glover, Katherine. 2007. "Why Can't Gay Dwarves Get Married in Middle-earth?" Salon .com. Available at: http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/04/28/gay_dwarves/index.html (accessed April 30, 2007).
    • (2007) Salon.com
    • Glover, K.1
  • 195
    • 5644257146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copyright and Taboo
    • Summer
    • Golub, Alex. 2004. "Copyright and Taboo." Anthropological Quarterly 77, 3(Summer): 521-30.
    • (2004) Anthropological Quarterly , vol.77 , Issue.3 , pp. 521-530
    • Golub, A.1
  • 196
    • 85071825584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Appended Subject: Race and Identity as Digital Assemblage
    • ed. Beth E. Kolko, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert B. Rodman, New York: Routledge
    • González, Jennifer. 2000. "The Appended Subject: Race and Identity as Digital Assemblage." In Race in Cyberspace, ed. Beth E. Kolko, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert B. Rodman, 27-50. New York: Routledge.
    • (2000) Race in Cyberspace , pp. 27-50
    • González, J.1
  • 197
    • 0039544688 scopus 로고
    • Cultural Anthropology
    • ed. Dell Hymes, Bombay, India: Allied Publishers Private
    • Goodenough, Ward H. 1964. "Cultural Anthropology." In Language in Culture and Society, ed. Dell Hymes, 36-39. Bombay, India: Allied Publishers Private.
    • (1964) Language in Culture and Society , pp. 36-39
    • Goodenough, W.H.1
  • 200
    • 0004252976 scopus 로고
    • Trans. and ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. New York: International Publishers
    • Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Trans. and ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. New York: International Publishers.
    • (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks
    • Gramsci, A.1
  • 203
    • 84883992802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The State of Play: On the Second Life Tax Revolt
    • September21, Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Grimmelmann, James. 2003. "The State of Play: On the Second Life Tax Revolt." Law-Meme, (September21). Available at: http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2003) Law-Meme
    • Grimmelmann, J.1
  • 204
    • 33847144551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time's Person of the Year: You
    • December 25
    • Grossman, Lev. 2006. "Time's Person of the Year: You." Time 168, 26 (December 25): 40-41.
    • (2006) Time , vol.168 , Issue.26 , pp. 40-41
    • Grossman, L.1
  • 205
    • 70349454438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Hutchinson
    • Guest, Tim. 2007. Second Lives. London: Hutchinson.
    • (2007) Second Lives
    • Guest, T.1
  • 207
    • 38349026085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing Anthropology in Cyberspace: Fieldwork Boundaries and Social Environments
    • ed. Christine Hine, Oxford: Berg
    • Guimarães, Mário J. L. 2005. "Doing Anthropology in Cyberspace: Fieldwork Boundaries and Social Environments." In Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, ed. Christine Hine, 141-56. Oxford: Berg.
    • (2005) Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet , pp. 141-156
    • Guimarães, M.J.L.1
  • 208
    • 85171499781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discipline and Practice: 'The Field' as Site, Method, and Location in Anthropology
    • ed. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Gupta, Akhil, and James Ferguson. 1997. "Discipline and Practice: 'The Field' as Site, Method, and Location in Anthropology." In Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science, ed. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, 1-46. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    • (1997) Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science , pp. 1-46
    • Gupta, A.1    Ferguson, J.2
  • 209
    • 84891880830 scopus 로고
    • Technical Progress and the Social Life-World
    • Boston: Beacon Press
    • Habermas, Jürgen. 1970a. "Technical Progress and the Social Life-World." In his Toward a Rational Society, 50-61. Boston: Beacon Press.
    • (1970) Toward a Rational Society , pp. 50-61
    • Habermas, J.1
  • 210
    • 0007343196 scopus 로고
    • Technology and Science as 'Ideology.'
    • Boston: Beacon Press
    • Habermas, Jürgen. 1970b. "Technology and Science as 'Ideology.'" In Toward a Rational Society, 81-127. Boston: Beacon Press.
    • (1970) Toward a Rational Society , pp. 81-127
    • Habermas, J.1
  • 212
    • 0041480271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Epic Saga of The Well
    • May, Available at:, (accessed June 15, 2007)
    • Hafner, Katie. 1997. "The Epic Saga of The Well." Wired 5, 5(May). Available at: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.05/ff_well.html (accessed June 15, 2007).
    • (1997) Wired , vol.5 , Issue.5
    • Hafner, K.1
  • 215
    • 84928837169 scopus 로고
    • Automating Gender: Postmodern Feminism in the Age of the Intelligent Machine
    • Autumn
    • Halberstam, Judith. 1991. "Automating Gender: Postmodern Feminism in the Age of the Intelligent Machine." Feminist Studies 17, 3(Autumn):439-60.
    • (1991) Feminist Studies , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 439-460
    • Halberstam, J.1
  • 216
    • 84936628244 scopus 로고
    • Situated Knowledge: The Science Question in Feminism as a Site of Discourse on the Privilege of Partial Perspective
    • Fall
    • Haraway, Donna. 1988. "Situated Knowledge: The Science Question in Feminism as a Site of Discourse on the Privilege of Partial Perspective." Feminist Studies 14, 3(Fall):575-99.
    • (1988) Feminist Studies , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 575-599
    • Haraway, D.1
  • 217
    • 0000552267 scopus 로고
    • A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-feminism in the Late Twentieth Century
    • London: Routledge
    • Haraway, Donna. 1991. "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-feminism in the Late Twentieth Century." In her Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, 149-82. London: Routledge.
    • (1991) Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature , pp. 149-182
    • Haraway, D.1
  • 219
    • 84874070322 scopus 로고
    • Representing Fundamentalism: The Problem of the Repugnant Other
    • Harding, Susan. 1991. "Representing Fundamentalism: The Problem of the Repugnant Other." Social Research 58, 2:373-93.
    • (1991) Social Research , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 373-393
    • Harding, S.1
  • 220
    • 0004021459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Hardt, Michael, and Antonio Negri. 2001. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (2001) Empire
    • Hardt, M.1    Negri, A.2
  • 221
    • 84884096176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copyrights and Content Creation in Second Life
    • November 13, Available at:, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Harper (Linden), Robin. 2006. "Copyrights and Content Creation in Second Life." (November 13). Available at: http://blog.secondlife.com/2006/11/13/copyrights-and-content-creation-in-second-life (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Harper Linden, R.1
  • 222
    • 84884124278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SecondLife: Revolutionary Virtual Market or Ponzi Scheme?
    • Available at:, (accessed January 26, 2007)
    • Harrison, Randolph. 2007. "SecondLife: Revolutionary Virtual Market or Ponzi Scheme?" Available at: http://randolfe.typepad.com/randolfe/2007/01/secondlife_revo.html (accessed January 26, 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Harrison, R.1
  • 225
    • 0002452515 scopus 로고
    • From Space to Place and Back Again: Reflections on the Condition of Postmodernity
    • ed. Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, Tim Putnam, George Robertson, and Lisa Tickner, London: Routledge
    • Harvey, David. 1993. "From Space to Place and Back Again: Reflections on the Condition of Postmodernity." In Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, Tim Putnam, George Robertson, and Lisa Tickner, 3-29. London: Routledge.
    • (1993) Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change , pp. 3-29
    • Harvey, D.1
  • 226
    • 0002289201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narratives of Artificial Life
    • ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, London: Routledge
    • Hayles, N. Katherine. 1996a. "Narratives of Artificial Life." In FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture, ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, 146-64. London: Routledge.
    • (1996) FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture , pp. 146-164
    • Hayles, N.K.1
  • 227
    • 0038953720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundary Disputes: Homeostasis, Reflexivity, and the Foundations of Cybernetics
    • ed. Robert Markley, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Hayles, N. Katherine. 1996b. "Boundary Disputes: Homeostasis, Reflexivity, and the Foundations of Cybernetics." In Virtual Realities and Their Discontents, ed. Robert Markley, 11-37. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (1996) Virtual Realities and Their Discontents , pp. 11-37
    • Hayles, N.K.1
  • 229
  • 231
    • 84923981423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moving to Norrath
    • February 16). Available at:, (accessed December 27, 2006)
    • Hayot, Eric. 2005. "Moving to Norrath." always_black, (February 16). Available at: http://www.alwaysblack.com/?p=57 (accessed December 27, 2006).
    • (2005) Always_black
    • Hayot, E.1
  • 232
    • 85134941344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyberspace and Place: The Internet as Middle Landscape on the Electronic Frontier
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Healy, Dave. 1997. "Cyberspace and Place: The Internet as Middle Landscape on the Electronic Frontier." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 55-68. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 55-68
    • Healy, D.1
  • 234
    • 0000083092 scopus 로고
    • Being There: The Subjective Experience of Presence
    • Spring
    • Heeter, Carrie. 1992. "Being There: The Subjective Experience of Presence." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 1, 2(Spring):262-71.
