Under god? Religious faith and liberal democracy

Under God? Religious Faith and Liberal Democracy

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-200

  Perry, Michael J ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923995448     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511615221     Document Type: Book

References (330)

1. Richard Perez-Pena, “Lieberman Seeks Greater Role for Religion in Public Life,” New York Times, Aug. 28, 2000
2. Senator Joe Lieberman, “Vision for America: A Place for Faith,” The Responsive Community, Winter 2000/01, at 4i.
3. Cokie Roberts. “John Paul II on the American Experiment,” First Things, April 1998, at 36-37
4. ADL Press Release, “ADL to Senator Lieberman: Keep Emphasis on Religion Out of Campaign,” Aug. 29, 2000.
5. Gustav Niebuhr, “The Religion Issue: Lieberman Is Asked to Stop Invoking Faith in Campaign,” New York Times, Aug. 29, 2000, at A24.
6. Eleanor Brown, “Lieberman's Revival of the Religious Left,” New York Times, Aug. 30, 2000.
7. Ellen Willis, “Freedom from Religion: What's at Stake in Faith-Based Politics,” The Nation, Feb. 19, 2001, at II
8. Margaret O'Brien Steinfels, “Public Religion: Not Around Here, Says Ellen Willis,” Commonweal, March 9, 2001, at 7.
9. Richard Perez-Pena, “Lieberman Cites Religion as Foundation of Environmentalism,” New York Times, Oct. 19, 2000, at Ai
10. Associated Press, “Lieberman Urges Religious Faith,” October 24, 2000.
11. Lieberman's speech at Notre Dame was published in February 2001: Lieberman, “Vision for America.” Love and Power: The Rok of Religfon and Morality in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). I
12. Religfon in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
13. Patricia Beattie Jung, “Introduction,” in Patricia Beattie Jung with Joseph Andrew Coray, eds., Sexual Diversity and Catholicism: Toward the Development of Moral Theology (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2001), at x, xxix n. 31.
14. Carey Goldberg with Janet Elder, “Public Still Backs Abortion, But Wants Limits, Poll Says,” New York Times, Jan. 16, 1998, at Ai.
15. Elizabeth Mensch and Alan Freeman, The Politics of Virtue: Is Abortion Debatabk? (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993).
16. Larry Rasmussen, ed., Reinhold Niebuhr, Theologi, an of Public Life (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1989), at 127.
17. “Faith in America,” U.S. News, May 6, 2002, at 40-49.
18. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Calls Ruling about Vouchers a 'Historic' Move,” New York Times, July 2, 2002
19. Marshall Breger et al., In Good Faith: A Dialogue on Government Fund-ing of Faith-Based Social Services (Philadelphia: Feinstein Center for Amer-ican Jewish History, Temple University, 2001), at 3 n. 2.
20. Elizabeth Becker, “Report Finds Bias Against Religious Groups,” New York Times, Aug. 17, 2001.
21. Ira C. Lupu and Robert Tuttle, “The Distinctive Place of Religious Entities in Our Consti-tutional Order,” 47 Villanova L. Rev. 37, 45-47 (2001)
22. John Hart Ely, “Another Such Victory: Constitutional Theory and Practice in a World Where Courts Are No Different from Legislatures,” 77 Virginia L. Rev. 833 (1991).
23. Paul E. Peterson and Bryan C. Hassel, eds., Learning from School Choice (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998).
24. James E. Ryan and Michael Heise, “The Political Economy of School Choice,” 111Yale L.J. 22043 (2002).
25. Michael J. Perry, We the PeoplR: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), at 20-23.
26. Michael J. Perry, Religi, on in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), at 10-12.
27. Kurt T. Lash, “The Second Adoption of the Free Exercise Clause: Religious Exemptions under the Fourteenth Amend-ment,” 88 Northwestern U. L. Rev. 11o6 (1994)
28. Kurt T. Lash, “The Second Adoption of the Establishment Clause: The Rise of the Nonestablishment Principle,” 27 Arizona St. L. J. 1085 (1995).
29. Jonathan P. Brose, “In Birmingham They Love the Governor: Why the Fourteenth Amendment Does Not Incorporate the Establishment Clause,” 24 Ohio Northern U. L. Rev. I (1998)
30. Jay S. Bybee, “Taking Liberties with the First Amendment: Congress, Section 5, and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act,” 48 Vanderbilt L. Rev. 1539 (1995).
31. Michael W. McConnell, “Accommodation of Religion: An Update and Response to the Critics,” 60 George Washington L. Rev. 685, 690 (1992)
32. Michael J. Perry, “Freedom of Religion in the United States: Fin de Siecle Sketches,” 75 Indiana L.J. 295, 297-302 (2000).
33. Justice Thomas “our Establishment Clausejurisprudence is in hopeless disarray… ” Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 861 (1995) (Thomas, J., concurring).
34. Jesse H. Choper, Securing Religious Liberty: Principks for judicial Interpretation of the Religion Clauses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), at 74-76.
35. Akhil Reed Amar, “Foreword: The Document and the Doctrine,” 114 Harvard L. Rev. 26, 119 (2000).
36. W. Cole Durham, Jr., “Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative Framework,” in Johan D. van der Vyver and John Witte, Jr., eds., Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives (The Hugue: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996), at l, 19ff.
