The twilight of the middle class: Post-World War II American Fiction and white-collar work

The Twilight of the Middle Class: Post-World War II American Fiction and White-Collar Work

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-158

  Hoberek, Andrew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84924001565     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (317)

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62. Fredric Jameson, Introduction, Lukács, Historical 3-4.
63. Ira Wolfert, Tucker's People (1943; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 3; hereafter cited parenthetically.
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66. Naomi Klein, NO SPACE NO CHOICE NO JOBS NO LOGO: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (New York: Picador, 1999), 158.
67. Elizabeth Long, The American Dream and the Popular Novel (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985), 89, 63-90 passim.
68. Cameron Hawley, Executive Suite (Cambridge: Riverside, 1952), 331, 333; hereafter cited parenthetically.
69. Mickey Spillane, I, the Jury (1947; New York: Penguin, 1975), 5-6; hereafter cited parenthetically.
70. Christopher Wilson, Cop Knowledge: Police Power and Cultural Narrative in Twentieth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 57-93.
71. Sean McCann, Gumshoe America: Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction and the Rise and Fall of New Deal Liberalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 212; hereafter cited parenthetically.
72. Ben Siegel, "Saul Bellow and the University as Villain," Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1989), 137-59.
73. "Saul Bellow. The Enemy Is Academe," Publisher's Weekly (July 18, 1966): 35.
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75. Atlas, Bellow 449.
76. Michael T. Gilmore, American Romanticism and the Marketplace (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 37, 13, 15, passim.
77. Christopher Newfield, The Emerson Effect: Individualism and Submission in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)
78. Sklansky, Soul's Economy 35-72.
79. Jonathan Auerbach, " 'Congested Mails': Buck and Jack's 'Call,' " Rereading Jack London, ed. Leonard Casuto and Jeanne Campbell Reesman (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 45, 25-45 passim.
80. Christopher P. Wilson, The Labor of Words: Literary Professionalism in the Progressive Era (Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1985).
81. Thomas Strychacz, Modernism, Mass Culture, and Professionalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 22, 31, passim.
82. Lawrence Rainey, Institutions of Modernism: Literary Elites and Public Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
83. Kevin J. H. Dettmar and Stephen Watt, eds., Marketing Modernisms: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), especially part 1, "Modernist Self-Promotion."
84. Timothy Materer, "Make It Sell! Ezra Pound Advertises Modernism," in Dettmar and Watts, Marketing, 23.
85. Szalay, New Deal 75-119.
86. Mark McGurl, The Novel Art: Elevations of American Fiction after Henry James (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 15.
87. Harold Rosenberg, The Tradition of the New (1959; New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 266; hereafter cited parenthetically.
88. Irving Howe, "Mass Society and Post-Modern Fiction" (1959), The American Novel Since World War II, ed. Marcus Klein (Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1969), 124; hereafter cited parenthetically.
89. Wallace Stevens, "To Elsie Moll," Letters of Wallace Stevens, ed. Holly Stevens (New York: Knopf, 1966), 121.
90. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe (New York: Basic, 1987).
91. Michael North, The Dialect of Modernism: Race, Language, and Twentieth-Century Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
92. Tony Tanner, City of Words: American Fiction 1950-1970 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 15; hereafter cited parenthetically.
93. Saul Bellow, Dangling Man (1944; New York: Avon, 1975), 7.
94. James E. B. Breslin, From Modern to Contemporary: American Poetry, 1945-1965 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 11, 56-57.
95. Ann Douglas, " 'Telepathic Shock and Meaning Excitement': Kerouac's Poetics of Intimacy," College Literature 27.1 (Winter 2000): 8-21.
96. Brian Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 340.
97. Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita (1955; New York: Vintage, 1997), 3; hereafter cited parenthetically.
98. Alfred Kazin, Bright Book of Life: American Novelists and Storytellers from Hemingway to Mailer (1971; New York: Delta, 1974), 316.
99. Frederick Whiting, " 'The Strange Particularity of the Lover's Preference': Pedophilia, Pornography, and the Anatomy of Monstrosity in Lolita," American Literature 70.4 (December 1998): 833-62.
100. Brian Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 15-160.
101. Boyd, Russian 3.
102. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume One (New York: International; 1987), 151.
103. Boyd, American 253.
104. Whiting, "Strange Particularity" 848.
105. Zaretsky, Capitalism 9-10.
106. Sharon Stockton, "Engineering Power: Hoover, Rand, Pound, and the Heroic Architect," American Literature 72.4 (December 2000): 813-41.