    • (1992) Teleoperators and Virtual Environments , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 262-271
    • Heeter, C.1
  • 235
  • 237
    • 0002015705 scopus 로고
    • The Erotic Ontology of Cyberspace
    • ed. Michael Benedikt, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Heim, Michael. 1991. "The Erotic Ontology of Cyberspace." In Cyberspace: First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt, 59-80. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1991) Cyberspace: First Steps , pp. 59-80
    • Heim, M.1
  • 240
    • 0004267205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Heim, Michael. 1998. Virtual Realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (1998) Virtual Realism
    • Heim, M.1
  • 243
    • 51549085248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Word for the World is Computer: Simulating Second Natures in Artificial Life
    • ed. Norton Wise, Durham, NC: Duke University Press
    • Helmreich, Stefan. 2004. "The Word for the World is Computer: Simulating Second Natures in Artificial Life." In Growing Explanations: Historical Perspectives on the Sciences of Complexity, ed. Norton Wise, 275-300. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • (2004) Growing Explanations: Historical Perspectives on the Sciences of Complexity , pp. 275-300
    • Helmreich, S.1
  • 244
    • 33744828246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avatar-Based Marketing
    • June
    • Hemp, Paul. 2006. "Avatar-Based Marketing." Harvard Business Review 84, 6(June): 48-57.
    • (2006) Harvard Business Review , vol.84 , Issue.6 , pp. 48-57
    • Hemp, P.1
  • 246
    • 33645124679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Your Second Life? Goodwill and the Performativity of Intellectual Property in Online Digital Gaming
    • March-May
    • Herman, Andrew, Rosemary J. Coombe, and Lewis Kaye. 2006. "Your Second Life? Goodwill and the Performativity of Intellectual Property in Online Digital Gaming." Cultural Studies 20, 2-3(March-May):184-210.
    • (2006) Cultural Studies , vol.20 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 184-210
    • Herman, A.1    Coombe, R.J.2    Kaye, L.3
  • 249
    • 0003924470 scopus 로고
    • The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer
    • MA: Addison-Wesley
    • Hiltz, Starr Roxanne, and Murray Turoff. 1978. The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    • (1978) Reading
    • Hiltz, S.R.1    Turoff, M.2
  • 251
    • 36048980420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Methods and the Sociology of Cyber-Social-Scientific Knowledge
    • ed. Christine Hine, Oxford: Berg
    • Hine, Christine. 2005. "Virtual Methods and the Sociology of Cyber-Social-Scientific Knowledge." In Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, ed. Christine Hine, 1-13. Oxford: Berg.
    • (2005) Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet , pp. 1-13
    • Hine, C.1
  • 252
    • 2942543257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Virtual Politics-Identity and Community in Cyberspace
    • ed. David Holmes, London: Sage
    • Holmes, David. 1997. "Introduction: Virtual Politics-Identity and Community in Cyberspace." In Virtual Politics: Identity and Community in Cyberspace, ed. David Holmes, 1-25. London: Sage.
    • (1997) Virtual Politics: Identity and Community in Cyberspace , pp. 1-25
    • Holmes, D.1
  • 254
    • 33847246935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rise of Crowdsourcing
    • Available at:, (accessed January 2, 2007)
    • Howe, Jeff. 2006. "The Rise of Crowdsourcing." Wired 14, 6. Available at: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2006) Wired , vol.14 , pp. 6
    • Howe, J.1
  • 255
  • 257
    • 61049181303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commodifying Culture: It's Not Just about the Virtual Sword
    • Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at:, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Humphreys, Sal. 2004. "Commodifying Culture: It's Not Just about the Virtual Sword." Proceedings of the Other Players conference, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available at: http://www.itu.dk/op/papers/humphreys.pdf (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2004) Proceedings of the Other Players conference
    • Humphreys, S.1
  • 258
    • 0348120446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • Ihde, Don. 2002. Bodies in Technology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (2002) Bodies in Technology
    • Ihde, D.1
  • 259
    • 85134993565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Ito, Mizuko. 1997. "Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 87-109. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 87-109
    • Ito, M.1
  • 261
    • 0012654240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contexts and Cues in Cyberspace: The Pragmatics of Naming in Text-based Virtual Realities
    • Winter
    • Jacobson, David. 1996. "Contexts and Cues in Cyberspace: The Pragmatics of Naming in Text-based Virtual Realities." Journal of Anthropological Research 52, 4(Winter): 461-79.
    • (1996) Journal of Anthropological Research , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 461-479
    • Jacobson, D.1
  • 262
    • 0041311432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing Research in Cyberspace
    • November
    • Jacobson, David. 1999. "Doing Research in Cyberspace." Field Methods 11, 2(November):127-45.
    • (1999) Field Methods , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-145
    • Jacobson, D.1
  • 263
    • 84870138365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sopranos Meets EverQuest: Social Networking in Massively Multiplayer Online Games
    • August, Available at:, (accessed March 31, 2006)
    • Jakobsson, Mikael, and T.L. Taylor. 2003. "The Sopranos Meets EverQuest: Social Networking in Massively Multiplayer Online Games." FineArt Forum 17 (August):8. Available at: http://www.fineartforum.org/Backissues/Vol_17/faf_vl7_n08/reviews/jakobsson.html (accessed March 31, 2006).
    • (2003) FineArt Forum , vol.17 , pp. 8
    • Jakobsson, M.1    Taylor, T.L.2
  • 264
    • 84884029101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Half of Second Life Users Come from Europe
    • May 8, Available at:, (accessed May 9, 2007)
    • James, Clement. 2007. "Half of Second Life Users Come from Europe." IT Week, (May 8). Available at: http://www.itweek.co.uk/vnunet/news/2189326/half-second-lifers-come-europe (accessed May 9, 2007).
    • (2007) IT Week
    • James, C.1
  • 266
    • 84883994820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Second Look at Second Life
    • Available at:, (accessed February 2, 2007)
    • Jenkins, Henry. 2007. "A Second Look at Second Life." Available at: http://www.henryjenkins.org/2007/01/a_second_look_at_second_life.html (accessed February 2, 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Jenkins, H.1
  • 268
    • 59949092963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I, Avatar: Constructions of Self and Place in Second Life and the Technological Imagination
    • (January 2006). Available at, accessed January 21, 2006
    • Jones, Donald E. 2006. "I, Avatar: Constructions of Self and Place in Second Life and the Technological Imagination." Gnovis: Georgetown's Peer-Reviewed Journal of Communication, Culture and Technology, (January 2006). Available at: http://gnovis.georgetown.edu/articles/FA05-01-secondlife.pdf (accessed January 21, 2006).
    • (2006) Gnovis: Georgetown's Peer-Reviewed Journal of Communication, Culture and Technology
    • Jones, D.E.1
  • 270
    • 0002624512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual-Communities, Virtual Settlements, and Cyber-Archaeology: A Theoretical Outline
    • December
    • Jones, Quentin. 1997. "Virtual-Communities, Virtual Settlements, and Cyber-Archaeology: A Theoretical Outline." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 3(December).
    • (1997) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.3 , pp. 3
    • Jones, Q.1
  • 271
    • 0002634467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Internet and Its Social Landscape
    • ed. Steven G. Jones, London: Sage Publications
    • Jones, Steven G. 1997. "The Internet and Its Social Landscape." In Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, ed. Steven G. Jones, 7-35. London: Sage Publications.
    • (1997) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety , pp. 7-35
    • Jones, S.G.1
  • 273
    • 84905549281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Performance of Production and Consumption
    • Spring
    • Joseph, Miranda. 1998. "The Performance of Production and Consumption." Social Text 54(Spring):25-61.
    • (1998) Social Text , vol.54 , pp. 25-61
    • Joseph, M.1
  • 275
    • 84883902116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with Philip Rosedale
    • July 20, Available at, accessed January 2, 2007
    • Keen, Andrew. 2006. "Interview with Philip Rosedale," (July 20). Available at: http://andrewkeen.typepad.com/aftertv/2006/07/interview_with_.html (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2006)
    • Keen, A.1
  • 276
    • 21144456269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geeks, Social Imaginaries, and Recursive Publics
    • May
    • Kelty, Christopher. 2005. "Geeks, Social Imaginaries, and Recursive Publics." Cultural Anthropology 20, 2(May):185-214.
    • (2005) Cultural Anthropology , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 185-214
    • Kelty, C.1
  • 279
    • 33846467518 scopus 로고
    • Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-mediated Communication
    • October
    • Kiesler, Sara, Jane Siegel, and Timothy W. McGuire. 1984. "Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-mediated Communication." American Psychologist 39, 10(October): 1123-34.
    • (1984) American Psychologist , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 1123-1134
    • Kiesler, S.1    Siegel, J.2    McGuire, T.W.3
  • 282
    • 33745184506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online Interviewing and the Research Relationship
    • ed. Christine Hine, Oxford: Berg
    • Kivits, Joëlle. 2005. "Online Interviewing and the Research Relationship." In Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, ed. Christine Hine, 35-49. Oxford: Berg.
    • (2005) Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet , pp. 35-49
    • Kivits, J.1
  • 284
    • 0002959330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communities in Cyberspace
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Kollock, Peter, and Marc A. Smith. 1999. "Communities in Cyberspace." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 3-25. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 3-25
    • Kollock, P.1    Smith, M.A.2
  • 285
    • 84884017081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online World Timeline
    • ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, Indianapolis: New Riders. Also available at, accessed November 6, 2006
    • Koster, Raph. 2003. "Online World Timeline." In Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide, ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, 437-68. Indianapolis: New Riders. Also available at: http://www.raphkoster.com/gaming/mudtimeline.shtml (accessed November 6, 2006).
