The invisible hook: The hidden economics of pirates

The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-271

  Leeson, Peter T ^a  

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References (288)

1. A Crime so odious The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and other Pirates . . . (London: Benj. Cowse, 1719 ), 8, reprinted in Joel H. Baer, ed., British Piracy in the Golden Age: History and Interpretation, 1660-1730, vol. 2 of 4 vols. (London: Pickering and Chatt o, 2007).
2. Devils incarnate John Barnard, Ashton's Memorial . . . (Boston: Printed for Samuel Gerrish, 1715), 62.
3. Children of the Wicked One Cott on Mather, The Lord-High-Admiral of All the Seas, Adored . . . (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1723), 20.
4. Danger lurked in their very Smiles Johnson, GHP, 334.
5. a sort of People; Subvert and Extinguish Boston News-Letter, February 9-February 16, 1719, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1; The Trials of Eight Persons Indited for Piracy &c . . . (Boston: John Edwards, 1718), 2, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 2.
6. declared War against Johnson, GHP, 319.
7. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2 vols., ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1976 [1776]).
8. Pirates prey upon all Mankind Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, 8. See also, Trials of Eight Persons, 7.
9. Buccaneering . . . was a peculiar blend Jennifer G. Marx, "The Brethren of the Coast," in Pirates: Terror on the High Seas-From the Caribbean to the South China Sea, ed. David Cordingly (Atlanta: Turner, 1996), 38.
10. the aims and means of [buccaneering] David J. Starkey, "Pirates and Markets," in Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, ed. C. R. Pennell (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 109.
11. Nationalities of 700 Caribbean pirates Angus Konstam, The History of Pirates (Guilford, CT: Lyons, 2002), 9.
12. Where other pirates hailed fr om Jennifer G. Marx, "The Golden Age of Piracy" in Cordingly, Pirates: Terror on the High Seas, 103.
13. Bermudan governor's estimate of pirate population Lt. Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, July 30, 1717, Item 677, vol. 29 (1716-17), 360-61.
14. Offi cial's estimate of pirate population in 1718 Mr. Gale to Col. Th omas Pitt , Jr., CSPC, November 4, 1718, Item 31 i, vol. 31 (1719-20), 10.
15. Dummer's estimate of pirate population Jeremiah Dummer to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, February 25, 1720, Item 578, vol. 31 (1719-20), 365-68.
16. Average number of Royal Navy sailors in any one year between 1716 and 1726 Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 256.
17. 1680 population in North American colonies and US population in 1790 Jonathan R.T. Hughes and Louis P. Cain, American Economic History, 4th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1994) 20, 28.
18. Average pirate crew size Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 256.
19. 200 brisk Men Boston News-Leter, April 29-May 6, 1717, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
20. Crew size on Queen Anne's Revenge Deposition of Henry Bostock, CSPC, December 19, 1717, Item 298 iii, vol. 30 (1717-18), 150-51.
21. Average crew size on 200-ton merchant ship Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 107.
22. Size of Roberts's squadron Cordingly, Under the Black Flag, 111.
23. Size of Morgan's fl eet Alexander O. Exquemelin, The Buccaneers of America, trans. Alexis Brown (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1969), 171.
24. Size of Dampier's expedition William Dampier, Buccaneer Explorer: William Dampier's Voyages, ed. Gerald Norris (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2005 [1697-1707]), 62.
25. cheerfully joined their Brethren Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 198.
26. Pirate age data Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 49.
27. Pirates motivated by non-material concerns See, for instance, Kenneth J. Kinkor, "Black Men under the Black Flag," in Bandits at Sea; B. R. Burg, Sodomy and the Perception of Evil: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean (New York: New York University Press, 1983);
28. Marcus Rediker, "Liberty beneath the Jolly Roger: The Lives of Anne Bonny and Mary Read, Pirates," in Iron Men, Wooden Women: Gender and Seafaring in the Atlantic World, 1700-1920, ed. Margaret S. Creighton and Lisa Norling (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
29. Number of British navy sailors during and aft er War of the Spanish Succession Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 23.