37. Cheryl Saunders, “Comment: Religion and the State,” 21 Cardozo L. Rev. 1295, 1295 (2000)
38. Clifford Longley, “An Act That Holds Us Back,” The TabfRt [London], March 17, 2001, at 362
39. Clifford Longley, “Establish-ment - It's Got to Go,” The TabfRt [London], May 11, 2002, at 2.
40. Brian Barry, Justice as Impartiality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), at 165
41. Perry, “Freedom of Religion in the United States,” at 297-302
42. “Other Faiths Are Deficient, Pope Says,” The Tabkt [London], Feb. 5, 2000, at 157
43. Douglas Laycock, “Freedom of Speech That Is Both Religious and Political,” 29 U. California, Davis L. Rev. 793, 812-13 (1996)
44. Perry, “Freedom of Religion in the United States,” at 326-32
45. Paul E. Peterson, “School Choice: A Report Card,” in Peterson and Hassel, eds., Learning from School Choice, at 3, 7.
46. Bryan C. Hassel, “The Case for Charter Schools,” in Peterson and Hassel, eds., Learning from School Choice, at 33
47. Laura S. Underkuffler, “Vouchers and Beyond: The Individual Causative Agent in Establishment Clause Jurisprudence,” 75 Indiana L.J. 167 (2000).
48. Carl H. Esbeck, “A Constitutional Case for Government Coopera-tion with Faith-Based Social Service Providers,” 46 Emory L. J. l (1997)
49. Douglas Laycock, “The Underlying Unity of Separation and Neutrality,” 46
50. Emory L.J. 43 (1997). The four most relevant recent cases are Rosenberger Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995)
51. John T. McGreevy, “Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928-1900,” Journal of American History, June 1997, at 97, 122-26.
52. Steven K. Green, “Private School Vouchers and the Confusion over 'Direct' Aid,” 10George Mason U. Civil Rights L.J. 47 (2000)
53. Marci A. Hamilton, “Power, the Establishment Clause, and Vouchers,” 31 Con-necticut L. Rev. 807 (1999)
54. Marc D. Stern, “School Vouchers-The Church-State Debate That Really Isn't,” 31 Connecticut L. Rev. 977 (1999).
55. “Establishment Clause - School Vouchers - Wisconsin Supreme Court Up-holds Milwaukee Parental Choice Program,” 112 Harvard L. Rev. 737 (1999)
56. “Government Aid to Religious Schools,” 114 Harvard L. Rev. 239 (2000) (criticizing the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 [2000]).
57. “Breaching the Church-State Wall,” New York Times, June 12, 1998, at A22
58. “Vouchers for Parochial Schools,” New York Times, Nov. 11, 1998, at Ago
59. “The Wrong Ruling on Vouchers,” New York Times, June 28, 2002
60. McGreevy, “Thinking on One's Own,” at 122-26; Thomas C. Berg, “Anti-Catholicism and Modern Church-State Relations,” 33 Loyola U. Chicago L. Rev. 121 (2001)
61. Laycock, “The Underlying Unity of Separation and Neutral-ity,” at 5off.
62. Loraine Boettner, Roman Catholicism (Philadel-phia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1962).
63. Douglas Laycock, “Religious Liberty as Liberty,” 7]. Contemporary Legal Issues 313, 352ff. [1996].
64. Becket Fund for Religious Liberty as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioners, Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000).
65. Eugene Volokh, “Equal Treatment Is Not Establishment,” 13Notre Dame J. L., Ethics & Public Policy 341, 341 (1999)
66. Justice O'Connor "[t]he Religion Clauses prohibit the gov-ernment from favoring religion, but they provide no warrant for discriminat-ing against religion." Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet, 512
67. Esbeck, “A Constitutional Case for Government Cooperation,” at 18.
68. Michael W. McConnell, “Political and Religious Disestablishment,” 1986 Brigham Young U. L. Rev. 405, 413.
69. Stephen G. Gilles, “Why Parents Should Choose,” in Peterson and Hassel, eds., Learning from School Choice, at 395, 404.
70. Kathleen M. Sullivan, “Religion and Liberal Democracy,” 59 U. Chicago L. Rev. 195, 208-14 (1992)
71. Steffen N.Johnson, “A Civil Libertarian Case for the Constitutionality of School Choice,” IO George Mason U. Civil Rights L.J. I, 5-10 (1999/2000).
72. Joseph P. Viteritti, “School Choice and State Constitutional Law,” in Peterson and Hassel, eds., Learningfrom School Choice, at 4og.
73. Michael J. Perry, The Idea of Human Rights: Four Inquiries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
74. Laura S. Under-kuffler, “The Price of Vouchers for Religious Freedom,” 78 U. Detroit Mercy L. Rev. 463, 475-76 (2001).
75. Michael W. McConnell, “Governments, Families, and Power: A Defense of Educational Choice,” 31 Connecticut L. Rev. 847, 855, 858 (1999)
76. Volokh, “Equal Treatment Is Not Establishment,” at 365-67
77. Allan E. Parker, Jr., and R. Clayton Trotter, “Hostility or Neutrality? Faith-Based Schools and Tax-Funded Tuition: A GI Bill for Kids,” 10 George Mason U. Civil Rights L.J. 83, 101-05 (1999/2000).
78. “Constitutional Law - Free Exercise Clause - Ninth Circuit Upholds Oregon Regulation Limiting Special Education Services to Religiously Neutral Settings,” 114 Harvard L. Rev. 954 (2001).
79. Steven D. Smith, “Free Exercise Doctrine and the Discourse of Disre-spect,” 65 U. Colorado L. Rev. 519 (1994). 7i.
80. Laura S. Underkuffler, “Public Funding for Religious Schools: Difficulties and Dangers in a Pluralistic Society,” 27 Oxford Rev. Education 577 (2001).