    • (2003) Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide , pp. 437-468
    • Koster, R.1
  • 287
    • 84884092164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SL Cultural Gap
    • Available at, accessed December 24, 2006
    • Koster, Raph. 2006. "The SL Cultural Gap." Available at: http://www.raphkoster.com/2006/12/13/the-sl-cultural-gap (accessed December 24, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Koster, R.1
  • 294
    • 2142654465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My Avatar, My Self
    • April
    • Kushner, David. 2004. "My Avatar, My Self." Technology Review 107, 3(April):50-55.
    • (2004) Technology Review , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 50-55
    • Kushner, D.1
  • 295
    • 84923981421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terminological Obfuscation in Online Research
    • ed. Sigrid Kelsey and Kirk St. Amant. Hershey, PA: IGI Global
    • Lange, Patricia G. 2008. "Terminological Obfuscation in Online Research." In Handbook of Computer Mediated Communication, ed. Sigrid Kelsey and Kirk St. Amant. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
    • (2008) Handbook of Computer Mediated Communication
    • Lange, P.G.1
  • 297
    • 84884010870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food for Soul: Interview with Maddox Dupont
    • October 25, Available at, accessed December 31, 2006
    • Lapointe, MichelleMarie. 2006. "Food for Soul: Interview with Maddox Dupont." theKonstrukt 3, 2 (October 25). Available at: http://www.theKonstrukt.com/magz/Konstrukt3.pdf (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) TheKonstrukt , vol.3 , Issue.2
    • Lapointe, M.1
  • 298
    • 1042291344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Laws of the Virtual Worlds
    • January
    • Lastowka, F. Gregory, and Dan Hunter. 2004. "The Laws of the Virtual Worlds." California Law Review 92, 1(January):3-73.
    • (2004) California Law Review , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-73
    • Gregory, L.F.1    Hunter, D.2
  • 299
    • 70449602906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Worlds: A Primer
    • ed. Jack Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, New York: New York University Press
    • Lastowka, F. Gregory. 2006. "Virtual Worlds: A Primer." In The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds, ed. Jack Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, 13-28. New York: New York University Press.
    • (2006) The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds , pp. 13-28
    • Lastowka, F.G.1
  • 302
    • 84883960326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Art of Second Life Intimacy, Part II
    • September, Available at, (accessed December 17, 2006)
    • LeFleur, Tulipe. 2006. "The Art of Second Life Intimacy, Part II." Slatenight 1, 2 (September): 43. Available at: www.slatenight.com (accessed December 17, 2006).
    • (2006) Slatenight , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 43
    • LeFleur, T.1
  • 309
    • 11144274084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
    • Lévy, Pierre. 2001. Cyberculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    • (2001) Cyberculture
    • Lévy, P.1
  • 311
    • 84884111388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the Love of a New and Improved Feature Voting Tool!
    • September 21). Available at, accessed January 2, 2007
    • Linden, Jean. 2006. "For the Love of a New and Improved Feature Voting Tool!" (September 21). Available at: http://blog.secondlife.com/2006/09/21/for-the-love-of-a-new-and-improved-feature-voting-tool/#more-330 (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2006)
    • Linden, J.1
  • 312
    • 84883931877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beginners' Guide to Second Life
    • November 10). Available at, (accessed December 30, 2006)
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2004. "Beginners' Guide to Second Life." (November 10). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/articlecategory/guides-and-resources (accessed December 30, 2006).
    • (2004)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 313
    • 84883979395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It's a Country?
    • November 27). Available at, accessed January 2, 2007
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2005. "It's a Country?" (November 27). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/article53visual1layout1.html (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2005)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 314
    • 84884112100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crowdsourcing in Second Life
    • July 22). Available at, accessed January 8, 2007
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2006a. "Crowdsourcing in Second Life." (July 22). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/article76visual1layout1.html (accessed January 8, 2007).
    • (2006)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 315
    • 84884066530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning the Lesson about Copyrights
    • November 16). Available at, accessed December 31, 2006
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2006b. "Learning the Lesson about Copyrights." (November 16). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/article114visual1layout1.html (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 316
    • 84883979094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Schism Around Voice: Multicasting vs. Broadcasting
    • (March 26). Available at, (accessed April 14, 2007)
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2007a. "The Schism Around Voice: Multicasting vs. Broadcasting." (March 26). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/article147visual1layout1.html (accessed April 14, 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 317
    • 84884104081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Welfare State to Laissez-Faire Capitalism
    • June 17, Available at, (accessed June 20, 2007)
    • Llewelyn, Gwyneth. 2007b. "From Welfare State to Laissez-Faire Capitalism." (June 17). Available at: http://gwynethllewelyn.net/2007/06/17/from-welfare-state-to-laissez-faire-capitalism (accessed June 20, 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Llewelyn, G.1
  • 318
    • 85134944653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive Politics, Electronic Individualism, and the Myth of Virtual Community
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Lockard, Joseph. 1997. "Progressive Politics, Electronic Individualism, and the Myth of Virtual Community." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 219-31. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 219-231
    • Lockard, J.1
  • 319
    • 84923981420 scopus 로고
    • Ed. and introd. by C. B. McPherson. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company
    • Locke, John. 1690 [1980 version]. John Locke's Second Treatise of Government. Ed. and introd. by C. B. McPherson. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
    • (1690) John Locke's Second Treatise of Government
    • Locke, J.1
  • 321
    • 84923981419 scopus 로고
    • New York: Harper and Row
    • Lovejoy, Arthur O. 1936. The Great Chain of Being: a Study of the History of an Idea. New York: Harper and Row.
    • (1936)
    • Lovejoy, A.O.1
  • 325
    • 0003647251 scopus 로고
    • Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • Lyotard, Jean François. 1991. The Inhuman: Reflections on Time. Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    • (1991) The Inhuman: Reflections on Time
    • Lyotard, J.F.1
  • 328
    • 67349244260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coding Control: Governance and Contingency in the Production of Online Worlds
    • Available at, accessed December 15, 2006
    • Malaby, Thomas M. 2006a. "Coding Control: Governance and Contingency in the Production of Online Worlds." First Monday, special issue 7. Available at: http://firstmonday.org/issues/special11_9/malaby/index.html#m2 (accessed December 15, 2006).
    • (2006) First Monday , Issue.7
    • Malaby, T.M.1
  • 329
    • 34247630643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parlaying Value: Capital in and beyond Virtual Worlds
    • April
    • Malaby, Thomas M. 2006b. "Parlaying Value: Capital in and beyond Virtual Worlds." Games and Culture 1, 2(April):141-62.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-162
    • Malaby, T.M.1
  • 330
    • 84883939450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-Anti Anecdotalism
    • (December 30). Available at, (accessed January 3, 2007)
    • Malaby, Thomas M. 2006c. "Anti-Anti Anecdotalism." Terra Nova, (December 30). Available at: http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2006/12/antiantianecdot.html (accessed January 3, 2007).
    • (2006) Terra Nova
    • Malaby, T.M.1
  • 331
    • 84884005777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ganking the Meaning Out of Games
    • February 6). Available at, (accessed February 6, 2007)
    • Malaby, Thomas M. 2006d. "Ganking the Meaning Out of Games." Terra Nova, (February 6). Available at: http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2006/12/antiantianecdot.html (accessed February 6, 2007).
    • (2006) Terra Nova
    • Malaby, T.M.1
  • 335
    • 84923945135 scopus 로고
    • The New Tasks of a Modern Anthropology
    • Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
    • Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1945 [1961 reprint]. "The New Tasks of a Modern Anthropology." In his The Dynamics of Cultural Change, 1-13.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
    • (1945) The Dynamics of Cultural Change , pp. 1-13
    • Malinowski, B.1
  • 336
    • 84884080432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gor for Those That Never Asked
    • (October 25), Available at, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Manen, Esteban. 2006. "Gor for Those That Never Asked," theKonstrukt 3 (October 25):17-20. Available at: http://www.theKonstrukt.com/magz/Konstrukt3.pdf (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) TheKonstrukt , vol.3 , pp. 17-20
    • Manen, E.1
  • 339
    • 61049168038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boundaries: Mathematics, Alienation, and the Metaphysics of Cyberspace
    • ed. Robert Markley, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press
    • Markley, Robert. 1996. "Boundaries: Mathematics, Alienation, and the Metaphysics of Cyberspace." In Virtual Realities and Their Discontents, ed. Robert Markley, 55-77. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
    • (1996) Virtual Realities and Their Discontents , pp. 55-77
    • Markley, R.1
  • 341
    • 0004276654 scopus 로고
    • London: Penguin Books
    • Marx, Karl. 1976. Capital, Vol. 1. London: Penguin Books.
    • (1976) Capital , vol.1
    • Marx, K.1
  • 343
    • 2342462083 scopus 로고
    • Ethnography of a Virtual Society, or How a Gangling, Wiry Half-Elf Found a Way to Fit In
    • Available at, (accessed July 7, 2006)
    • Masterson, John T. 1994. "Ethnography of a Virtual Society, or How a Gangling, Wiry Half-Elf Found a Way to Fit In." Available at: ftp://ftp.game.org/pub/mud/text/research/ethno.txt (accessed July 7, 2006).
    • (1994)
    • Masterson, J.T.1
  • 345
    • 13244254550 scopus 로고
    • A Category of the Human Mind: the Notion of Person; the Notion of 'Self.'