107. Szalay, New Deal 75-119.
108. Lionel Trilling, "Art and Fortune," Partisan Review 15.12 (December 1948): 1271; hereafter cited parenthetically.
109. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960), 139 Series F8.
110. Schaub, American 47-48.
111. Leonard Peikoff, "Introduction to the 35th Anniversary Edition," Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (1957; New York: Signet, 1992), 1.
112. Rand, Atlas Shrugged 630; hereafter cited parenthetically.
113. Alfred Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 3, 79.
114. John F. Stover, American Railroads (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), 211.
115. Stover, American 210.
116. Stover, American 210.
117. Sylvia de Leon, "No Way to Run a Railroad: A Bailout Won't Solve Amtrak's Fundamental Problem," Washington Post, 24 June 2002, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe (accessed August 28, 2004).
118. Stover, American 252-53.
119. Kim McQuaid, Uneasy Partners: Big Business in American Politics, 1945-1990 (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).
120. Judith Stein, Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 17, 14.
121. McQuaid, Uneasy 48-58.
122. David S. Painter, Oil and the American Century: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Oil Policy, 1941-1945 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
123. Stein, Running 21.
124. Ayn Rand, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (New York: Signet, 1967), 102; hereafter cited parenthetically.
125. Krugman, "For Richer" 62.
126. Randy Martin, On Your Marx: Relinking Socialism and the Left (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 159-83.
127. For a brief but useful account of Rand's critique of bureaucracy in relationship to the intellectual history of the 1940s see William Graebner, The Age of Doubt: American Thought and Culture in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1990), 34-35.
128. Stefano Harney and Frederick Moten, "Doing Academic Work," Chalk Lines: The Politics of Work in the Managed University, ed. Randy Martin (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998): 157, 171.
129. Ross, "Mental Labor" 2, passim.
130. Barry, "White-Collar" I:11.
131. Szalay, New Deal 6, 75-119.
132. Gary S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1964), 1.
133. Alain Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society; Tomorrow's Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society, trans. Leonard F. X. Mayhew (1969; New York: Random House, 1971).
134. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (1973; New York: Basic, 1976).
135. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity:An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Cambridge; Blackwell, 1989).
136. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Cambridge; Blackwell, 1996).
137. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
138. Hardt and Negri, Empire 280.
139. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (1979; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 315.
140. Bell, Post-Industrial 410.
141. Bourdieu, Distinction 301-3.
142. Stephanie Armour, "Higher Pay May Be Layoff Target," USA Today, 23 June 2003, Money, 1B.
143. Tony Lee, "Should You Stay Energized by Changing Your Job Frequently?" Career-Journal.com, http://www.careerjournal.com/jobhunting/strategies/19980111-reisberg.html.
144. Harney and Moten, "Doing" 171, 154-80 passim.
145. Ross, "Mental Labor" 22.
146. Caren Irr, "Literature as Proleptic Globalization, or a Prehistory of the New Intellectual Property," South Atlantic Quarterly 100.3 (Summer 2001): 797-98.
147. Ross, "Mental Labor" 25.
148. Brian Mansfield, "When Free Is Profitable," USA Today, 21 May 2004, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe (accessed August 28, 2004).
149. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (1952; New York: Vintage, 1995), 16; hereafter cited parenthetically.
150. Houston A. Baker, Jr., Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: A Vernacular Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 172-99.
151. Baker, Critical Memory: Public Spheres, African American Writing, and Black Fathers and Sons in America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001), 21-40.
152. Ralph Ellison, "Working Notes for Invisible Man," The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison, ed. John F. Callahan (New York: Modern Library, 1995), 344.
153. Baker, Blues 187.
154. Michael G. Cooke, "Solitude," Ralph Ellison, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1986), 130-31
155. Robert G. O'Meally, "Checking Our Balances: Ellison on Armstrong's Humor," boundary 2 30.2 (Summer 2003): 124.
156. Robert Penn Warren, "The Unity of Experience," Ralph Ellison: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. John Hersey (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1974), 22.
157. Saul Bellow, "Man Underground," in Hersey, Ralph Ellison 28-29.
158. Howe, "Black Boys and Native Sons," AWorld More Attractive: A View of Modern Literature and Politics (New York: Horizon, 1963) 98-122.
