Oxygen reduction activity and stability trends of bimetallic Pt0.5M0.5 nanoparticle in acid

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 119, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 3971-3978

  Han, Binghong ^a   Carlton, Christopher Earl ^a,b   Suntivich, Jin ^c   Xu, Zhichuan ^d   Shao Horn, Yang ^a,b  

^a Massachusetts Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATALYST ACTIVITY; DISSOLUTION; ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION; METAL NANOPARTICLES; OXYGEN; OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION; PARTICLE SIZE; PLATINUM ALLOYS; SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

ALLOY CATALYST; ALLOY FORMATION; CATALYZE OXYGEN; METAL DISSOLUTION; ORR ACTIVITIES; OXYGEN REDUCTION; POSITIVE SHIFT; THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS;

TRANSITION METALS;

EID: 84923950677     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp5129904     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Hoogers, G.; Thomsett, D. The Role of Catalysis in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Technology Catal. Technol. 1999, 3, 106
2. Steele, B. C. H.; Heinzel, A. Materials for Fuel-Cell Technologies Nature 2001, 414, 345-352
3. Habas, S. E.; Lee, H.; Radmilovic, V.; Somorjai, G. A.; Yang, P. Shaping Binary Metal Nanocrystals through Epitaxial Seeded Growth Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 692-697
4. Greeley, J.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Bondarenko, A. S.; Johansson, T. P.; Hansen, H. A.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Rossmeisl, J.; Chorkendorff, I.; Nørskov, J. K. Alloys of Platinum and Early Transition Metals as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 552-556
5. Gasteiger, H. A.; Kocha, S. S.; Sompalli, B.; Wagner, F. T. Activity Benchmarks and Requirements for Pt, Pt-Alloy, and Non-Pt Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Pemfcs Appl. Catal., B 2005, 56, 9-35
6. Stamenkovic, V. R.; Fowler, B.; Mun, B. S.; Wang, G.; Ross, P. N.; Lucas, C. A.; Markovic, N. M. Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt3ni(111) Via Increased Surface Site Availability Science 2007, 315, 493-497
7. Chen, S.; Sheng, W.; Yabuuchi, N.; Ferreira, P. J.; Allard, L. F.; Shao-Horn, Y. Origin of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity on "Pt3Co" Nanoparticles: Atomically Resolved Chemical Compositions and Structures J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 113, 1109-1125
8. Wakisaka, M.; Suzuki, H.; Mitsui, S.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Increased Oxygen Coverage at Pt-Fe Alloy Cathode for the Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Studied by Ec-Xps J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 2750-2755
9. Paulus, U. A.; Wokaun, A.; Scherer, G. G.; Schmidt, T. J.; Stamenkovic, V.; Radmilovic, V.; Markovic, N. M.; Ross, P. N. Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Pt-Ni and Pt-Co Alloy Catalysts J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 4181-4191
10. Koh, S.; Leisch, J.; Toney, M. F.; Strasser, P. Structure-Activity-Stability Relationships of Pt-Co Alloy Electrocatalysts in Gas-Diffusion Electrode Layers J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 3744-3752
11. Chen, S.; Ferreira, P. J.; Sheng, W.; Yabuuchi, N.; Allard, L. F.; Shao-Horn, Y. Enhanced Activity for Oxygen Reduction Reaction on "Pt3Co" Nanoparticles: Direct Evidence of Percolated and Sandwich-Segregation Structures J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13818-13819
12. Nilekar, A.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Vukmirovic, M.; Sasaki, K.; Adzic, R.; Mavrikakis, M. Bimetallic and Ternary Alloys for Improved Oxygen Reduction Catalysis Top. Catal. 2007, 46, 276-284
13. Stamenkovic, V. R.; Mun, B. S.; Arenz, M.; Mayrhofer, K. J.; Lucas, C. A.; Wang, G.; Ross, P. N.; Markovic, N. M. Trends in Electrocatalysis on Extended and Nanoscale Pt-Bimetallic Alloy Surfaces Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 241-247
14. Stamenkovic, V. R.; Mun, B. S.; Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Ross, P. N.; Markovic, N. M. Effect of Surface Composition on Electronic Structure, Stability, and Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt-Transition Metal Alloys: Pt-Skin Versus Pt-Skeleton Surfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8813-8819