30. Average able seaman's wage Ralph Davis, The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London: Macmillan, 1962), 136-37.
31. For the conversion to modern U.S. dollars, I used the year 1720 and the currency converter (fi rst from 1720 pounds to 2007 pounds using the retail price index, and then 2007 pounds to 2007 USD) available at http://www.measuringworth.com hosted by EH.net.
32. Privateers in Time of War Johnson, GHP, 4.
33. The Privateering Stroke Cott on Mather, Faithful Warnings to Prevent Fearful Judgments . . . (Boston: Timothy Green, 1704), 37.
34. Since the calling in Governor Sir N. Lawes to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, August 24, 1720, Item 213, vol. 32 (1720-21), 126-29.
35. At a time when Anglo-American Jennifer G. Marx, "The Pirate cRound," in Pirates: Terror on the High Seas, 141.
36. which yielded them 500 l; White's crew's earnings Johnson, GHP, 480, 485.
37. Condent's crew's prize; Taylor and La Bouche's crew's prize Marx, "The Pirate Round," 161, 163.
38. Evans's crew's earnings Johnson, GHP, 340.
39. unlimited power, bad views William Betagh, A Voyage Round the World . . . (London: For T. Combes, J. Lacy, and J. Clake 1728), 41.
40. were att short allowance Babb v. Chalkley, HCA, 24/127, 1701; quoted in Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 247.
41. Docked wages and paid in debased currency; voyages without consent Richard B. Morris, Government and Labor in Early America (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 237;
42. Adam Giff ord, Jr., "The Economic Organization of 17th- through mid-19th Century Whaling and Shipping," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 20(2) (1993): 137-50, quote at 144.
43. Hit sailors in head with hard objects Jones v. Newcomin, HCA, 24/138, 1735; quoted in Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 216.
44. above a hundred Blows Information of Benjamin Bush, HCA, 1/55, fol. 92, 1724.
45. without any provocation Deposition of William Bennett , HCA, 1/55, 1729/1730.
46. seditious fellow . . . I gave him Nathaniel Uring, The Voyages and Travels of Captain Nathaniel Uring (London: Cassell and Company, 1928 [1726]), 176-77.
47. Interference with captain punishment mutinous Morris, Government and Labor in Early America, 264-65.
48. to fetch a Pail of Water Information of Richard Mandewell, HCA, 1/55, fol. 22, 1722.
49. they had better be dead The Tryals of Captain Jack Rackam, and other Pirates . . . ( Jamaica, 1721), reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 3.
50. had Lawful provocation Broughton v. Atkins, Massachusett s Vice Admiralty Records, Box II, f. 25, 1727; quoted in Morris, Government and Labor in Early America, 264.
51. Sailor population in mid-18th century Giff ord, "The Economic Organization of 17th- through mid-19th Century Whaling and Shipping," 147.
52. it is fr equently the misfortune Quoted in Morris, Government and Labor in Early America, 271.
53. a Supercargo Son of a B-h A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 45.
54. I could wish that Masters Quoted in Johnson, GHP, 351.
55. Our Captain and his Mate Cott on Mather, A Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea . . . (Boston: T. Fleet, 1726), 21.
56. Sailors att racted to piracy between 1716 and 1726 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 30.
57. who by his Counsel Johnson, GHP, 195.
58. War against the whole; The Guns are then fi red See, for instance, the postelection ceremonies of captains Davis and North. Johnson, GHP, 167-68, 525.
59. Buccaneers' pre-English Bill of Rights democratic checks See, for instance, Philip Ayres, The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp and others, in the South Sea . . . (London: R.H. and S.T., 1684), 2, 17, 80, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
60. New England's representative democracy George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), 34.
61. Restricted suff rage in New England and Athens On Athens, see Mogens Herman Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
62. On Massachusett s Bay Colony, see Robert Emmet Wall, Jr., "The Massachusett s Bay Colony Franchise in 1647," William and Mary Quarterly 27 (1970): 136-44.
63. democracy that . . . bordered on anarchy Hugh F. Rankin, The Golden Age of Piracy (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg, 1969), 28.