159. Howe, "A Reply to Ralph Ellison," New Leader 3 February 1964, 12-14.
160. Kenneth W. Warren, So Black and Blue: Ralph Ellison and the Occasion of Criticism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). On Ellison's postmortem reception see pages 13-19.
161. Schocket, "Modernism and the Aesthetics of Management, or T. S. Eliot's Labor Literature," in Mullen and Smethurst, Left 14.
162. Ellison, "World and the Jug" 163.
163. Carol A. Barry, "White-Collar Employment: II-Characteristics," Monthly Labor Review February 1961: 140-41.
164. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998).
165. Ellison, "Twentieth-Century Fiction and the Black Mask of Humanity," Collected Essays 87.
166. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie: The Rise of a New Middle Class in the United States (1957; Collier, 1962), 42; hereafter cited parenthetically.
167. Eric Arnesen, Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 14.
168. Arnesen, Brotherhoods 16-17.
169. Baker, Blues 185; hereafter cited parenthetically.
170. Arnesen, Brotherhoods 18.
171. The Autobiography of Malcolm X, as told to Alex Haley (1964; New York: Ballantine, 1999), 78.
172. Foley, "Rhetoric" 542.
173. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991).
174. Sloan Wilson, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 153.
175. Randal Doane, "Ralph Ellison's Sociological Imagination," The Sociological Quarterly 45.1 (Winter 2004): 168.
176. Ellison, "An American Dilemma: A Review" (w. 1944; unpublished), Collected Essays 330.
177. Ellison, "World" 170-71.
178. Ellison, "American Dilemma" 339.
179. Ellison, "World" 159; italicized in original.
180. Schaub, American 112; first bracket is Schaub, second is mine.
181. Ellison, Shadow and Act (1953; New York: Vintage, 1972), 10-11.
182. Alice Echols, "'We Gotta Get Out of this Place': Notes Toward a Remapping of the Sixties," Socialist Review 22 (1992): 9-31.
183. Eric Lott, "White Like Me: Racial Cross-Dressing and the Construction of American Whiteness," Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), 474-95.
184. Norman Mailer, "The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster," The Portable Beat Reader, ed. Ann Charters (New York: Penguin, 1992), 585.
185. Jones, American 364.
186. Jack Kerouac, On the Road (1957; New York; Penguin, 1991), 180.
187. Mark Richardson, "Peasant Dreams: Reading On the Road," Texas Studies in Literature and Language 43.2 (Summer 2001): 218-42.
188. Elizabeth Freeman, The Wedding Complex: Forms of Belonging in Modern American Culture (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 202-3.
189. Freeman, Wedding 203.
190. Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998).
191. Andrew Ross, No Respect: Intellectuals & Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), 15-41.
192. Patterson, Grand Expectations 17, 326.
193. Jeffrey S. Gurocks, "A Synthesis for the New American Jewish Historiography," Reviews in American History 26.2 (1998): 385-86.
194. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One! American Jewry and Israel (Garden City: Doubleday, 1978), 210.
195. Urofsky, We Are One! 324.
196. Eugene Goodheart, "Jew d'Esprit," Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 21.3 (2003): 15.
197. Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry since World War II, The Jewish People in America, Vol. 5 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 254.
198. Will Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (1955; Garden City: Doubleday, 1956), 205; hereafter cited parenthetically.
199. Nathan Glazer, "What Sociology Knows about American Jews: Many Problems, Some Studies, Few Conclusions," Commentary 9.3 (March 1950): 280.
200. Leslie Fiedler, Preface, Fiedler on the Roof: Essays on Literature and Jewish Identity (Boston: David R. Godine, 1991), xii.
201. Ross Posnock, "Purity and Danger: On Philip Roth," Raritan 21 (Fall 2001): 85-101.
202. Michael T. Gilmore, Surface and Depth: The Quest for Legibility in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 174-77.
203. Kazin, Bright 130; hereafter cited parenthetically.
204. Atlas, Bellow 59, 129; hereafter cited parenthetically 21.
205. Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March, (1953; New York: Penguin, 1984), 529; hereafter cited parenthetically.
206. Allen Ginsberg, "Howl," Howl and Other Poems (1956; San Francisco: City Lights, 1998), 9.
207. Saul Bellow, "Distractions of a Fiction Writer," The Living Novel: A Symposium, ed. Granville Hicks (1957; New York: Collier, 1962), 21.