81. Joseph P. Viteritti, “A Truly Living Constitution: Why Educational Oppor-tunity Trumps Strict Separation on the Voucher Question,” 57 New York U. Annual Survey of American L. 89, i 12 (2000).
82. Robert Drinan, SJ, “Mr. Bush Backs the Gospel on the Streets,” The Tab!Rt [London], Feb. 10, 2001, at i 76, i77.
83. John T. Noonan, Jr., and Edward McGlynn Gaffney, Jr., Religious Freedom: History, Cases, and Other Materials on the Interaction of Religion and Government (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), at 263. 148
84. Robert P. George, Making Men Moral: Civil Lib-erties and Public Morality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), at 42-43
85. Richard A. Posner, “Reply to Critics of The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory,” 111 Harvard L. Rev. 1796, 1814 (1998)
86. Kent Greenawalt, “Legal Enforcement of Morality,” 85 J. Criminal L. & Criminology 710, 710 (1995).
87. Kathleen M. Sullivan, “Religion and Liberal Democracy,” 59 U. Chicago L. Rev. 195, 197 (1992):
88. James Bradley Thayer, “The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law,” 7 Harvard L. Rev. 129 (1893).
89. “One Hundred Years of Judicial Review: The Thayer Centennial Symposium,” 88 Northwestern U. L. Rev. 1-468 (1993).
90. Patricia Beattie Jung and Ralph F. Smith, Heterosexism: An Ethical Chalknge (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).
91. Michael J. Perry, “Protecting Human Rights in a Democracy: What Role for the Courts?” (Wake Forest Law Review, forthcoming).
92. Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), Chapters 10-13.
93. Andrew Koppelman, “Secular Purpose,” 88 Virginia L. Rev. 87, 117 n. loo (2002).
94. Michael J. Perry, “What Is 'Morality' Anyway?” 45 Villanova L. Rev. 69, 98-105 (2000)
95. Michael J. Perry, The Idea of Human Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), Chapter l.
96. Richard N. Ostling, “In So Many Gods We Trust,” Time, Jan. 30, 1995, at 72.
97. Michael J. Perry, Religion in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), at 30-38.
98. Christopher J. Eberle, “Why Restraint Is Religiously Unacceptable,” 35 Reli-gious Studies 247, 261-62 (1999).
99. Michael J. Perry, Love and Power: The Role of Religfon and Morality inAmerican Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), at io
100. Michael W. McConnell, “Political and Religious Disestablishment,” 1986 Brigham Young U. L. Rev. 405, 413:
101. Michael J. Perry, TheIdea of Human Rights: Four Inquiries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), at 11-41.
102. Samuel Brittan, “Making Common Cause: How Liberals Differ, and What They Ought To Agree On,” Times Literary Supplement, Sept. 20, 1996, at 3, 4
103. Charles Larmore, “The Moral Basis of Political Liberalism,” 96J. Philosophy 599, 624-25 (1999)
104. Michael J. Perry, Religion in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), at 102-04.
105. Mark Tushnet, “The Limits of the Involvement of Religion in the Body Politic,” in James E. Wood, Jr., and Derek Davis, eds., The Role of Religion in the Making of Public Policy (Waco, Tex.:J. M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, Baylor University, 1991), at i91, 213
106. Richard Rorty, “Religion as Conversation-Stopper,” in Richard Rorty, Philoso-phy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), at 168, 169.
107. Jeffrey S. Siker, “Homosexual Christians, the Bible, and Gentile Inclusion: Confessions of a Repenting Heterosexist,” in Jeffrey S. Siker, ed., Homosexuality in the Church: Both Sides of the Debate (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster /J. Knox Press, 1994), at 178, 181-83.
108. Luke TimothyJohnson, “Religious Rights and Christian Texts,” inJohn Witte, Jr., and Johan David van der Vyver, eds., Religious Human Rights in Global Per-spective: Religious Perspectives (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996), at 65, 72-73.
109. Michael W. McConnell, “Political and Religious Disestablishment,” 1986 Brigham Young U. L. Rev. 405, 413.
110. Christopher J. Eberle, Religfous Conviction in Liberal Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
111. John A. Coleman, SJ, An American Strategi, c Theology (New York: Paulist Press, 1982), at 192-95.
112. Daniel O. Conkle, “Different Religions, Different Politics: Evaluating the Role of Competing Religious Traditions in American Politics and Law,” 10 J. L. & Religion l (1993-94).
113. David Tracy, Plurality and Ambiguity: Hermeneutics, Religfon, Hope [San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1987], at 84-85, 86, 97-98, 1 12.
114. David Tracy, The Ana/, ogical Imagination (New York: Crossroad, 1981), at 13.
115. Kent Greenawalt, Religious Con-victions and Political Choice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), at 6
116. David Hollenbach, SJ, “Civil Society: Beyond the Public-Private Dichotomy,” The Responsive Community, Winter 1994/95, at 15, 22.
117. David Hollenbach, SJ, “Contexts of the Political Role of Religion: Civil Society and Culture,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 877, 891 (1993)
118. Kent Greenawalt, “Religious Convictions and Political Choice: Some Further Thoughts,” 3g DePaul L. Rev. 101g, 1034
119. Paul G. Stern, “A Pluralistic Reading of the First Amendment and Its Relation to Public Discourse,” gg Yale L.J. g25, g34 (1ggo).
120. Michael J. Perry, Morality, Politics, and Law (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1988), at 183.
121. Jeremy Waldron, “Religious Contributions in Public Deliberation,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 817, 841-42 [1993].