64. they acknowledged no countrymen Copies of Extracts from Letters Received by the East India Company, CSPC, Item 115 i, vol. 16 (1697-98), 68-71.
65. have no Country, but by the nature Tryals of Th irty-Six Persons for Piracy . . . (Boston: Samuel Kneeland, 1723), reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 3.
66. denied common humanity Trials of Eight Persons, 6.
67. that abominable Society Johnson, GHP, 114.
68. Ruler predation shapes citizens' incentive to cooperate See Martin C. McGuire and Mancur Olson, Jr., "The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule: The Invisible Hand and the Use of Force," Journal of Economic Literature 34 (1996): 72-96.
69. it was not of any great Signifi cation Johnson, GHP, 194.
70. captains in a single voyage An Account of the Conduct and Proceedings of the Late John Gow . . . (New York: Burt Franklin, [1725] 1970), xi-xii.
71. refused to take and plunder Trials of Eight Persons, 23.
72. falls on one superior for Knowledge Johnson, GHP, 214.
73. was turned out of Command Information of Richard Moore, HCA, 1/55, fol. 96, 1724.
74. at last forced him Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 198.
75. a great diff erence falling out Boston News-Leter, February 4-February 11, 1725, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
76. they only permit[ed] him Johnson, GHP, 213.
77. La Bouche deposed and fl ogged Jan Rogozinski, Honor among Th ieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000), 177.
78. severall of his men have deserted The President and Council of the Leeward Islands to Secretary Vernon, May 18, 1699, CO, 152: 3, No. 21, reprinted in Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period, 195-96.
79. should a Captain be so sawcy Johnson, GHP, 194-95.
80. Every man had as much say Quoted in Robert C. Ritchie, Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 124.
81. every Man, as the Humour Johnson, GHP, 213-14.
82. any body might come and eat A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 26.
83. the Captain himself not being allowed Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 217.
84. even their Captain, or any other Offi cer Clement Downing, A Compendious History of the Indian Wars (London: Printed for T. Cooper, 1737), 108.
85. The captain is allowed no better fare Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 70-71.
86. at Meals the Quarter-Master British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1. See also, Downing, A Compendious History of the Indian Wars, 108.
87. the People [pirates overtook] Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 203.
88. but experience has taught mankind Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, Federalist Papers, 322.
89. Most of them having suff ered Arthur L. Hayward, ed., Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals . . . , vol. 1 (London: Reeves and Turner, 1874 [1735]), 42.
90. For the Punishment of small Off ences Johnson, GHP, 213.
91. went by that Name Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, 38. See also, Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 199-200; British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
92. the Captain can undertake nothing Johnson, GHP, 423.
93. Vane's crew deposed him, elected quartermaster Tryals of Captain Jack Rackam. See also, Johnson, GHP, 479.
94. Ambition must be made Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, Federalist Papers, 322.
95. The Pirate Captains having taken Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 257.
96. Owners appointed captains with familial connections Davis, Rise of the English Shipping Industry, 128.
97. profess'd Enemys to all Order "General Offi cers of the Army" Petition to the King on Behalf of Woodes Rogers, CO, 23/12, 1726.
98. Society . . . cannot subsist among Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfi e (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1976 [1759]), 86.
99. devices . . . to control the abuses Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, Federalist Papers, 322.
100. Peter T. Leeson, "The Laws of Lawlessness," Journal of Legal Studies 38 (2009);
101. David B. Skarbek, "Putt ing the 'Con' into Constitutions: The Economics of Prison Gangs," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 26 (2010).
102. The buccaneers resolve by common vote Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 71-72.
103. for the better Conservation Johnson, GHP, 210.
104. Constitutions similar across crews Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 261.
105. the Laws of this Company Johnson, GHP, 213.
106. Percentage of pirates traceable back to three captains Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 267.
107. All [pirates] swore to 'em Johnson, GHP, 342.
108. When ever any enter Downing, A Compendious History of the Indian Wars, 107.
109. to prevent Disputes and Ranglings Johnson, GHP, 342.