    • trans. Ben Brewster, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
    • Mauss, Marcel. 1979a [1938]. "A Category of the Human Mind: the Notion of Person; the Notion of 'Self.'" In his Sociology and Psychology: Essays by Marcel Mauss, trans. Ben Brewster, 57-94. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    • (1938) Sociology and Psychology: Essays by Marcel Mauss , pp. 57-94
    • Mauss, M.1
  • 346
    • 0008992142 scopus 로고
    • Body Techniques
    • trans. Ben Brewster, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
    • Mauss, Marcel. 1979b [1935]. "Body Techniques." In his Sociology and Psychology: Essays by Marcel Mauss, trans. Ben Brewster, 95-123. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    • (1935) Sociology and Psychology: Essays by Marcel Mauss , pp. 95-123
    • Mauss, M.1
  • 347
    • 84884106313 scopus 로고
    • The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • May, Timothy C. 1988 [2001 reprint]. "The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto." In Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias, ed. Peter Ludlow, 61-63. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1988) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias , pp. 61-63
    • May, T.C.1
  • 350
    • 85083235310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immersion, Engagement, and Presence: A Method for Analyzing 3-D Video Games
    • ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, New York: Routledge
    • McMahan, Alison. 2003. "Immersion, Engagement, and Presence: A Method for Analyzing 3-D Video Games." In The Video Game Theory Reader, ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, 67-86. New York: Routledge.
    • (2003) The Video Game Theory Reader , pp. 67-86
    • McMahan, A.1
  • 351
    • 85071802783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I'll Take My Stand in Dixie-Net: White Guys, the South, and Cyberspace
    • ed. Beth E. Kolko, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert B. Rodman, New York: Routledge
    • McPherson, Tara. 2000. "I'll Take My Stand in Dixie-Net: White Guys, the South, and Cyberspace." In Race in Cyberspace, ed. Beth E. Kolko, Lisa Nakamura, and Gilbert B. Rodman, 117-31. New York: Routledge.
    • (2000) Race in Cyberspace , pp. 117-131
    • McPherson, T.1
  • 352
    • 85134984563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flesh Made Word: Sex, Text, and the Virtual Body
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • McRae, Shannon. 1997. "Flesh Made Word: Sex, Text, and the Virtual Body." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 73-86. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 73-86
    • McRae, S.1
  • 354
    • 84924002304 scopus 로고
    • Preface to the 1950 Edition
    • first published in 1935], New York: Perennial
    • Mead, Margaret. 1950 [2001 reprint]. "Preface to the 1950 Edition." In Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies [first published in 1935], xxv-xxvii. New York: Perennial.
    • (1950) Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies , pp. 25-27
    • Mead, M.1
  • 358
    • 85134954980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I Flamed Freud: A Case Study in Teletextual Incendiarism
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Millard, William B. 1997. "I Flamed Freud: A Case Study in Teletextual Incendiarism." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 145-59. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 145-159
    • Millard, W.B.1
  • 361
    • 0008673371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyber: Sexual Chat on the Internet
    • Winter
    • Mills, Russell. 1998. "Cyber: Sexual Chat on the Internet." Journal of Popular Culture 32, 3(Winter):31-46.
    • (1998) Journal of Popular Culture , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 31-46
    • Mills, R.1
  • 365
    • 3342997060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Mnookin, Jennifer L. 2001. "Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO." In Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias, ed. Peter Ludlow, 245-301. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2001) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias , pp. 245-301
    • Mnookin, J.L.1
  • 366
    • 84884011299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the Basement to the Basic Set: The Early Years of Dungeons & Dragons
    • ed. Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Mona, Erik. 2007. "From the Basement to the Basic Set: The Early Years of Dungeons & Dragons." In Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable Media, ed. Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, 25-30. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2007) Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable Media , pp. 25-30
    • Mona, E.1
  • 367
    • 0002733210 scopus 로고
    • The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat
    • ed. Michael Benedikt, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Morningstar, Chip, and F. Randall Farmer. 1991. "The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat." In Cyberspace: First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt, 273-301. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1991) Cyberspace: First Steps , pp. 273-301
    • Morningstar, C.1    Randall Farmer, F.2
  • 369
    • 5544318949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Let Us Become Radio Mechanics': Technology and National Identity in Late-Colonial Netherlands East Indies
    • January
    • Mrázek, Rudolf. 1997. "'Let Us Become Radio Mechanics': Technology and National Identity in Late-Colonial Netherlands East Indies." Comparative Studies in Society and History 39, 1(January):3-33.
    • (1997) Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-33
    • Mrázek, R.1
  • 372
    • 84926279827 scopus 로고
    • The Height of Her Powers: Margaret Mead's Samoa
    • Summer
    • Nardi, Bonnie. 1984. "The Height of Her Powers: Margaret Mead's Samoa." Feminist Studies 10, 2(Summer):323-37.
    • (1984) Feminist Studies , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 323-337
    • Nardi, B.1
  • 376
    • 84884063611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Memory Palace
    • (November 9). Available at, accessed February 19, 2007
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2005. "The Memory Palace." Second Thoughts, (November 9). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2005/11/the_memory_pala.html (accessed February 19, 2007).
    • (2005) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 377
    • 84884030531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Real Awful Stuff
    • (December 26). Available at, accessed December 27, 2006
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2006a. "The Real Awful Stuff." Second Thoughts, (December 26). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/griefers_scammers_criminals/index.html (accessed December 27, 2006).
    • (2006) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 378
    • 84883955458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Island vs. Mainland
    • (October 29). Available at, (accessed November 26, 2006)
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2006b. "Island vs. Mainland." Second Thoughts, (October 29). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/current_affairs/index.html (accessed November 26, 2006).
    • (2006) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 379
    • 84883963516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Coup in Second Life
    • September 16). Available at, accessed September 20, 2006
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2006c. "A Coup in Second Life." Second Thoughts, (September 16). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2006/09/index.html (accessed September 20, 2006).
    • (2006) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 380
    • 84883932154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FIC-o-Pedia
    • March 21). Available at, (accessed January 7, 2007)
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2006d. "FIC-o-Pedia." Second Thoughts, (March 21). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2006/03/ficopedia.html (accessed January 7, 2007).
    • (2006) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 381
    • 84883936538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ageplay or Pageplay? War Vet Camps New Virtual Capitol Hill
    • January 4). Available at, accessed January 5, 2007
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2007a. "Ageplay or Pageplay? War Vet Camps New Virtual Capitol Hill." Second Life Herald, (January 4). Available at: http://www.secondlifeherald.com/slh/2007/01/page_play_or_ag.html (accessed January 5, 2007).
    • (2007) Second Life Herald
    • Neva, P.1
  • 382
    • 84883923130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'How many Grateful Dead Concerts?' 'Zero.'
    • June 14). Available at, (accessed June 20, 2007)
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2007b. "'How many Grateful Dead Concerts?' 'Zero.'" Second Thoughts, (June 14). Available at: http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2007/06/how_many_gratef.html (accessed June 20, 2007).
    • (2007) Second Thoughts
    • Neva, P.1
  • 383
    • 84884092084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Medicis of Second Life
    • (March 26). Available at, accessed March 29, 2007
    • Neva, Prokofy. 2007c. "The Medicis of Second Life." Second Life Herald, (March 26). Available at: http://www.secondlifeherald.com/slh/2007/03/the_medicis_of_.html (accessed March 29, 2007).
    • (2007) Second Life Herald
    • Neva, P.1
  • 385
    • 84883907763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New World Numbers
    • November 16, Available at, accessed January 3, 2007
    • Nino, Tateru. 2006. "New World Numbers." New World Notes, (November 16). Available at: http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2006/11/new_world_numbe.html (accessed January 3, 2007).
    • (2006) New World Notes
    • Nino, T.1
  • 386
  • 389
    • 44449123278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escaping the Gilded Cage: User Created Content and Building the Metaverse
    • Available at:, (accessed December 1, 2004)
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2004a. "Escaping the Gilded Cage: User Created Content and Building the Metaverse." Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=538362 (accessed December 1, 2004).
    • (2004)
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 390
    • 77951704631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living on the Edge: Digital Worlds Which Embrace the Real World
    • Available at, accessed December 1, 2004
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2004b. "Living on the Edge: Digital Worlds Which Embrace the Real World." Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=555661 (accessed December 1, 2004).
    • (2004)
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 391
    • 44449094972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Piece of Place: Modeling the Digital on the Real in Second Life
    • Available at, (accessed December 1, 2004)
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2004c. "A Piece of Place: Modeling the Digital on the Real in Second Life." Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=555883 (accessed December 1, 2004).
    • (2004)
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 392
    • 70449553943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aviators, Moguls, Fashionistas, and Barons: Economics and Ownership in Second Life
    • Available at, (accessed January 1, 2007)
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2004d. "Aviators, Moguls, Fashionistas, and Barons: Economics and Ownership in Second Life." Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=614663 (accessed January 1, 2007).