15. Hasché, F.; Oezaslan, M.; Strasser, P. Activity, Structure and Degradation of Dealloyed PtNi3 Nanoparticle Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Pemfc J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 159, B24-B33
16. Zhang, J.; Lima, F. H. B.; Shao, M. H.; Sasaki, K.; Wang, J. X.; Hanson, J.; Adzic, R. R. Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal-Noble Metal Core-Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O2 Reduction J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 22701-22704
17. 2 on Pt-Co and Pt-Fe Alloys J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4717-4725
18. Norskov, J. K.; Bligaard, T.; Rossmeisl, J.; Christensen, C. H. Towards the Computational Design of Solid Catalysts Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 37-46
19. Wang, D.; Yu, Y.; Xin, H. L.; Hovden, R.; Ercius, P.; Mundy, J. A.; Chen, H.; Richard, J. H.; Muller, D. A.; DiSalvo, F. J. Tuning Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity Via Controllable Dealloying: A Model Study of Ordered Cu3Pt/C Intermetallic Nanocatalysts Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5230-5238
20. Kim, Y. S.; Jeon, S. H.; Bostwick, A.; Rotenberg, E.; Ross, P. N.; Stamenkovic, V. R.; Markovic, N. M.; Noh, T. W.; Han, S.; Mun, B. S. Role of Transition Metal in Fast Oxidation Reaction on the Pt3Tm (111)(Tm= Ni, Co) Surfaces Adv. Energy Mater. 2013, 3, 1257-1261
21. Chen, C.; Kang, Y.; Huo, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Huang, W.; Xin, H. L.; Snyder, J. D.; Li, D.; Herron, J. A.; Mavrikakis, M. Highly Crystalline Multimetallic Nanoframes with Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Surfaces Science 2014, 343, 1339-1343
22. Gan, L.; Heggen, M.; O'Malley, R.; Theobald, B.; Strasser, P. Understanding and Controlling Nanoporosity Formation for Improving the Stability of Bimetallic Fuel Cell Catalysts Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1131-1138
23. Selvaganesh, S. V.; Sridhar, P.; Pitchumani, S.; Shukla, A. K. A Durable Graphitic-Carbon Support for Pt and Pt3Co Cathode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, F49-F59
24. Strasser, P.; Koh, S.; Anniyev, T.; Greeley, J.; More, K.; Yu, C.; Liu, Z.; Kaya, S.; Nordlund, D.; Ogasawara, H. Lattice-Strain Control of the Activity in Dealloyed Core-Shell Fuel Cell Catalysts Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 454-460
25. Mukerjee, S.; Srinivasan, S. Enhanced Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction on Platinum Alloys in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel-Cells J. Electroanal. Chem. 1993, 357, 201-224
26. Mukerjee, S.; Srinivasan, S.; Soriaga, M. P.; Mcbreen, J. Effect of Preparation Conditions of Pt Alloys on Their Electronic, Structural, and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction-Xrd, Xas, and Electrochemical Studies J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 4577-4589
27. Toda, T.; Igarashi, H.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Enhancement of the Electroreduction of Oxygen on Pt Alloys with Fe, Ni, and Co J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999, 146, 3750-3756
28. Mukerjee, S.; Srinivasan, S.; Soriaga, M. P.; Mcbreen, J. Role of Structural and Electronic-Properties of Pt and Pt Alloys on Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction-an in-Situ Xanes and Exafs Investigation J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995, 142, 1409-1422
29. Adzic, R. R.; Zhang, J.; Sasaki, K.; Vukmirovic, M. B.; Shao, M.; Wang, J. X.; Nilekar, A. U.; Mavrikakis, M.; Valerio, J. A.; Uribe, F. Platinum Monolayer Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Top. Catal. 2007, 46, 249-262
30. Stamenkovic, V. R.; Fowler, B.; Mun, B. S.; Wang, G.; Ross, P. N.; Lucas, C. A.; Markovic, N. M. Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt3ni(111) Via Increased Surface Site Availability Science 2007, 315, 493-497
31. Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. Theoretical Surface Science and Catalysis-Calculations and Concepts Adv. Catal. 2000, 45, 71-129
32. Nørskov, J. K.; Rossmeisl, J.; Logadottir, A.; Lindqvist, L.; Kitchin, J. R.; Bligaard, T.; Jönsson, H. Origin of the Overpotential for Oxygen Reduction at a Fuel-Cell Cathode J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 17886-17892
33. Rossmeisl, J.; Logadottir, A.; Nørskov, J. K. Electrolysis of Water on (Oxidized) Metal Surfaces Chem. Phys. 2005, 319, 178-184