110. Pirates fr ee to search for better terms The status of forced men on pirate ships varied. Some were compelled to sign the ship's articles. Others weren't compelled to do so but didn't have a vote in the company's aff airs until they signed. See Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 79-81.
111. off ering himself as an Ally Johnson, GHP, 319.
112. Tiebout competition See Charles M. Tiebout, "A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures," Journal of Political Economy 64 (1956): 416-24.
113. wickedly united Johnson, GHP, 253.
114. any Man . . . [to] steal any Th ing Johnson, GHP, 342-43.
115. Punishment among them for something A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 48.
116. Coupled marooning with ostracism See, for instance, Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 72.
117. If the Robbery was only betwixt Johnson, GHP, 211.
118. Random searches for holding back loot Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 205-6.
119. Their Money was kept Trials of Eight Persons, 25. See also, Marx, "The Brethren of the Coast," 44.
120. Moses's Law; If at any Time we meet Johnson, GHP, 342, 343. See also, A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 19.
121. shall suff er what Punishment See, for instance, Low's articles in the Boston News-Leter, August 1-August 8, 1723.
122. all the Pyrates Aff airs A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 27.
123. If any one commits an Off ence British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
124. acts as a Sort of civil Magistrate Johnson, GHP, 213.
125. They had no discipline Pringle, Jolly Roger, 272.
126. which kept Peace amongst Weekly Journal, May 23, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
127. Sold or auctioned troublesome booty See, for instance, Rogozinski, Honor among Th ieves, 169; Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea; A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 158.
128. The Captain is to have two full shares Boston News-Leter, August 1-August 8, 1723.
129. the Captain shall have one full share Johnson, GHP, 342.
130. Merchant ship pay scale steeper than pirates' Davis, Rise of the English Shipping Industry, 138.
131. That Man that shall not keep Johnson, GHP, 342-43.
132. this being a good political Rule Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 256-257. See also, Johnson, GHP, 212.
133. That man that shall snap Johnson, GHP, 342-43.
134. Those who behaved courageously Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 156.
135. He that sees a sail fi rst Boston News-Leter, August 1-August 8, 1723. See also, A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 66.
136. It must be observed Johnson, GHP, 191.
137. Buchanan and Tullock's costs of creating governance James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962).
138. Burgess marooned for predation Rogozinski, Honor among Th ieves, 177.
139. loaded him with Irons An Account of the Conduct and Proceedings of the Late John Gow, 23.
140. as great robbers Barnaby Slush, The Royal Navy: Or a Sea Cook Turn'd Projector (London: Bragg, 1709), viii; quoted in Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 287.
141. Puritan church covenants On Puritan church government, see Cooper, Tenacious of their Liberties.
142. it was every one's Interest Johnson, GHP, 210.
143. As society cannot subsist unless the laws of justice Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, 87.
144. their greatest Security lay Johnson, GHP, 210.
145. Going about like roaring Lions Johnson, GHP, 118.
146. Description of navigation and pirate tactics My discussion of navigation and pirate tactics here is based largely on Angus Konstam, Blackbeard: America's Most Notorious Pirate (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006).
147. Determining longitude and speed Konstam, Blackbeard, 165. See also, Kriss E. Lane, Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the America's 1500-1750 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 59.
148. twenty-four guns, wiThtwo wooden ones Edward Barlow, Barlow's Journal . . . , ed. Basil Lubbock (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1934), 327; quoted in Davis, Rise of the English Shipping Industry, 346.
149. Pirates used chicken coops and cargo to disguise ship Konstam, Blackbeard, 174.
150. Take of Powder 102 Quoted in Charles Grey, Pirates of the Eastern Seas (London: Kennikat Press, 197), 45.
151. Pirate armaments, their uses, and capabilities Konstam, Blackbeard, 178-79.
152. Their whole policy Pringle, Jolly Roger, 113.
153. A Sable Flag Quoted in Grey, Pirates of the Eastern Seas, 17.
154. large black Flag Trials of Eight Persons, 24.
155. Black Flags and Deaths Heads Boston News-Letter, June 9-June 16, 1718, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1. See also, Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, v, 16.