    • (2004)
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 393
    • 34547564197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finding Common Ground in New Worlds
    • January
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2006a. "Finding Common Ground in New Worlds." Games and Culture 1, 1(January): 111-15.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-115
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 394
    • 84884058299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of CopyBot and Similar Tools a ToS Violation
    • (November 14). Avaliable at, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Ondrejka (Linden), Cory R. 2006b. "Use of CopyBot and Similar Tools a ToS Violation." (November 14). Avaliable at: http://blog.secondlife.com/2006/11/14/use-of-copybot-and-similar-tools-a-tos-violation (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Ondrejka Linden, C.R.1
  • 395
    • 84923981418 scopus 로고
    • London: Methuen
    • Ong, Walter. 1982. Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen.
    • (1982)
    • Ong, W.1
  • 397
    • 33847253922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From Online to Offline and Back: Moving from Online to Offline Relationships with Research Informants
    • ed. Christine Hine, Oxford: Berg
    • Orgad, Shani. 2005. "From Online to Offline and Back: Moving from Online to Offline Relationships with Research Informants." In Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet, ed. Christine Hine, 51-65. Oxford: Berg.
    • (2005) Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet , pp. 51-65
    • Orgad, S.1
  • 398
    • 0002850051 scopus 로고
    • Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?
    • ed. Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, Stanford: Stanford University Press
    • Ortner, Sherry. 1974a. "Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" In Woman, Culture, and Society, ed. Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, 67-87. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    • (1974) Woman, Culture, and Society , pp. 67-87
    • Ortner, S.1
  • 399
    • 26444565810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So, Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?
    • Boston: Beacon Press
    • Ortner, Sherry. 1996. "So, Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?" In her Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture, 173-80. Boston: Beacon Press.
    • (1996) Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture , pp. 173-180
    • Ortner, S.1
  • 402
    • 3042513557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting the Seats of Your Pants Dirty: Strategies for Ethnographic Research on Virtual Communities
    • June
    • Paccagnella, Luciano. 1997. "Getting the Seats of Your Pants Dirty: Strategies for Ethnographic Research on Virtual Communities." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1(June).
    • (1997) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.3 , Issue.1
    • Paccagnella, L.1
  • 406
    • 34547198455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productive Play: Game Culture from the Bottom Up
    • January
    • Pearce, Celia. 2006b. "Productive Play: Game Culture from the Bottom Up." Games and Culture 1, 1(January):17-24.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-24
    • Pearce, C.1
  • 407
    • 54949106983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communities of Play: The Social Construction of Identity in Persistent Online Game Worlds
    • ed. Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Pearce, Celia. 2007. "Communities of Play: The Social Construction of Identity in Persistent Online Game Worlds." In Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable Media, ed. Pat Harrigan and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, 311-17. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2007) Second Person: Role-Playing and Story in Games and Playable Media , pp. 311-317
    • Pearce, C.1
  • 408
    • 84923993166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edgeplay
    • Available at, (accessed December 24, 2006)
    • Pettus, Jason. 2006. "Edgeplay." In the Grid 1(October):16-24. Available at: http://www.jasonpettus.com/inthegrid/itg01us.pdf (accessed December 24, 2006).
    • (2006) The Grid 1(October) , pp. 16-24
    • Pettus, J.1
  • 409
    • 84976943319 scopus 로고
    • The Future Looms: Weaving Women and Cybernetics
    • ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, London: Sage
    • Plant, Sadie. 1995. "The Future Looms: Weaving Women and Cybernetics." In Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment, ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, 45-64. London: Sage.
    • (1995) Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment , pp. 45-64
    • Plant, S.1
  • 410
    • 84884083865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectionism and the Posthumanities
    • ed. Warren Chernaik, Marilyn Deegan, and Andrew Gibson, Oxford: Office for Humanities Communication
    • Plant, Sadie. 1996. "Connectionism and the Posthumanities." In Beyond the Book: Theory, Culture, and the Politics of Cyberspace, ed. Warren Chernaik, Marilyn Deegan, and Andrew Gibson, 33-41. Oxford: Office for Humanities Communication.
    • (1996) Beyond the Book: Theory, Culture, and the Politics of Cyberspace , pp. 33-41
    • Plant, S.1
  • 414
    • 0035373972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Everything Else, There's . . .
    • Summer
    • Poovey, Mary. 2001. "For Everything Else, There's . . ." Social Research 68, 2(Summer): 397-426.
    • (2001) Social Research , vol.68 , Issue.2 , pp. 397-426
    • Poovey, M.1
  • 417
    • 0003336651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postmodern Virtualities
    • ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, London: Routledge
    • Poster, Mark. 1996. "Postmodern Virtualities." In FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture, ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, 183-202. London: Routledge.
    • (1996) Future Natural: Nature, Science, Culture , pp. 183-202
    • Poster, M.1
  • 418
    • 0002127506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Ethnicity: Tribal Identity in an Age of Global Communications
    • ed. Steven G. Jones, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
    • Poster, Mark. 1998. "Virtual Ethnicity: Tribal Identity in an Age of Global Communications." In CyberSociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community, ed. Steven G. Jones, 184-211. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    • (1998) CyberSociety 2.0: Revisiting Computer-Mediated Communication and Community , pp. 184-211
    • Poster, M.1
  • 419
    • 0346074095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theorizing Virtual Reality: Baudrillard and Derrida
    • ed. Marie-Laure Ryan, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • Poster, Mark. 1999. "Theorizing Virtual Reality: Baudrillard and Derrida." In Cyberspace Textuality: Computer Technology and Literary Theory, ed. Marie-Laure Ryan, 42-60. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    • (1999) Cyberspace Textuality: Computer Technology and Literary Theory , pp. 42-60
    • Poster, M.1
  • 422
    • 0040160721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persons and Things: An Ethnographic Analogy
    • February
    • Pottage, Alain. 2001. "Persons and Things: An Ethnographic Analogy." Economy and Society 30, 1(February):112-38.
    • (2001) Economy and Society , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 112-138
    • Pottage, A.1
  • 423
    • 84883987275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The God of the Digerati
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Purdy, Jedediah S. 2001. "The God of the Digerati." In Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias, ed. Peter Ludlow, 353-62. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2001) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias , pp. 353-362
    • Purdy, J.S.1
  • 425
    • 0002098336 scopus 로고
    • On Social Structure
    • (originally published in 1940), In his New York: Free Press
    • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952. "On Social Structure" (originally published in 1940). In his Structure and Function in Primitive Society, 188-204. New York: Free Press.
    • (1952) Structure and Function in Primitive Society , pp. 188-204
    • Radcliffe-brown, A.R.1
  • 426
    • 0142230996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in the Contemporary Philippines
    • Fall
    • Rafael, Vicente. 2003. "The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in the Contemporary Philippines." Public Culture 15, 3(Fall):399-425.
    • (2003) Public Culture , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 399-425
    • Rafael, V.1
  • 429
    • 20444466921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'My Blog Is Me': Texts and Persons in UK Online Journal Culture (and Anthropology)
    • June
    • Reed, Adam. 2005. "'My Blog Is Me': Texts and Persons in UK Online Journal Culture (and Anthropology)." Ethnos 70, 2(June):220-42.
    • (2005) Ethnos , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 220-242
    • Reed, A.1
  • 430
    • 0000938686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Text-based Virtual Realities: Identity and the Cyborg Body
    • ed. Peter Ludlow, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Reid, Elizabeth M. 1996. "Text-based Virtual Realities: Identity and the Cyborg Body." In High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace, ed. Peter Ludlow, 327-45. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1996) High Noon on the Electronic Frontier: Conceptual Issues in Cyberspace , pp. 327-345
    • Reid, E.M.1
  • 431
    • 0002337744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchy and Power: Social Control in Cyberspace
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Reid, Elizabeth M. 1999. "Hierarchy and Power: Social Control in Cyberspace." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 107-33. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 107-133
    • Reid, E.M.1
  • 433
    • 84884079155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anshe Chung Battles 'PR Hype' with Some of Her Own
    • (November 29). Available at, (accessed December 26, 2006)
    • Reuters [Pasick], Adam. 2006. "Anshe Chung Battles 'PR Hype' with Some of Her Own." Reuters, (November 29). Available at: http://secondlife.reuters.com/stories/2006/11/29/anshe-chung-battles-pr-hype-with-some-of-her-own (accessed December 26, 2006).
    • (2006) Reuters
    • Reuters Pasick, A.1
  • 434
    • 84883984832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gauging the Second Life Hype Cycle
    • (January 2). Available at, (accessed January 2, 2007)
    • Reuters [Pasick], Adam. 2007. "Gauging the Second Life Hype Cycle." Reuters, (January 2). Available at: http://secondlife.reuters.com/stories/2007/01/02/gauging-the-second-life-hype-cycle (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2007) Reuters
    • Reuters Pasick, A.1
  • 435
    • 84883916330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Countdown to SL Backlash
    • Available at, (accessed January 1, 2007)
    • Reynolds, Ren. 2006. "Countdown to SL Backlash." Available at: http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2006/12/countdown_to_ba.html#comments (accessed January 1, 2007).
    • (2006)
    • Reynolds, R.1
  • 436
    • 0003999995 scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon and Schuster
    • Rheingold, Howard. 1991. Virtual Reality. New York: Simon and Schuster.