122. Michael J. Sandel, “Political Liberalism,” 107 Harvard L. Rev. 1765, 1794 (1994):
123. Michael J. Perry, “Freedom of Religion in the United States: Fin de Siecle Sketches,” 75 Indiana L.J. 295, 327-29 (2000).
124. Nicholas Wolterstorff, “Audi on Religion, Politics, and Liberal Democracy,” in Robert Audi and Nicholas Wolterstorff, Religion in the Public Square (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), at 145, 147
125. Douglas Laycock, “Freedom of Speech That Is Both Religious and Political,” 29 U. California, Davis L. Rev. 793 (1996)
126. Michael W. McConnell, “Correspondence: Getting Along,” First Things, June:July 1996, at 2. Cf.
127. Sanford Levinson, “Religious Language and the Public Square,” 105 Harvard L. Rev. 2061, 2077 (1992)
128. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), at 217.
129. Stephen Macedo, “Transformative Constitutionalism and the Case of Reli-gion: Defending the Moderate Hegemony of Liberalism,” 26 Political Theory 56, 71 (1998).
130. William A. Galston, Liberal Purposes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), at 108-o9.
131. Michael J. Perry, “Religious Morality and Political Choice: Further Thoughts-and Second Thoughts - on Love and Power,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 703, 711 n. 23 (1993)
132. Robert Audi, Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), at 197.
133. Robert Audi, “The Place of Religious Argument in a Free and Democratic Society,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 677, 701 (1993).
134. Gerald R. Dworkin, “Equal Respect and the Enforcement of Morality,” 7 Social Philosophy & Policy 180, 193 (1990) (criticizing Ronald Dworkin)
135. John M. Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford: Claren-don Press, 1980), at 221-22
136. Lawrence B. Solum, “Faith and Justice,” 39 DePaul U. L. Rev. 1083, 1096 (1990).
137. Stephen L. Carter, “The Religiously DevoutJudge,” 64 Notre Dame L. Rev. 932, 939 (1989).
138. Maimon Schwarzschild, “Religion and Public Debate in a Liberal Society: Always Oil and Water or Sometimes More Like Rum and Coca-Cola?,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 903 (1993).
139. John Courtney Murray, We Hold These Truths (Kansas City. Mo.: Sheed and Ward, l96o), at 23-24.
140. Kent Greenawalt, Private Consciences and Public Reasons (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), at 130.
141. Mark V. Tushnet, “The Constitution of Reli-gion,” 18 Connecticut L. Rev. 701, 712 (1986)
142. Steven D. Smith, Foreordained Failure: The Quest for a Constitutional Principl, e of Religious Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), at 164-65
143. Michael J. Perry, “What Is 'Morality' Anyway?” 45 Villanova L. Rev. 69 (2000)
144. Michael J. Perry, “The Putative Inviolability of 'The Other': A Nonreli-gious Ground?” (forthcoming).
145. Jeff McMahon, “When Not to Kill or Be Killed,” Times Literary Suppwment, Aug. 7, 1998, at 31
146. Ernan McMullin, “Galileo on Science and Scripture,” in Peter Machamer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Galileo (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), at 271.
147. David Matzko McCarthy, “Homosexuality and the Practices of Marriage,” 13 Modern Theology 371, 372 (1997).
148. Michael J. Perry, We the People: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), at 131-50.
149. Michael J. Perry, “What Is 'Morality' Anyway?” 45 Villanova L. Rev. 69 (2000)
150. MichaelJ. Perry, Love and Power: TheRole of Religion and Morality in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), at 132-38.
151. Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), at 96.
152. Richard B. Hays, “Awaiting the Redemption of Our Bodies: The Witness of Scripture Concerning Homosexuality,” in Jeffrey S. Siker, ed., Homosexuality in the Church: Both Sides of the Debate (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster J. Knox Press, 1994), at 3, 7
153. David L. Balch, ed., Homosexuality, Science, and the “Plain Sense” of Scripture (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans, 2000)
154. Deirdre Good, “The New Testament and Homosexuality: Are We Getting Anywhere?,” 26 Religious Studies Rev. 307 (2000).
155. Choon-Leong Seow, ed., Homosexuality and Christian Community (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster I ]. Knox Press, 1996), at 86.
156. Patricia Beattie Jung and Ralph F. Smith, Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), at 61.
157. Patricia Beattie Jung with Joseph Andrew Coray, eds., Sexual Diversity and Catholicism: Toward the Development of Moral Theology (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2001), at 150.
158. Gustav Niebuhr, “Laws Aside, Some in Clergy Quietly Bless Gay 'Marriage',” New York Times, Apr. 17, 1998, at Ai.
159. Gustav Niebuhr, “Presbyterian Church Upholds Ban on Ordaining Homosexuals,” New York Times, June 26, 1999, at A26.
160. Laurie Goldstein, “Presbyterian Court Upholds Holy Unions for Same-Sex Couples,” New York Times, May 25, 2000, at A16
161. Lisa Sowle Cahill and James F. Childress, eds., Christian Ethics: Problems and Prospects (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1996).
162. John Mahoney, SJ, The Making of Moral Theology: A Study of the & man Catholic Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)
163. John T. Noonan, Jr., “Development in Moral Doctrine,” 54 Theological Stud-ies 662, 676--77 (1993).
164. Margaret A. Farley, “An Ethic for Same-Sex Relations”, in Robert Nugent, ed., A Challenge to Love: Gay and Lesbian Catholics in the Church (New York: Crossroad, 1983), at 93, 9g-100.