156. when they fight under Jolly Roger British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
157. let fly her Jack; had the Figure of a Skeleton Johnson, GHP, 68, 245.
158. a white Ensign wiThthe figure Governor Hamilton to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, January 6, 1718, Item 298, vol. 30 (1717-18), 146-53.
159. English Colours flying Boston News-Letter, August 15-August 22, 1720, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
160. The Colours they fought under A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 5.
161. Roberts was so enraged Johnson, GHP, 221.
162. to terrify Merchant-Men Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 199.
163. Meaning of pirate flag symbols Konstam, History of Pirates, 100.
164. Peacock signaling Amotz Zahavi, "Mate Selection-A Selection for a Handicap," Journal of Theoretical Biology 53 (1975): 205-14.
165. that the Spaniards . . . man and his vessell Lt. Governor Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, May 31, 1717, Item 595, vol. 29 (1716-17), 316-21.
166. Guinea, 206.
167. asking them if they would stand Boston News-Letter, June 9-June 16, 1718.
168. black Flag wiTha Death's Head White-hall Evening Post, October 18-October 21, 1718, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
169. to surrender on penalty Quoted in Pringle, Jolly Roger, 124.
170. Everybody knew what these images Konstam, History of Pirates, 100.
171. had [a victim's] Ears cut off Johnson, GHP, 335.
172. mentaining an obstinate defence News from Barbadoes, Antigua and Jamaica-Sent April 25, 1721 from Governor Bennett to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, February 18, 1721, Item 463 iii, vol. 32 (1720-21), 294-96.
173. after a desperate resistance Johnson, GHP, 118.
174. observe strictly that Maxim Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 219.
175. Good Quarters to be given Boston News-Letter, August 1-August 8, 1723.
176. deliberately publicized Pringle, Jolly Roger, 113.
177. Supposing him to be one Johnson, GHP, 226.
178. under a Black Flag, flagrantly A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 5.
179. who is now cruising among Governor Hart to Mr. Popple, CSPC, November 30, 1726, Item 360, vol. 35 (1726-27), 179-80.
180. as dangerous as it now is Anonymous Paper on the Sugar Trade, CSPC, July 22, 1724, Item 276, vol. 34 (1724-25), 168-70.
181. No record of 17th- or 18th-century pirates making captives walk the plank There is, however, one nineteenth-century case of pirates forcing an individual to "walk the plank." See Cordingly, Under the Black Flag, 131.
182. to whom it was a sport John Barnard, Ashton's Memorial: An History of the Strange Adventures, and Signal Deliverances of, Philip Ashton . . . (Boston: Printed for Samuel Gerrish, 1715), 7.
183. It is impossible to particularly recount Johnson, GHP, 216.
184. hung eleven thousand moydores Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, March 25, 1724, Item 102, vol. 34 (1724-25), 71-73.
185. all their Papers were perused Johnson, GHP, 88.
186. Barbarous and Inhumane Wretches An Account of the Behaviour, Dying Speeches, and Execution of Mr. John Murphey . . . (London: Printed for T. Crownfield, 1696), reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 4.
187. making their Hellish Inventions The Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy, &c . . . (Boston: Joseph Edwards, 1726), 14, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 3.
188. Lowe cutt off Governor Hart to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, March 25, 1724, Item 102, vol. 34 (1724-25), 71-73.
189. They cut and whiped American Weekly Mercury June 13, 1723, quoted in Dow and Edmonds, Pirates of the New England Coast, 206.
190. they strappado'd him Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 200. See also, John Style to 'the Principal Secretary of State, Whitehall,' CSPC, January 4, 1670, Item 138, vol. 7 (1669-74), 49-51.
191. they tied long cords Exquemelin, Buccaneers of America, 150.
192. squeezed their [prisoners'] joints Quoted in Grey, Pirates of the Eastern Seas, 318.
193. The Manner of a Sweat British Journal, August 8, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
194. learned from some Barnard, Ashton's Memorial, 7.
195. the Quarter-master came forward A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 14.