    • (1991) Virtual Reality
    • Rheingold, H.1
  • 438
    • 84884071452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RIAA-styled Rage in Second Life-by Everyday People
    • (November 13). Available at, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Rice, Eric. 2006. "RIAA-styled Rage in Second Life-by Everyday People." (November 13). Available at: http://www.ericrice.com/blog/?p=199 (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Rice, E.1
  • 440
    • 0003598937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
    • Riles, Annelise. 2000. The Network Inside Out. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • (2000) The Network Inside Out
    • Riles, A.1
  • 441
    • 84937180492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Social Geography of Gender-Switching in Virtual Environments on the Internet
    • December
    • Roberts, Lynne D., and Malcolm R. Parks. 1999. "The Social Geography of Gender-Switching in Virtual Environments on the Internet." Information, Communication, and Society 2, 4(December):521-40.
    • (1999) Information, Communication, and Society , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 521-540
    • Roberts, L.D.1    Parks, M.R.2
  • 442
    • 33750480719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foreword
    • ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, New York: Routledge
    • Robinett, Warren. 2003. "Foreword." In The Video Game Theory Reader, ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, vii-xix. New York: Routledge.
    • (2003) The Video Game Theory Reader , pp. 7-19
    • Robinett, W.1
  • 445
    • 84884024218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtuality and Plurality
    • ed. Alexander Riegler, Markus F. Peschl, Karl Edlinger, Gunther Fleck, and Walter Feigl, Frankfurt: Peter Lang
    • Ropolyi, Laszlo. 2001. "Virtuality and Plurality." In Virtual Reality: Cognitive Foundations, Technological Issues, and Philosophical Implications, ed. Alexander Riegler, Markus F. Peschl, Karl Edlinger, Gunther Fleck, and Walter Feigl, 167-87. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
    • (2001) Virtual Reality: Cognitive Foundations, Technological Issues, and Philosophical Implications , pp. 167-187
    • Ropolyi, L.1
  • 447
    • 11444266618 scopus 로고
    • Virtual Reality: Reflections of Life, Dreams, and Technology: An Ethnography of a Computer Society
    • Available at, (accessed July 10, 2006)
    • Rosenberg, Michael S. 1992. "Virtual Reality: Reflections of Life, Dreams, and Technology: An Ethnography of a Computer Society." Available at: http://www.eff.org/Net_culture/MOO_MUD_IRC/rosenberg_vr_reflections.paper (accessed July 10, 2006).
    • (1992)
    • Rosenberg, M.S.1
  • 448
    • 0002087154 scopus 로고
    • Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality
    • ed. Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin, New York: Routledge
    • Rubin, Gayle. 1993. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality." In The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, ed. Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin, 3-44. New York: Routledge.
    • (1993) The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader , pp. 3-44
    • Rubin, G.1
  • 450
    • 84996196793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Virtual Ethnographer: Fieldwork in Distributed Electronic Environments
    • February
    • Ruhleder, Karen. 2000. "The Virtual Ethnographer: Fieldwork in Distributed Electronic Environments." Field Methods 12, 1(February):3-17.
    • (2000) Field Methods , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-17
    • Ruhleder, K.1
  • 459
    • 0002379791 scopus 로고
    • Playing
    • January
    • Schechner, Richard. 1988. "Playing." Play and Culture 1, 1(January):3-20.
    • (1988) Play and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-20
    • Schechner, R.1
  • 461
    • 0942269518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social Interaction in Virtual Environments: Key Issues, Common Themes, and a Framework for Research
    • ed. Ralph Schroeder, London: Springer-Verlag
    • Schroeder, Ralph. 2002. "Social Interaction in Virtual Environments: Key Issues, Common Themes, and a Framework for Research." In The Social Life of Avatars: Presence and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments, ed. Ralph Schroeder, 1-18. London: Springer-Verlag.
    • (2002) The Social Life of Avatars: Presence and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments , pp. 1-18
    • Schroeder, R.1
  • 462
    • 33748665781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Being There Together and the Future of Connected Presence
    • August
    • Schroeder, Ralph. 2006. "Being There Together and the Future of Connected Presence." Presence 15, 4(August):438-54.
    • (2006) Presence , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 438-454
    • Schroeder, R.1
  • 463
    • 0012272649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sacred and the Virtual: Religion in Multi-User Virtual Reality
    • December). Available at, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Schroeder, Ralph, Noel Heather, and Raymond M. Lee. 1998. "The Sacred and the Virtual: Religion in Multi-User Virtual Reality." Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 4, 2(December). Available at: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue2/schroeder.html (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (1998) Journal of Computer Mediated Communication , vol.4 , Issue.2
    • Schroeder, R.1    Heather, N.2    Lee, R.M.3
  • 464
    • 84883920585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lighter Side of Meridian 59's History
    • ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, Indianapolis: New Riders
    • Schubert, Damion. 2003. "The Lighter Side of Meridian 59's History." In Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide, ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, 361-71. Indianapolis: New Riders.
    • (2003) Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide , pp. 361-371
    • Schubert, D.1
  • 468
    • 0036329451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname
    • January
    • Scott, James C., John Tehranian, and Jeremy Mathias. 2002. "The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States: The Case of the Permanent Family Surname." Comparative Studies in Society and History 44, 1(January):4-44.
    • (2002) Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-44
    • Scott, J.C.1    Tehranian, J.2    Mathias, J.3
  • 469
    • 34748833291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Loses its Virtues
    • February 22, Available at, accessed February 25, 2007
    • Semuels, Alana. 2007. "Virtual Loses its Virtues." Los Angeles Times, (February 22). Available at: http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-fi-second22feb22,1,4841916,full.story?coll=la-headlines-entnews (accessed February 25, 2007).
    • (2007) Los Angeles Times
    • Semuels, A.1
  • 472
    • 0030504080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The History of Samoan Sexual Conduct and the Mead-Freeman Controversy
    • (September)
    • Shankman, Paul. 1996. "The History of Samoan Sexual Conduct and the Mead-Freeman Controversy." American Anthropologist 98, 3 (September):555-67.
    • (1996) American Anthropologist , vol.98 , Issue.3 , pp. 555-567
    • Shankman, P.1
  • 474
    • 84884029731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Life: What are the Real Numbers?
    • December 12). Available at, accessed December 24, 2006
    • Shirky, Clay. 2006. "Second Life: What are the Real Numbers?" Many-to-Many, (December 12). Available at: http://many.corante.com/archives/2006/12/12/second_life_what_are_the_real_numbers.php (accessed December 24, 2006).
    • (2006) Many-to-Many
    • Shirky, C.1
  • 475
    • 84884093186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Life, Games, and Virtual Worlds
    • (January 29). Available at, accessed February 1, 2007
    • Shirky, Clay. 2007. "Second Life, Games, and Virtual Worlds." Many-to-Many, (January 29). Available at: http://many.corante.com/archives/2007/01/29/second_life_games_and_virtual_worlds.php (accessed February 1, 2007).
    • (2007) Many-to-Many
    • Shirky, C.1
  • 477
    • 79960909622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where Real Money Meets Virtual Reality, the Jury is Still Out
    • (December 26). Available at, (accessed January 2, 2007)
    • Sipress, Alan. 2006. "Where Real Money Meets Virtual Reality, the Jury is Still Out." Washington Post, (December 26). Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/25/AR2006122500635.html (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2006) Washington Post
    • Sipress, A.1
  • 478
    • 0040756284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems of Conflict Management in Virtual Communities
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Smith, Anna DuVal. 1999. "Problems of Conflict Management in Virtual Communities." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 134-63. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 134-163
    • Smith, A.D.1
  • 480
    • 0000149748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invisible Crowds in Cyberspace: Mapping the Social Structure of the Usenet
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Smith, Marc A. 1999. "Invisible Crowds in Cyberspace: Mapping the Social Structure of the Usenet." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 195-219. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 195-219
    • Smith, M.A.1
  • 481
    • 0002177431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Production of Nature
    • ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, London: Routledge
    • Smith, Neil. 1996. "The Production of Nature." In FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture, ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam, 35-54. London: Routledge.
    • (1996) Future Natural: Nature, Science, Culture , pp. 35-54
    • Smith, N.1
  • 484
    • 0003006304 scopus 로고
    • Can the Subaltern Speak?
    • ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, Urbana: University of Illinois Press
    • Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1988. "Can the Subaltern Speak?" In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271-313. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
    • (1988) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture , pp. 271-313
    • Spivak, G.C.1
  • 485
    • 85071323441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Telephone: Its Social Shaping and Public Negotiation in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century London
    • ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, London: Routledge
    • Stein, Jeremy. 1999. "The Telephone: Its Social Shaping and Public Negotiation in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century London." In Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations, ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, 44-62. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations , pp. 44-62
    • Stein, J.1
  • 486
    • 35148897398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • My So-Called Second Life
    • (December 25), 76-77
    • Stein, Joel. 2006. "My So-Called Second Life." Time 168, 26 (December 25):40-41, 76-77.
    • (2006) Time , vol.168 , Issue.26 , pp. 40-41
    • Stein, J.1
  • 487
    • 33750021793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where Everybody Knows Your (Screen) Name: Online Games as 'Third Places
    • article 1. Available at, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Steinkuehler, Constance, and Dimitri Williams. 2006. "Where Everybody Knows Your (Screen) Name: Online Games as 'Third Places.'" Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11, 4, article 1. Available at: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/steinkuehler.html (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (2006) Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , vol.11 , Issue.4
    • Steinkuehler, C.1    Williams, D.2
  • 488
  • 490
    • 33748691948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Sterling, Bruce. 2005. Shaping Things. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (2005) Shaping Things
    • Sterling, B.1
  • 492
    • 84985084394 scopus 로고
    • Defining Virtual Reality: Dimensions Determining Telepresence
    • Autumn
    • Steuer, Jonathan. 1992. "Defining Virtual Reality: Dimensions Determining Telepresence." Journal of Communication 42, 4(Autumn):73-93.