165. Robin W. Lovin, “Empiricism and Christian Social Thought,” Annual of Society of Christian Ethics 25, 41 (1982).
166. Margaret A. Farley, “The Role of Experience in Moral Discernment,” in Cahill and Childress, Christian Ethics, at 134, 148.
167. Margaret A. Farley, “Response toJames Hanigan and Charles Curran,” in Saul M. Olyan and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds., Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in American Religious Discourse (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), at 101, 106.
168. Robert Audi, “Liberal Democracy and the Place of Religion in Pol-itics,” in Robert Audi and Nicholas Wolterstorff, Religfon in the Public Square [Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997], at I, 20-21
169. Paul F. Campos, “Secular Funda-mentalism,” 94 Columbia L. Rev. 1814 (1994).
170. Basil Mitchell, “Should Law Be Christian?,” Law & Justice, no. 96/97 (1988), at 12, 21.
171. Sean Fagan, SM, “Interpreting the Catechism,” 44 Doctrine & Life 412, 416--17 (1994)
172. Richard John Neuhaus, “Reason Public and Private: The Pannenberg Project,” First Things, March 1992, at 55, 57.
173. National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response [Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Confer-ence, 1983]
174. Bryan Hehir, “Re-sponsibilities and Temptations of Power: A Catholic View,” unpublished ms. [1988]
175. Edward Schillebeeckx, The SchiUebeeckx Reader, ed. Robert Schreiter (New York: Crossroad, 1984).
176. Edward Schillebeeckx, The Williamsburg Charter: A National Celebration and Reaffirmation of the First Amendment Religious Liberty Clauses (Williamsburg, Va., 1988), at 22.
177. Richard John Neuhaus, “Nihilism without the Abyss: Law, Rights, and Transcendent Good,” 5 ]. L. & Religion 53, 62 (1987).
178. Stanley Hauerwas, “A Christian Critique of Christian America,” in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., Religion, Morality, and the Law (New York: New York University Press, 1988), at 110, 118.
179. David Lochhead, The Dialogical Imperative: A Christian Reflection on Interfaith Encounter (Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books, 1988), at 79.
180. Robin W. Lovin, “Why the Church Needs the World: Faith, Realism, and the Public Life,” unpublished ms. (the 1988 Sorenson Lecture, Yale Divinity School). 5i.
181. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, “The Consistent Ethic of Life After Webster,” 19 Origins 741, 748 (1990) (emphasis added).
182. David M. Estlund and Martha C. Nussbaum, eds., Sex, Preference, and Family: Essays on Law and Nature (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)
183. Andrew Sullivan, ed., Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con (New York: Vintage, 1997)
184. Christopher Wolfe, ed., Homosexuality and American Public Life (Dallas: Spence Publishing, 1999).
185. James F. Keenan, SJ, The Tablet [London], July 6, 1998, at 878-79.
186. Janet E. Smith, “Thomas Aquinas on Homosexuality,” in Wolfe, ed., Homosexuality and American Public Life, at 129
187. David Matzko McCarthy, “Sexual Utter-ances and Common Life,” 16 Modern Theology 443 (2000).
188. Richard Westley, Morality and Its Beyond (Mystic, Ct.:.Twenty-Third Publi-cations, 1984), at l6g-98.
189. Dame J. L., Ethics & Public Policy 11 (1995)
190. Michael J. Perry, Religion in Politics: Constitutional and Moral Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), at 85-96.
191. James P. Hanigan, Homosexuality: The Test Casefor Christian Sexual Ethics (New York: Paulist Press, 1988)
192. James P. Hanigan, “Unity and Procreative Meaning: The Inseparable Link,” inJung with Coray, eds., Sexual Diversity and Catholicism, at 22.
193. John M. Finnis, “Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation',” 9 Notre Dame J. L., Ethics & Public Policy 11, 16 (1995).
194. W. Sibley Towner, “The Renewed Authority of Old Testament Wisdom for Contemporary Faith,” in G. W. Coats and B. O. Long, eds., Canon and Author-ity: Essays in Old Testament Religion and Authority (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977)
195. John Corvino, “Why Shouldn't Tommy and Jim Have Sex? A Defense of Homosexuality,” in Corvino, ed., In Same Sex, at 3
196. Andrew Koppelman, “Is Marriage Inher-ently Heterosexual?” 1997 American J.Jurisprudence 51
197. Stephen Macedo, “Against the Old Sexual Morality of the New Natural Law,” in Robert P. George, ed., Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), at 27
198. David Hollenbach, SJ, “Contexts of the Political Role of Religion: Civil Society and Culture,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 877, 894 (1993).
199. John G. West, Jr., The Politics of Revelation and Reason: Religion and Civic Life in the New Nation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), at 121.
200. David M. Smolin, “The Enforcement of Natural Law by the State: A Response to Professor Calhoun,” 16 U. Dayton L. Rev. 318, 391-92 (1991).
201. Glenn Tinder, “Can We Be Good Without God?” Atlantic Monthly, December 1989, at 69, 83.
202. Mark Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans, 1994), at 207-08.
203. George Marsden, “Common Sense and the Spiritual Vision of History,” in
204. C. T. Mcintire and Ronald A. Wells, eds., History and Historical Understanding Thomas Merton, ed., The Wisdom of the Desert (New York: New Directions, 1960), at 62.
205. Michael J. Perry, Morality, Politics, and Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), at 181-82
206. Robert N. Bellah, Foreword to Richard L. Smith, AIDS, Gays and the American Catholic Church (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1994), at xii-xiii.