196. In the CommonwealThof Pyrates Johnson, GHP, 85. See also, 121.
197. Something about [the pirates'] temper Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1, 282.
198. The Pyrates gave us an account American Weekly Mercury, June 13, 1723, quoted in Dow and Edmonds, Pirates of the New England Coast, 206.
199. They have no Thoughts of ever British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
200. often saying they would not go Boston News-Letter, August 15- August 22, 1720, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
201. a merry Life and a short one Johnson, GHP, 244.
202. as to his part, he hoped he should Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 210.
203. every Thing that please them not British Journal, August 8, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
204. sometimes to prevent giving Intelligence Johnson, GHP, 134.
205. answer'd, it was for fun A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 71.
206. declared themselves to live Trials of Eight Persons, 6.
207. his Beard . . . did not little Johnson, GHP, 84.
208. There is no doubt that Blackbeard Robert E. Lee, Blackbeard the Pirate: A Reappraisal of His Life and Times (Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1974), 22.
209. Blackbeard never had to kill anyone Konstam, Blackbeard, 157.
210. murther'd the French Governor Weekly Journal, July 29, 1721, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
211. irreconcilable Aversion; let none of that Country Johnson, GHP, 326, 328.
212. Spriggs's reason for revenge same as Low's Dow and Edmonds, Pirates of the New England Coast, 282.
213. burn his Ship because she belonged Boston News-Letter, June 9- June 16, 1718, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1. See also, Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, 45.
214. manned partly wiThEnglish Johnson, GHP, 335.
215. The Pirates seem much enraged Boston News-Letter, August 15- August 22, 1720, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
216. They us'd . . . barbarously, because Johnson, GHP, 217.
217. barbarous wretches can be moved Col. Spotswood to the Council of Trade and Plantations, CSPC, June 16, 1724, Item 210, vol. 34 (1724-25), 112-20.
218. endeavour'd my destruction Lt. Governor Hope to the Duke of Newcastle, CSPC, February 2, 1725, Item 491, vol. 34 (1724- 25), 320-21.
219. examin[e] the Men concerning Johnson, GHP, 338.
220. could not spare using A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 44.
221. endeavoured to beat; Safe provided none Snelgrave, A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, 207, 208.
222. did intreat earnestly British Journal, August 8, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
223. belonging to Carolina Johnson, GHP, 597.
224. They gave the ship taken Trials of Eight Persons, 23.
225. ma[k]e a Reparation An Account of the Conduct and Proceedings of the Late John Gow, 23.
226. The far greater hazard Morris, Government and Labor in Early America, 271.
227. Fury of unreasonable; gave you the Liveliest Barnard, Ashton's Memorial, 64, 62.
228. Instigated by the Devil; the Folly and Madness Tryals of Five Persons for Piracy and Robbery (Boston: S. Gerrish, 1726), 5, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 3; Johnson, GHP, 219.
229. a Dish of Candles British Journal, August 8, 1724. See also, Boston News-Letter, February 4-February 11, 1725, boThreprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
230. threaten'd to hang Johnson, GHP, 324.
231. might hazard, and, in Time Johnson, GHP, 248.
232. Forced men overwhelmed William Fly See Boston News-Letter, June 30-July 7, 1726.
233. on the Grand Comanos Boston News-Letter, April 4-April 11, 1723.
234. surrender'd himself to the Government An Account of the Conduct and Proceedings of the Late John Gow, 32.
235. was for giving Chase Johnson, GHP, 601.
236. as a Reason against An Account of the Conduct and Proceedings of the Late John Gow, 24.
237. according to the Pirates usual custom; asked the Old Question Barnard, Ashton's Memorial, 2, 3-4.
238. that he might have none Barnard, Ashton's Memorial, 3.
239. none but Sailors A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 13.
240. forced on board all Carpenters Johnson, GHP, 489.
241. were at first forc'd British Journal, August 22, 1724, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
242. drubb'd . . . Williams that he might Johnson, GHP, 601.
243. begg'd of Roberts A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 28.
244. that they were forc'd men Johnson, GHP, 260.
245. An Act for the More Effectual Suppression of Piracy "An Act for the More Effectual Suppression of Piracy," 11-12 Will. III, c.7.