34. Ball, S. C.; Hudson, S. L.; Theobald, B. R.; Thompsett, D. Ptco, a Durable Catalyst for Automotive Pemfc? ECS Trans. 2007, 11, 1267-1278
35. Wagner, F. T.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Makharia, R.; Neyerlin, K. C.; Thompson, E. L.; Yan, S. G. Catalyst Development Needs and Pathways for Automotive Pem Fuel Cells ECS Trans. 2006, 3, 19-29
36. Chen, S.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Hayakawa, K.; Tada, T.; Shao-Horn, Y. Platinum-Alloy Cathode Catalyst Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Nanometer-Scale Compositional and Morphological Changes J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, A82-A97
37. Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Hartl, K.; Juhart, V.; Arenz, M. Degradation of Carbon-Supported Pt Bimetallic Nanoparticles by Surface Segregation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16348-16349
38. Mathias, M. F.; Makharia, R.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Conley, J. J.; Fuller, T. J.; Gittleman, C. J.; Kocha, S. S.; Miller, D. P.; Mittelsteadt, C. K.; Xie, T. Two Fuel Cell Cars in Every Garage? Electrochem. Soc. Interface 2005, 14, 24-35
39. Holby, E. F.; Sheng, W.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Morgan, D. Pt Nanoparticle Stability in Pem Fuel Cells: Influence of Particle Size Distribution and Crossover Hydrogen Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 865-871
40. Shao-Horn, Y.; Sheng, W. C.; Chen, S.; Ferreira, P. J.; Holby, E. F.; Morgan, D. Instability of Supported Platinum Nanoparticles in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Top. Catal. 2007, 46, 285-305
41. Ferreira, P. J.; la O', G. J.; Shao-Horn, Y.; Morgan, D.; Makharia, R.; Kocha, S.; Gasteiger, H. A. Instability of Pt/C Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: A Mechanistic Investigation J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A2256-A2271
42. Carlton, C. E.; Chen, S.; Ferreira, P. J.; Allard, L. F.; Shao-Horn, Y. Sub-Nanometer-Resolution Elemental Mapping of "Pt3co" Nanoparticle Catalyst Degradation in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2011, 3, 161-166
43. Antolini, E.; Salgado, J. R. C.; Gonzalez, E. R. The Stability of Pt-M (M=First Row Transition Metal) Alloy Catalysts and Its Effect on the Activity in Low Temperature Fuel Cells J. Power Sources 2006, 160, 957-968
44. Watanabe, M.; Tsurumi, K.; Mizukami, T.; Nakamura, T.; Stonehart, P. Activity and Stability of Ordered and Disordered Co-Pt Alloys for Phosphoric-Acid Fuel-Cells J. Electrochem. Soc. 1994, 141, 2659-2668
45. Jalan, V.; Taylor, E. J. Importance of Interatomic Spacing in Catalytic Reduction of Oxygen in Phosphoric Acid J. Electrochem. Soc. 1983, 130, 2299-2302
46. Colön-Mercado, H. R.; Kim, H.; Popov, B. N. Durability Study of Pt3ni1 Catalysts as Cathode in Pem Fuel Cells Electrochem. Commun. 2004, 6, 795-799
47. Wei, Z. D.; Guo, H. T.; Tang, Z. Y. Heat Treatment of Carbon-Based Powders Carrying Platinum Alloy Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction: Influence on Corrosion Resistance and Particle Size J. Power Sources 1996, 62, 233-236
48. Erlebacher, J. An Atomistic Description of Dealloying-Porosity Evolution, the Critical Potential, and Rate-Limiting Behavior J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, C614-C626
49. Erlebacher, J. Mechanism of Coarsening and Bubble Formation in High-Genus Nanoporous Metals Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 225504
50. Stamenkovic, V. R.; Mun, B. S.; Mayrhofer, K. J.; Ross, P. N.; Markovic, N. M. Effect of Surface Composition on Electronic Structure, Stability, and Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt-Transition Metal Alloys: Pt-Skin Versus Pt-Skeleton Surfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8813-9
51. Koh, S.; Strasser, P. Electrocatalysis on Bimetallic Surfaces: Modifying Catalytic Reactivity for Oxygen Reduction by Voltammetric Surface Dealloying J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12624-12625
52. Cui, C.; Gan, L.; Heggen, M.; Rudi, S.; Strasser, P. Compositional Segregation in Shaped Pt Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Structural Behaviour During Electrocatalysis Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 765-771
53. Chen, C.; Kang, Y.; Huo, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Huang, W.; Xin, H. L.; Snyder, J. D.; Li, D.; Herron, J. A.; Mavrikakis, M. Highly Crystalline Multimetallic Nanoframes with Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Surfaces Science 2014, 343, 1339-1343