207. Bernard Hoose, “Authority in the Church,” 63 Theological Studies 107 (2002).
208. Bernard Hoose, Authority in Roman Catholicism (Essex, England: Matthew James Publishing, 2002)
209. Bernard Hoose, ed., Authority in the Roman Catholic Church (Aldershot, England, and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2002).
210. John T. McGreevy, “A Case of Doctrinal Development: John T. Noonan - Jurist, Historian, Author, Sage,” Commonweal, Nov. 12, 2000, at 12, 17.
211. Thomas P. Rausch, SJ, Reconciling Faith and Reason (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2000), at 45-46
212. Robert McClory, Faithful Dissenters: Stories of Men and Women Who Loved and Changed the Church (Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books, 2000).
213. Francis A. Sullivan, “The Magisterium in the New Millennium,” America, Aug. 27, 2001, at 12
214. Patricia Beattie Jung, “Introduction,” in Patricia Beattie Jung with Joseph Andrew Coray, eds., Sexual Diversity and Catholicism: Toward the Development of Moral Theology (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2001), at x, xxix n. 31.
215. Cokie Roberts. “John Paul II on the American Experiment,” First Things, April 1998, at 36, 37.
216. Bishop James McHugh, “Political Responsibility and 'Living the Gospel of Life,' " 29 Origins igo, 292 (1999):
217. Bishop James McHugh, “Letters to Pastors: Building a Culture of Life,” 30 Origins 300 (2000)
218. George F. Will, “Being 'Most Mentioned,' " Newsweek, June 12, 2000
219. Gerard V. Bradley, “Grounds for Assent,” Commonweal, Sept. 9, 1994, at 29
220. Garry Wills, Papal Sin (New York: Doubleday, 2000), at 6:
221. John T. Noonan, Jr., “Development in Moral Doctrine,” 54 Theological Stud-ies 662, 674 (1993) (emphasis added).
222. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, “The Consistent Ethic of Life After Webster,” 19 Origins 741, 748 (19go)
223. Richard John Neuhaus, “Nihilism without the Abyss: Law, Rights, and Transcendent Good,” 5J. L. & Religion 53, 62 (1987).
224. Stanley Hauerwas, “A Christian Critique of Chris-tian America,” in J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., Religfon, Morality, and the Law (New York: New York University Press, 1988), at 110, u8.
225. Francis A. Sullivan, SJ, “The Papal Apology,” America, April 8, 2000, at 17, 19, 22.
226. Garry Wills, “The Vatican Regrets,” New York Review of Books, May 25, 2000, at 19.
227. Gregory Baum, “The Church We Love: A Conversation with Miroslav Volf,” The Ecumenist, Winter 2000, at 13, 15:
228. Robert N. Bellah, “Foreword” to Richard L. Smith, AIDS, Gays and the American Catholic Church (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1994), at xii-xiii.
229. David Hollenbach, SJ, “Contexts of the Political Role of Religion: Civil Society and Culture,” 30 San Diego L. Rev. 877, 894-g5 (1993).
230. Margaret A. Farley, “An Ethic for Same-Sex Relations,” in Robert Nugent, ed., A Challenge to Love: Gay and Lesbian Catholics in the Church (New York: Crossroad, 1983), at 93, 100.
231. Margaret A. Farley, “The Role of Experience in Moral Discernment,” in Lisa Sowle Cahill andJames F. Childress, eds., Christian Ethics: Problems and Prospects (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1996), at 134, 148.
232. John Mahoney, SJ, The Making of Moral Theology: A Study of the & man Catholic Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), at 327.
233. Margaret O'Brien Steinfels, “Dissent and Communion,” Commonweal, Nov. 18, 1994
234. PatrickJordan and Paul Baumann, eds., Commonweal Confronts the Century: Liberal Convictions, Catholic Tradition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), at 324, 326--31.
235. Hans Kiing, “Waiting for Vatican III,” The Tablet [London], Dec. 16, 1995, at 1616.
236. Nicholas Lash, “Waiting for the Echo,” The Tablet [London], March 4, 2000, at 309 [emphasis added].
237. Richard Westley, “We Are Makers of Love,” Praying, May:June 1994, at 28, 31
238. Richard Rorty, “Religion as Conversation-stopper,” in Richard Rorty, PhiloSO'phy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), at 168, 169.
239. John L. Allen, Jr., “Quebec Bishops Praise Autonomy, Democracy,” National Catholic Reporter, Apr. 21, 2000, at 5.
240. David O'Brien, Public Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1989), at 7.
241. USCC Administrative Board, “Faithful Citizenship: Civic Responsibility for a New Millennium,” 29 Origins 3og, 317 n. I(1999).
242. Kenneth Himes, OFM, “Catholic Political Responsibility in This Time and Place,” 29 Origins 614, 616 (2000).
243. Reinhold Niebuhr, Theologian of Public Life, ed. Larry Rasmussen (Minneapolis, Minn.: Fortress Press, 1989), at 126-27.
244. Carey Goldberg with Janet Elder, “Public Still Backs Abortion, but Wants Limits, Poll Says,” New York Times, J an. 16, 1998, at Ai.
245. Elizabeth Mensch and Alan Freeman, The Politics of Virtue: ls Abortion Debatable? (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993).
246. M. Cathleen Kaveny, “Toward a Thomistic Perspec-tive on Abortion and the Law in Contemporary America,” 55 The Thomist 343, 393 (1991)
247. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Shifting Certainties in the Abortion War,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 1998
248. “Roe: Twenty-Five Years Later,” First Things, J anuary 1998, at 9
249. Michael J. Perry, We the People: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Supreme Court (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), at 151-68, 177-79.