246. Quotations from An Act for the More Effectual Suppression of Piracy "An ACT made at Westminster in the Kingdom of Great Britain in the ElevenThand Twelfth Years of the Reign of King William III," reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 3.
247. like Dogs to their Vomits Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, 11.
248. willing to be forced Johnson, GHP, 65.
249. the plea of Force Johnson, GHP, 248.
250. The court acquitted Cordingly, Under the Black Flag, 233.
251. The three Circumstances Johnson, GHP, 249-50.
252. forced on Board . . . desired one A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 14.
253. the Quarter-Master of the Pirate Boston News-Letter, July 2-July 9, 1722, reprinted in Baer, British Piracy in the Golden Age, vol. 1.
254. Their request was granted Pringle, Jolly Roger, 115.
255. whether they were willing A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 50.
256. the pretended constraint Johnson, GHP, 248.
257. this ruse often worked Pringle, Jolly Roger, 115.
258. was a forced Man . . . lamented his Wife A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 27.
259. several times [he] wished A Full and Exact Account, of the Tryal of all the Pyrates, Lately Taken by Captain Ogle, 12.
260. that Hackney Defense Tryals of Sixteen Persons, 14.
261. the impression is that W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 13.
262. a resolute Fellow Johnson, GHP, 82.
263. Percentage of blacks in pirate crews Kinkor, "Black Men under the Black Flag," 200.
264. The pirates shared the same prejudices Cordingly, Under the Black Flag, 16.
265. Some black pirates carried arms and fought Kinkor, "Black Men under the Black Flag," 201.
266. Black crewmen made up Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 54.
267. David Hackett Fischer, Washington's Crossing (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 21-22.
268. Negroe . . . I was abaftTryals of Major Stede Bonnet, 29.
269. it not have been for him our plot Moseley, A Narration of the Captivity of John Fillmore, 365.
270. It is not from the benevolence Smith, WealThof Nations, 26-27.
271. The Atlantic, "Democrats of the Caribbean," October 2007, 39.
272. Greed . . . is right. Michael Douglas as Gordon Gekko, Wall Street, 1987.
273. Karraker, Piracy Was a Business, 55.
274. Pirates had local knowledge On the importance of local knowledge for economic decision making and government's dearThof such knowledge, see F. A. Hayek, "The Use of Knowledge in Society," American Economic Review 35 (1945): 519-30.
275. Study of ADA's effect on employment Daron Acemoglu and Joshua D. Angrist, "Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans wiThDisabilities Act," Journal of Political Economy 109 (2001): 915-57.
276. Firms invest to capture legislative process On rent seeking and its destructive consequences, see Gordon Tullock, Government Failure: A Primer in Public Choice (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 2002).
277. Sum spent on lobbying in 2007 OpenSecrets.org. http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/index.php. Accessed June 10, 2008.
278. Dread Pirate Roberts, The Princess Bride, 1987.
279. Rogers's effect on pirate base at New Providence Colin Woodard, The Republic of Pirates (New York: Harcourt, 2007).
280. Jolly Roger, 263.
281. Regulations inhibit pirate-hunting navy ships Peter Earle, The Pirate Wars (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), 185-86.
282. Jacobite threat and government response N.A.M Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815 (New York: W.W. Norton, 2004), 226-29.
283. Government repeals inhibiting regulations Earle, Pirate Wars, 187-88.
284. T. S. Eliot, Poems: 1909-1925 (London: Faber and Gwyer, 1925).
285. Dian H. Murray, "Chinese Pirates," in Pirates: Terror on the High Seas, 222; Konstam, History of Pirates, 174.
286. Ransom for ship hijacked in Gulf of Aden Abdiqani Hassan, "Somali Pirates Free German Ship after Ransom," Thomson Reuters, July 9, 2008.
287. A few modern pirate crews closer to societies On the larger size of some modern pirate crews, see, for instance, Mary Harper, "Life in Somalia's Pirate Town," BBC News, September 18, 2008.
288. Angus Konstam, Scourge of the Seas: Buccaneers, Pirates, and Privateers (New York: Osprey, 2007), 12.