    • (1992) Journal of Communication , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 73-93
    • Steuer, J.1
  • 494
    • 0442321281 scopus 로고
    • The Basic Assumptions of Boasian Anthropology
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Stocking, George W., Jr. 1974. "The Basic Assumptions of Boasian Anthropology." In his The Franz Boas Reader, 1-20. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1974) The Franz Boas Reader , pp. 1-20
    • Stocking, G.W.1
  • 495
    • 0001880405 scopus 로고
    • Will the Real Body Please Stand Up? Boundary Stories about Virtual Cultures
    • ed. Michael Benedikt, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Stone, Allucquère Rosanne. 1991. "Will the Real Body Please Stand Up? Boundary Stories about Virtual Cultures." In Cyberspace: First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt, 81-118. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1991) Cyberspace: First Steps , pp. 81-118
    • Stone, A.R.1
  • 497
    • 84872435046 scopus 로고
    • Discovering 'Social Control
    • (Summer)
    • Strathern, Marilyn. 1985. "Discovering 'Social Control.'" Journal of Law and Society 12, 2 (Summer):111-34.
    • (1985) Journal of Law and Society , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-134
    • Strathern, M.1
  • 499
    • 0004282738 scopus 로고
    • Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
    • Stone, Allucquère Rosanne. 1991. Partial Connections. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
    • (1991) Partial Connections
    • Stone, A.R.1
  • 503
    • 8844254320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abstraction and Decontextualization: An Anthropological Comment
    • ed. Steve Woolgar, Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Stone, Allucquère Rosanne. 2002. "Abstraction and Decontextualization: An Anthropological Comment." In Virtual Society? Technology, Cyberbole, Reality, ed. Steve Woolgar, 302-13. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (2002) Virtual Society? Technology, Cyberbole, Reality , pp. 302-313
    • Stone, A.R.1
  • 506
    • 0003997320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Psychology of Cyberspace
    • Available at, (accessed October 27, 2006)
    • Suler, John. 1996. "The Psychology of Cyberspace." Available at: http://www.rider.edu/users/suler/psycyber/psycyber.html (accessed October 27, 2006).
    • (1996)
    • Suler, J.1
  • 509
    • 84858981304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyberlove: Creating Romanic Relationships on the Net
    • ed. Johan Fornäs, Kajsa Klein, Martina Ladendorf, Jenny Sundén, and Malin Sveningsson, New York: Peter Lang
    • Sveningsson, Malin. 2002. "Cyberlove: Creating Romanic Relationships on the Net." In Digital Borderlands: Cultural Studies of Identity and Interactivity on the Internet, ed. Johan Fornäs, Kajsa Klein, Martina Ladendorf, Jenny Sundén, and Malin Sveningsson, 48-78. New York: Peter Lang.
    • (2002) Digital Borderlands: Cultural Studies of Identity and Interactivity on the Internet , pp. 48-78
    • Sveningsson, M.1
  • 510
    • 84884042193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CopyBot Controversy
    • November 15). Available at, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Takashi, Tao. 2006. "The CopyBot Controversy." (November 15). Available at: http://taotakashi.wordpress.com/2006/11/15/the-copybot-controversy (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006)
    • Takashi, T.1
  • 511
    • 84884073217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing Deviant Behavior in Online Worlds
    • ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, Indianapolis: New Riders
    • Talin. 2003. "Managing Deviant Behavior in Online Worlds." In Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide, ed. Jessica Mulligan and Bridgette Patrovsky, 347-60. Indianapolis: New Riders.
    • (2003) Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide , pp. 347-360
    • Talin1
  • 514
    • 70349356352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond Management: Considering Participatory Design and Governance in Player Culture
    • Available at, (accessed December 15, 2006)
    • Taylor, T. L. 2006b. "Beyond Management: Considering Participatory Design and Governance in Player Culture." First Monday, special issue 7. Available at: http://firstmonday.org/issues/special11_9/taylor (accessed December 15, 2006).
    • (2006) First Monday , Issue.7
    • Taylor, T.L.1
  • 515
    • 85134939579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Tepper, Michele. 1997. "Usenet Communities and the Cultural Politics of Information." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 39-54. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 39-54
    • Tepper, M.1
  • 516
    • 84883957408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phony Kids, Virtual Sex
    • (April 12). Available at, (accessed April 24, 2006)
    • Teriman, Daniel. 2006. "Phony Kids, Virtual Sex." CNet, (April 12). Available at: http://news.com.com/Phony+kids,+virtual+sex/2100-1043_3-6060132.html (accessed April 24, 2006).
    • (2006) CNet
    • Teriman, D.1
  • 517
    • 84884027555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power, Play and Performance: Studying Virtual Worlds
    • Paper presented at the Society for the Social Studies of Science conference, (October 21). Pasadena, California.
    • Thomas, Douglas. 2005. "Power, Play and Performance: Studying Virtual Worlds." Paper presented at the Society for the Social Studies of Science conference, (October 21). Pasadena, California.
    • (2005)
    • Thomas, D.1
  • 518
    • 0037650830 scopus 로고
    • Introds. by Ronald Gross and Dorothy Canfield Fisher. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
    • Tilgher, Adriano. 1930. Homo Faber: Work through the Ages. Introds. by Ronald Gross and Dorothy Canfield Fisher. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company.
    • (1930) Homo Faber: Work through the Ages
    • Tilgher, A.1
  • 519
  • 520
    • 0042419697 scopus 로고
    • On Fairy Stories
    • New York: Ballantine Books
    • Tolkien, J.R.R. 1966. "On Fairy Stories." In his The Tolkien Reader, 3-84. New York: Ballantine Books.
    • (1966) The Tolkien Reader , pp. 3-84
    • Tolkien, J.R.R.1
  • 521
    • 0010827181 scopus 로고
    • Old Rituals for New Space: Rites de Passage and William Gibson's Cultural Model of Cyberspace
    • ed. Michael Benedikt, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
    • Tomas, David. 1991. "Old Rituals for New Space: Rites de Passage and William Gibson's Cultural Model of Cyberspace." In Cyberspace: First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt, 31-47. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    • (1991) Cyberspace: First Steps , pp. 31-47
    • Tomas, D.1
  • 522
    • 84976942566 scopus 로고
    • Feedback and Cybernetics: Reimagining the Body in the Age of the Cyborg
    • ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, London: Sage
    • Tomas, David. 1995. "Feedback and Cybernetics: Reimagining the Body in the Age of the Cyborg." In Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment, ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, 21-43. London: Sage.
    • (1995) Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment , pp. 21-43
    • Tomas, D.1
  • 523
    • 0038969300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence in Text-Based Networked Virtual Environments or 'MUDS'
    • (October)
    • Towell, John, and Elizabeth Towell. 1997. "Presence in Text-Based Networked Virtual Environments or 'MUDS'." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 5(October): 590-95.
    • (1997) Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments , vol.6 , Issue.5 , pp. 590-595
    • Towell, J.1    Towell, E.2
  • 528
    • 0002251684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDs
    • ed. Sara Kiesler, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • Turkle, Sherry. 1997. "Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDs." In Culture of the Internet, ed. Sara Kiesler, 143-55. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (1997) Culture of the Internet , pp. 143-155
    • Turkle, S.1
  • 530
    • 33744729966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Place, Sense of Place, and Presence
    • April
    • Turner, Phil, and Susan Turner. 2006. "Place, Sense of Place, and Presence." Presence 15, 2(April):204-17.
    • (2006) Presence , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 204-217
    • Turner, P.1    Turner, S.2
  • 535
    • 0005497341 scopus 로고
    • The Strange Case of the Electronic Lover
    • ed. Charles Dunlop and Rob Kling, Boston: Academic Press
    • Van Gelder, Lindsey. 1991 [1985]. "The Strange Case of the Electronic Lover." In Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices, ed. Charles Dunlop and Rob Kling, 364-75. Boston: Academic Press.
    • (1985) Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices , pp. 364-375
    • Lindsey, V.G.1
  • 537
    • 84884029686 scopus 로고
    • The Theory of the Lesiure Class
    • New York: Dover Publications
    • Veblen, Thorstein. 1899 [1994]. The Theory of the Lesiure Class. New York: Dover Publications.
    • (1899)
    • Veblen, T.1
  • 539
    • 84884093828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time for Democracy?