250. Michael J. Perry, “What Is 'Morality' Anyway?” 45 Villanova L. Rev. 69 (2000)
251. Norman Ford, SDB, “Letter: Morality after Rape,” The Tablet [London], June 19, 1999, at 846
252. Leslie C. Griffin, “Evangelium Vitae: Abortion,” in Kevin Wm. Wildes, SJ, and Alan C. Mitchell, eds., Choosing Life: A Dialogue on Evangelium Vitae (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1997), at 159:
253. Robert F. George, book review, 88 American Political Science Rev. 445, 445- 46 (1994)
254. Patrick Lee, Abortion and Unborn Human Life (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1996).
255. Germain Grisez. “When Do People Begin?,” Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 64: 27 (1990).
256. John Finnis, “Abortion and Health Care Ethics,” in Ranaan Gillon, ed., Principles of Health Care Ethics (New York: Wiley, 1994), at 547.
257. Robert P. George, “Public Reason and Political Conflict: Abortion and Homosexuality,” 106Yale L.J. 2475 (1997).
258. Daniel Dombrowski and Robert Deltete, A Brief, Liberal, Catholic Defense of Abor-tion (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
259. Jean Porter, “Is the Embryo a Person? Arguing with the Catholic Traditions,” Commonweal, Feb. 8, 2002, at 8.
260. R. Randall Rainey, SJ, and Gerard Magill, eds., Abortion and Public Policy: An Inter-disciplinary Investigation within the Catholic Tradition (Omaha, Neb.: Creighton University Press, 1996).
261. Richard A. McCormick, “double effect, principle of,” in Richard P. McBrien, ed., The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), at 432.
262. Bonnie Steinbock, “Why Most Abortions Are Not Wrong,” 5 Advances in Bioethics 245 (1999)
263. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, “You Can't Lose What You Ain't Never Had: A Reply to Marquis on Abortion,” 96 Philosophical Studies 59 (1997)
264. Earl Conee, “Metaphysics and the Morality of Abortion,” 108 Mind 619, 638-44 (1999)
265. Jeff McMahan, The Ethics of Killing: Prob/, ems at the Margins of Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), at 270-71.
266. Laurence H. Tribe, “Will the Abortion Fight Ever End?: A Nation Held Hostage,” New York Times, jul y 2, 19go, at A13.
267. Mary Warnock, An Intelligent Person's Guide to Ethics (London: Duckworth, 1998), at 43-49
268. Stanley Rudman, Concepts of Person and Christian Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
269. “Personhood: Beginnings and Endings,” 6 Christian Bioethics 3-122 (2000).
270. Daniel Callahan, Abortion, Law, Choice and Morality (New York: Macmillan, 1970), at 497-98 (emphasis added).
271. Joseph Fletcher, “Indicators of Humanhood: A Tentative Profile,” Hastings Center Report 2 (1972)
272. Mary Ann Warren, “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,” in James A. Sterba, ed., Morality in Practice (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1980), at 144-45
273. James Rachels, The End of Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), at 5
274. Joan C. Callahan, “The Fetus and Fundamental Rights,” in Patricia Beattie Jung and Thomas A. Shannon, eds., Abortion & Catholicism: The American Debate (New York: Crossroad, 1988), at 217
275. Carol A. Tauer, “Abortion: Embodiment and Prenatal Development,” in Lisa Sowle Cahill and Margaret A. Farley, eds., Embodiment, Morality, and Medicine (Dortrecht: Kluwer, 1995), at 75
276. Jeffrey H. Reiman, Critical Moral Liberalism: Theory and Practice (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), at l8g-210
277. Jeffrey Reiman, Abortion and the Ways We ValueHuman Life (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), at l0-1 1.
278. Peter Steinfels, “The Search for an Alternative,” Commonweal, Nov. 20, 1981
279. PatrickJordan and Paul Baumann, eds., Commonweal Confronts the Century: Liberal Convictions, Catholic Tradition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999), at 204, 2og-11.
280. Robert E. Joyce, “Personhood and the Conception Event,” 52 New Scholasticism 97 (1978)
281. Diane Nutwell Irving, “Scientific and Philosophical Expertise: An Evaluation of the Arguments on 'Personhood',” Linacre Quarterly, February 1993, at 18.
282. Garry Wills, Papal Sin (New York: Doubleday, 2000), at 229.
283. Jeff McMahan, “When Not to Kill or Be Killed,” Times Literary Suppkment, Aug. 7, 1998, at 31
284. Frances Kamm, Morality, Mortality, Volume 2: Rights, Duties, and Status [1997].
285. David Smith, MSC, “What Is Christian Teaching on Abortion?,” 42 Doc-trine & Life 305, 316 (1992)
286. Michael J. Perry, “The Putative Inviolability of 'The Other': A Nonreli-gious Ground?” (forthcoming)
287. Kevin Wm. Wildes, SJ, “In the Service of Life: Evangelium Vitae and Medical Research,” in Wildes and Mitchell, eds., Choosing Life, at 186, 190.