208. Saul Bellow, "The University as Villain," The Nation 185.16 (November 16, 1957):362-63; Bellow's emphasis.
209. "Saul Bellow: The Enemy Is Academe," Publisher's Weekly (July 18, 1966): 34-35.
210. Morris Dickstein, "For Art's Sake," Partisan Review 33.4 (Fall 1966): 618.
211. Atlas, Bellow 181.
212. "Achievement and Ambivalence, 1945-1973," Jewish American Literature: An Anthology, ed. Jules Chametzky, John Felstiner,Hilene Flanzbaum, and Kathryn Hellerstein (New York: Norton, 2001), 576.
213. Herberg, Protestant-Catholic-Jew 197.
214. Norman Podhoretz, "The Adventures of Saul Bellow" (1959), Doings and Undoings:The Fifties and After in American Writing (New York: Noonday, 1964), 206; hereafter cited parenthetically.
215. Deidre Shauna Lynch, The Economy of Character: Novels, Market Culture, and the Business of Inner Meaning (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 87.
216. Cf. Atlas, Bellow 189.
217. Philip Roth, Goodbye, Columbus and Five Short Stories (1959; New York: Vintage, 1987), 4; hereafter cited parenthetically.
218. Flannery O'Connor, Wise Blood, Collected Works (New York: Library of America, 1988), 13; hereafter cited parenthetically.
219. Jon Lance Bacon, Flannery O'Connor and Cold War Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 138.
220. O'Connor, "To Sister Mariella Gable," Collected Works 1183.
221. O'Connor, "The Catholic Novelist in the Protestant South," Collected Works 859.
222. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York:Metropolitan, 2004).
223. Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds (New York:HarperPerennial, 1994), 194-95.
224. Numan V. Bartley, The New South: 1945-1980, A History of the South, Vol. XI (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 1-37.
225. C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960), 6; hereafter cited parenthetically.
226. O'Connor, "The Regional Writer," Collected Works 846.
227. Bartley, New South 111; 261-77 passim..
228. Richard N. Current, Northernizing the South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983).
229. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950's (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), 17.
230. Twelve Southerners, I'll Take My Stand (1930; New York: Harper & Row, 1962).
231. Kenneth C. Davis, Two-Bit Culture: The Paperbacking of America (Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1984), 118-23
232. Thomas L. Bonn, Heavy Traffic and High Culture:New American Library as Literary Gatekeeper in the Paperback Revolution (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989), 22, 26..
233. Mac Hyman, No Time for Sergeants (1954; New York: Signet, 1956), 61; hereafter cited parenthetically.
234. David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), 52.
235. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 36-40.
236. Farber, Age 52-55.
237. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 40.
238. John Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harper's Magazine Press, 1974), 127-31.
239. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 130.
240. Grantham, South 172.
241. Susan Edmunds, "Through a Glass Darkly: Visions of Integrated Community in Flannery O'Connor's Wise Blood," Contemporary Literature 37.4 (Winter 1996):559-85, especially 564-73.
242. Bartley, Rise 17.
243. Edmunds, "Through" 570.
244. O'Connor, "To Maryat Lee," Collected Works 1094-95.
245. Edmunds, "Through" 560.
246. Walter Benn Michaels, "Empires of the Senseless: (The Response to) Terror and (the End of ) History," Radical History Review 85 (Winter 2003): 106.
247. Egerton, Americanization 20-21; hereafter cited parenthetically.
248. O'Connor, "To John Hawkes," Collected Works 1108.
249. O'Connor, "To Ben Griffith," Collected Works 931.
250. Bartley, New South 280-85.
251. O'Connor, "Catholic Novelist" 861.
252. Flannery O'Connor, The Habit of Being, ed. Sally Fitzgerald (1979; New York:Vintage, 1980), 151.
253. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 3.
254. Flannery O'Connor, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find," Collected Works 137; hereafter cited parenthetically.
255. Schaub, American 128.
256. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 49.
257. Bartley, New South 124.
258. Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic, 1992), 1-22.
259. Schaub, American 129,130.
260. Schaub, American 130.
261. Nabokov, Lolita 155, 154-59 passim.
262. Don DeLillo, White Noise (1985; New York: Penguin, 1986), 12.
263. Aldridge, In Search of Heresy: American Literature in an Age of Conformity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), 110-25, 143.
264. Thomas Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49 (1965; New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 14.
265. DeLillo, White Noise 119.
266. Kent Blaser, " 'Pictures from Life's Other Side': Hank Williams, Country Music, and Popular Culture in America," South Atlantic Quarterly 84 (1985): 19.