    • (November 27), Available at, (accessed December 31, 2006)
    • Venera, Chaos. 2006. "Time for Democracy?" theKonstrukt 5 (November 27):8-9. Available at: http://www.theKonstrukt.com/magz/Konstrukt5.pdf (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2006) TheKonstrukt , vol.5 , pp. 8-9
    • Venera, C.1
  • 541
    • 0003649934 scopus 로고
    • Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • Virilio, Paul. 1994. The Vision Machine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    • (1994) The Vision Machine
    • Virilio, P.1
  • 544
    • 85071304673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and the Landscapes of Computing in an Internet Café
    • ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, London: Routledge
    • Wakeford, Nina. 1999. "Gender and the Landscapes of Computing in an Internet Café." In Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations, ed. Mike Crang, Phil Crang, and Jon May, 178-201. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Virtual Geographies: Bodies, Space, and Relations , pp. 178-201
    • Wakeford, N.1
  • 545
    • 0842269170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyberqueer
    • ed. David Bell and Barbara M. Kennedy, London: Routledge
    • Wakeford, Nina. 2000. "Cyberqueer." In The Cybercultures Reader, ed. David Bell and Barbara M. Kennedy, 403-15. London: Routledge.
    • (2000) The Cybercultures Reader , pp. 403-415
    • Wakeford, N.1
  • 546
    • 84923981417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philip Rosedale: Boy Hacker
    • (August 23). Available at, (accessed January 2, 2007)
    • Wallace, Mark. 2006. "Philip Rosedale: Boy Hacker." 3pointD.com, (August 23). Available at: http://www.3pointd.com/20060823/philip-rosedale-boy-hacker (accessed January 2, 2007).
    • (2006) 3pointD.com
    • Wallace, M.1
  • 547
    • 84883976214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SL's Tringo Hits RL Markets
    • (March 3). Available at, accessed December 31, 2006
    • Walsh, Tony. 2005. "SL's Tringo Hits RL Markets." Clickable Culture, (March 3). Available at: http://secretlair.com/index.php?/clickableculture/entry/sls_tringo_hits_rl_markets (accessed December 31, 2006).
    • (2005) Clickable Culture
    • Walsh, T.1
  • 548
    • 84884076565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Second Life' Through a Hype-Cycle Lens
    • (January 1). Available at, (accessed January 7, 2007)
    • Walsh, Tony. 2007. "'Second Life' Through a Hype-Cycle Lens." Clickable Culture, (January 1). Available at: http://www.secretlair.com/index.php?/clickableculture/entry/second_life_through_a_hype_cycle_lens (accessed January 7, 2007).
    • (2007) Clickable Culture
    • Walsh, T.1
  • 550
    • 55349083376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Wark, McKenzie. 2007. Gamer Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (2007) Gamer Theory
    • Wark, M.1
  • 554
    • 31344459922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Feenin': Posthuman Voices in Contemporary Black Popular Music
    • (Summer)
    • Weheliye, Alexander. 2002. "'Feenin': Posthuman Voices in Contemporary Black Popular Music." Social Text 20, 2(Summer):21-47.
    • (2002) Social Text , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 21-47
    • Weheliye, A.1
  • 555
    • 84982359577 scopus 로고
    • Ethnographic Determinism: Samoa and the Margaret Mead Controversy
    • (December)
    • Weiner, Annette B. 1983. "Ethnographic Determinism: Samoa and the Margaret Mead Controversy." American Anthropologist 85, 4(December):909-18.
    • (1983) American Anthropologist , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 909-918
    • Weiner, A.B.1
  • 557
    • 0001419886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virtual Communities as Communities: Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone
    • ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, London: Routledge
    • Wellman, Barry, and Milena Gulia. 1999. "Virtual Communities as Communities: Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone." In Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, 167-94. London: Routledge.
    • (1999) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 167-194
    • Wellman, B.1    Gulia, M.2
  • 560
    • 85171500806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Virtual Anthropologist
    • ed. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Weston, Kath. 1997. "The Virtual Anthropologist." In Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science, ed. Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson, 163-84. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    • (1997) Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science , pp. 163-184
    • Weston, K.1
  • 565
    • 85134969391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Archaeology of Cyberspaces: Virtuality, Community, Identity
    • ed. David Porter, New York: Routledge
    • Wilbur, Shawn P. 1997. "An Archaeology of Cyberspaces: Virtuality, Community, Identity." In Internet Culture, ed. David Porter, 5-22. New York: Routledge.
    • (1997) Internet Culture , pp. 5-22
    • Wilbur, S.P.1
  • 568
    • 0040668962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Always Already Virtual: Feminist Politics in Cyberspace
    • ed. David Holmes, London: Sage
    • Wise, Patricia. 1997. "Always Already Virtual: Feminist Politics in Cyberspace." In Virtual Politics: Identity and Community in Cyberspace, ed. David Holmes, 179-96. London: Sage.
    • (1997) Virtual Politics: Identity and Community in Cyberspace , pp. 179-196
    • Wise, P.1
  • 569
    • 84884093420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So You Want to Go to Gor?
    • August, Available at, accessed December 17, 2006
    • Witte, Deeeep. 2006. "So You Want to Go to Gor?" Slatenight 1, 2(August):10. Available at: http://www.slatenight.com (accessed December 17, 2006).
    • (2006) Slatenight , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 10
    • Witte, D.1
  • 570
    • 0035542308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a Network Sociality
    • December
    • Wittel, Andreas. 2001. "Toward a Network Sociality." Theory, Culture and Society 18, 6(December):51-76.
    • (2001) Theory, Culture and Society , vol.18 , Issue.6 , pp. 51-76
    • Wittel, A.1
  • 571
    • 4744356584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Space in the Video Game
    • ed. Mark J. P. Wolf, Austin: University of Texas Press
    • Wolf, Mark J. P. 2001. "Space in the Video Game." In The Medium of the Video Game, ed. Mark J. P. Wolf, 51-75. Austin: University of Texas Press.
    • (2001) The Medium of the Video Game , pp. 51-75
    • Wolf, M.J.P.1
  • 572
    • 85083209408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, New York: Routledge
    • Wolf, Mark J. P., and Bernard Perron. 2003. "Introduction." In The Video Game Theory Reader, ed. Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, 1-11. New York: Routledge.
    • (2003) The Video Game Theory Reader , pp. 1-11
    • Wolf, M.J.P.1    Perron, B.2
  • 576
    • 21644465040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ariadne-Understanding MMORPG Addiction
    • Avaliable at, (accessed December 23, 2006)
    • Yee, Nick. 2002. "Ariadne-Understanding MMORPG Addiction." Avaliable at: http://www.nickyee.com/hub/addiction/home.htm (accessed December 23, 2006).
    • (2002)
    • Yee, N.1
  • 577
    • 84923981416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addiction
    • July 9). Available at:, (accessed December 23, 2006)
    • Yee, Nick. 2004. "Addiction." The Daedalus Project, (July 9). Available at: http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/000818.php (accessed December 23, 2006).
    • (2004) The Daedalus Project
    • Yee, N.1
  • 578
    • 84901542599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problematic Usage
    • May 10). Available at, accessed December 23, 2006
    • Yee, Nick. 2005. "Problematic Usage." The Daedalus Project, (May 10). Available at: http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001336.php (accessed December 23, 2006).
    • (2005) The Daedalus Project
    • Yee, N.1
  • 579
    • 33745434436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Demographics, Motivations and Derived Experiences of Users of Massively-Multiuser Online Graphical Environments
    • June
    • Yee, Nick. 2006a. "The Demographics, Motivations and Derived Experiences of Users of Massively-Multiuser Online Graphical Environments." Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, 3(June):309-29.
    • (2006) Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 309-329
    • Yee, N.1
  • 580
    • 33847731833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yee, Nick
    • January
    • Yee, Nick. 2006b. "The Labor of Fun: How Video Games Blur the Boundaries of Work and Play." Games and Culture 1, 1(January):68-71.
    • (2006) Games and Culture , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-71
  • 581
    • 84884123540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A New Disorder is Born
    • January 3). Available at, accessed December 23, 2006
    • Yee, Nick. 2006c. "A New Disorder is Born." The Daedalus Project, (January 3). Available at: http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001494.php (accessed December 23, 2006).
    • (2006) The Daedalus Project
    • Yee, N.1
  • 583
    • 33847754747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Unbearable Lightness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments
    • February
    • Yee, Nick, Jeremy N. Bailenson, Mark Urbanek, Francis Chang, and Dan Merget. 2007. "The Unbearable Lightness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments." CyberPsychology and Behavior 10, 1(February): 115-21.
    • (2007) CyberPsychology and Behavior , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-121
    • Yee, N.1    Bailenson, J.N.2    Urbanek, M.3    Francis, C.4    Merget, D.5
  • 588
    • 0041025204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does It Take A Miracle? Negotiating Knowledges, Identities, and Communities of Traditional Chinese Medicine
    • November
    • Zhan, Mei. 2001. "Does It Take A Miracle? Negotiating Knowledges, Identities, and Communities of Traditional Chinese Medicine." Cultural Anthropology 16, 4(November): 453-80.
    • (2001) Cultural Anthropology , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 453-480
    • Zhan, M.1
  • 589
    • 84883978617 scopus 로고
    • From Virtual Reality to the Virtualization of Reality
    • ed. Peter Weibel, Austin: University of Texas Press. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König
    • Žižek, Slavoj. 1992. "From Virtual Reality to the Virtualization of Reality." In On Justifying the Hypothetical Nature of Art and the Non-identicality Within the Object World, ed. Peter Weibel, 127-36. Austin: University of Texas Press. Köln: Buchhandlung Walther König.
    • (1992) On Justifying the Hypothetical Nature of Art and the Non-identicality Within the Object World , pp. 127-136
    • Žižek, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.