288. J. M. Winter and D. M. Joslin, eds., R. H. Tawney's Commonplace Book (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), at 67
289. Dennis Prager, “Can We Be Good without God?,” 9 Ultimate Issues 3, 4 (1993):
290. Jeffrie Murphy, “Afterword: Constitutionalism, Moral Skepticism, and Reli-gious Belief,” in Alan S. Rosenbaum, ed., Constitutionalism: The Philosophical Dimension (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), at 239, 248
291. Czeslaw Milosz, “The Religious Imagination at 2000,” New Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 1997, at 32:
292. Richard Rorty, “Human Rights, Rationality, and Sentimentality,” in Stephen Shute and Susan Hurley, eds., On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures (New York: Basic Books, 1993), at 111, 124-25
293. John M. Finnis, “Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation',” 9 Notre Dame]. L., Ethics & Public Policy 11, 16 (1995).
294. James K. Fitzpatrick, “A Pro-Life Loss of Nerve?” First Things, December 2000, at 35, 38.
295. Margaret O'Brien Steinfels, “On Catholics and Democrats,” Dissent, Winter 2000, at 86, 88:
296. Carey Goldberg with Janet Elder, “Public Still Backs Abortion." “The survey, which was the first New York Times/CBS
297. Elizabeth Adell Cook, Ted G.Jelen, and Clyde Wilcox, Between Two Absolutes: Public opinion and the Politics of Abortion (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992)
298. Roger Rosenblatt, Life Itself: Abortion in the American Mind (New York: Random House, 1992).
299. Pamela Schaeffer's article “Liberal Activists Oppose Abortion as Part of 'Seamless' Package,” National Catholic Reporter, Jan. 21, 2000
300. Gregg Easterbrook, “Abortion and Brain Waves: What Neither Side Wants You to Know,” New Republic, Jan. 31, 2000, at 21, 25
301. Kenneth D. Wald, Religfon and Politics in the United States (Washington, D.C.: CQPress, 1997), at 212
302. Michael J. Gorman, “Scripture, History, and Authority in a Christian View of Abortion: A Response to Paul Simmons,” 2 Christian Bioethics 83 (i996).
303. Mark Olson, “Back to the Bible,” Church & Society, March/April i981, at 54.
304. M. Cathleen Kaveny, “The Limits of Ordinary Virtue: The Limits of the Criminal Law in Implementing Evangelium Vitae,” in Wildes and Mitchell, eds., Choosing Life, at i32.
305. Republic of Ireland, Green Paper on Abortion (Dublin: Government of Ireland Stationery Office, i999)
306. James Kingston, Anthony Whelan, and Ivana Bacik, Abortion and the Law (Dublin: Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell, 1997)
307. Gerard Hogan and G. F. Whyte,] M. Kelly s TheIrish Constitution, 3rd ed. (Dublin: Butterworths, 1994), at 790-810.
308. Sarah Lyall, “Increasingly, Irish Turn to Britain for Abortions,” New York Times, Dec. 24, 2001.
309. Kevin Wm. Wildes, SJ, “The Stem Cell Report,” America, Oct. 16, 1999, at 12, 13, 14.
310. Joseph F. Donceel, SJ, “Immediate Animation and Delayed Homonization,” 31 Theological Studies 76 (1970)
311. Joseph F. Donceel, SJ, “A Liberal Catholic's View,” in Robert Hall, ed., Abortion in a Changi, ng World (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), at 39
312. Thomas A. Shannon, “Human Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy,” 62 Theological Studies 811, 814-21 (200 I).
313. Robert Audi, Religious Commitment and Secular Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), at 197
314. Richard Perez-Pena, “Lieberman Seeks Greater Role for Religion in Public Life,” New York Times, Aug. 2S, 2000, at A1.
315. Richard Rorty, “Religion as Conversation-stopper,” in Richard Rorty, Philosv-phy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), at 16S, 169.
316. John W. Baer, The Hedge of AUegiance: A Centennial History, r892- r992 (Annapolis, Md.:J. W. Baer, 1992).
317. Michael J. Perry, “Freedom of Religion in the United States: Fin de Siecle Sketches,” 75 Indiana L.J. 295, 317 n. 71 (2000).
318. Evelyn Nieves, 'Judges Ban Pledge of Allegiance from Schools, Citing 'Under God',” New York Times, June 27, 2002
319. Howard Fineman, “One Nation, Under … Who?,” Newsweek, July 8, 2002, at 20.
320. Jeffery L. Sheler, “Faith in America,” U.S. News, May 6, 2002, at 40, 42.
321. Bob Abernethy, “Special Report: Exploring Religious America,” Religi, on & Ethics Newsweekly, Apr. 26, 2002 (www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week534/cover.html).
322. Michael Hout and Claude S. Fischer, “Why More Americans Have No Reli-gious Preference: Politics and Generations,” 67 American Sociological Rev. 165 (2002).
323. Christopher J. Eberle, Religi, ous Conviction in Liberal Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), at 23-47.
324. Diana Eck, A New Religi, ous America: How a “Christian Country” Has Become the World's Most Religi, ously Diverse Nation (San Francisco: HarperSanFranciso, 200 I).
325. Michael J. Perry, Love and Power: The&le of Religi, on and Morality inAmerican Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
326. Joseph Cardinal Bernardin, “The Consistent Ethic of Life After Webster,” 19 Origins 741, 748 (1990)
327. David Lochhead, The Dialog-ical Imperative: A Christian Reflection on Interfaith Encounter (Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books, 1988), at 93.
328. Hans Kung, Does God Exist? (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1978), at 490.
329. Alan Wolfe, “Civil Religion Revisited: Quiet Faith in Middle Class America,” in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed., Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith: Religious Accommodation in Pluralist Democ-racies (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), at 32.
330. John Courtney Murray, We Hold These Truths (Kansas City, Mo.: Sheed and Ward, ig6o), at 23-24.