267. Bacon, Flannery O'Connor 131.
268. O'Connor, "Regional Writer" 846.
269. McGurl, Novel 135-57.
270. O'Connor, "To Robie Macauley," Collected Works 885.
271. O'Connor, "Regional Writer" 846.
272. O'Connor, "Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction," Collected Works 818.
273. Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
274. O'Connor, "To John Hawkes" 1119.
275. Frederick Asals, Flannery O'Connor: The Imagination of Extremity (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982) 144-45.
276. Miles Orvell, Invisible Parade: The Fiction of Flannery O'Connor (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1972), 134-35.
277. Asals, Flannery O'Connor 149-50.
278. O'Connor, "Regional Writer" 846-47.
279. Woodward, Burden 5.
280. O'Connor, "Catholic Novelist" 862.
281. "To John Hawkes," Collected Works 1160.
282. O'Connor, "Some Aspects" 815.
283. John Burt, "What You Can't Talk About," Flannery O'Connor, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House, 1986), 136.
284. O'Connor, "To CarlHartman," Collected Works 921.
285. O'Connor, "To Ben Griffith," Collected Works 923.
286. O'Connor, "To John Hawkes," Collected Works 1107.
287. Burt, "What" 130.
288. Richard Giannone, Flannery O'Connor: Hermit Novelist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 63.
289. Don DeLillo, The Names (1982; New York: Vintage, 1989), 94; hereafter cited parenthetically.
290. Douglas Keesey, Don DeLillo (New York: Twayne, 1993), 116-32, especially 117-18.
291. David Bosworth, "The Fiction of Don DeLillo," Critical Essays on Don DeLillo, ed. Hugh Ruppersburg and Tim Engles (New York: G. K.Hall, 2000), 48.
292. Leslie Fiedler, "Cross the Border-Close the Gap" (1969), A Fiedler Reader (New York: Stein and Day, 1977), 270-94.
293. Ihab Hassan, "POSTmodern ISM: A Paracritical Bibliography" (1971), The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture (Columbus:Ohio State University Press, 1987), 25-45, especially 41, 45.
294. Fredric Jameson, Post modernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), 2-3 passim. Jameson hereafter cited parenthetically.
295. Ellen H. Johnson, "The Image Duplicators-Lichtenstein, Rauschenberg and Warhol," The Critical Response to Andy Warhol, ed. Alan R. Pratt (Wesport: Greenwood, 1997), 21.
296. Paul Bergin, "Andy Warhol: The Artist as Machine," Pratt 29, 28-34 passim.
297. Steven Watson, Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties (New York: Pantheon, 2003).
298. Johnson, "Image Duplicators" 16.
299. Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London:SAGE, 1991).
300. Bergin, "Andy Warhol" 30.
301. Fredric Jameson, "Notes on Globalization as a Philosophical Issue," The Cultures of Globalization, ed. Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 56.
302. Featherstone, Consumer Culture 44, 45.
303. Featherstone, Consumer Culture 44.
304. Pynchon, Crying 83; hereafter cited parenthetically.
305. J. Peter Euben, The Tragedy of Political Theory: The Road Not Taken (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1990), 303.
306. Robert J.Hansen, "Law, History, and the Subversion of Postwar America in Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49," Oklahoma City University Law Review 24.3 (1999): 606.
307. Euben, Tragedy 303.
308. Hansen, "Law" 600-605.
309. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963; New York: Dell, 1983).
310. Friedan, Feminine 344-45.
311. Hansen, "Law" 590.
312. Stefan Mattessich, Lines of Flight: Discursive Time and Countercultural Desire in the Work of Thomas Pynchon (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 69, 43-69 passim; hereafter cited parenthetically.
313. Mark Osteen, American Magic and Dread: Don DeLillo's Dialogue with Culture (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 165-91.
314. Ursula K. Heise, "Toxins, Drugs, and Global Systems: Risk and Narrative in the Contemporary Novel," American Literature 74.4 (December 2002): 772-73.
315. Jeffrey Williams, "The Issue of Corporations: Richard Powers' Gain," Cultural Logic 2.2 (Spring 1999): http://eserver.org/clogic/2-2/Williamsrev.html.
316. Richard Powers, Gain (New York: Picador, 1998), 213; hereafter cited parenthetically.
317. Heise, "Toxins" 773.