54. Choi, S.-I.; Xie, S.; Shao, M.; Odell, J. H.; Lu, N.; Peng, H.-C.; Protsailo, L.; Guerrero, S.; Park, J.; Xia, X. Synthesis and Characterization of 9 Nm Pt-Ni Octahedra with a Record High Activity of 3.3 A/MgPt for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3420-3425
55. Han, B.; Carlton, C. E.; Kongkanand, A.; Kukreja, R. S.; Theobald, B. R. C.; Gan, L.; O'Malley, R.; Strasser, P.; Wagner, F. T.; Shao-Horn, Y. Record Activity and Stability of Dealloyed Bimetallic Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 258-266
56. Escudero-Escribano, M.; Verdaguer-Casadevall, A.; Malacrida, P.; Grønbjerg, U.; Knudsen, B. P.; Jepsen, A. K.; Rossmeisl, J.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Chorkendorff, I. Pt5Gd as a Highly Active and Stable Catalyst for Oxygen Electroreduction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 16476-16479
57. Johansson, T. P.; Ulrikkeholm, E. T.; Hernandez-Fernandez, P.; Escudero-Escribano, M.; Malacrida, P.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Chorkendorff, I. Towards the Elucidation of the High Oxygen Electroreduction Activity of Ptxy: Surface Science and Electrochemical Studies of Y/Pt(111) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 13718-13725
58. Gan, L.; Strasser, P. Dealloyed Pt-Based Core-Shell Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction. In Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells; Shao, M., Ed.; Springer: London, 2013; Vol. 9, pp 533-560.
59. Gan, L.; Heggen, M.; Rudi, S.; Strasser, P. Core-Shell Compositional Fine Structures of Dealloyed Ptxni1-X Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Oxygen Reduction Catalysis Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5423-5430
60. Gan, L.; Cui, C.; Rudi, S.; Strasser, P. Core-Shell and Nanoporous Particle Architectures and Their Effect on the Activity and Stability of Pt Orr Electrocatalysts Top. Catal. 2014, 57, 236-244
61. Oezaslan, M.; Heggen, M.; Strasser, P. Size-Dependent Morphology of Dealloyed Bimetallic Catalysts: Linking the Nano to the Macro Scale J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 514-524
62. Snyder, J.; McCue, I.; Livi, K.; Erlebacher, J. Structure/Processing/Properties Relationships in Nanoporous Nanoparticles as Applied to Catalysis of the Cathodic Oxygen Reduction Reaction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8633-8645
63. Cui, C.; Gan, L.; Neumann, M.; Heggen, M.; Roldan Cuenya, B.; Strasser, P. Carbon Monoxide-Assisted Size Confinement of Bimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 4813-4816
64. Oezaslan, M.; Strasser, P. Activity of Dealloyed Ptco3 and Ptcu3 Nanoparticle Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 5240-5249
65. Gan, L.; Rudi, S.; Cui, C.; Strasser, P. Ni-Catalyzed Growth of Graphene Layers During Thermal Annealing: Implications for the Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Pt-Ni Fuel-Cell Catalysts Chem. Catal. Chem. 2013, 5, 2691-2694
66. Wang, D.; Xin, H. L.; Hovden, R.; Wang, H.; Yu, Y.; Muller, D. A.; DiSalvo, F. J.; Abruña, H. D. Structurally Ordered Intermetallic Platinum-Cobalt Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Enhanced Activity and Stability as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 81-87
67. Hwang, S. J.; Kim, S. K.; Lee, J. G.; Lee, S. C.; Jang, J. H.; Kim, P.; Lim, T. H.; Sung, Y. E.; Yoo, S. J. Role of Electronic Perturbation in Stability and Activity of Pt-Based Alloy Nanocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 19508-19511
68. Antolini, E.; Salgado, J.; Giz, M.; Gonzalez, E. Effects of Geometric and Electronic Factors on Orr Activity of Carbon Supported Pt-Co Electrocatalysts in Pem Fuel Cells Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2005, 30, 1213-1220
69. Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. Why Gold Is the Noblest of All the Metals Nature 1995, 376, 238-240
70. Crc Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90 th ed; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2000; Vol. 8.
71. Okamoto, H. Pd-Pt (Palladium-Platinum) J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 1991, 12, 617-618
72. Bharadwaj, S. R.; Tripathi, S. N.; Chandrasekharaiah, M. S. The Ir-Pt (Iridium-Platinum) System J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 1995, 16, 460-464
73. Okamoto, H. Fe-Pt (Iron-Platinum) J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2004, 25, 395-395
74. Okamoto, H. Pt-Ru (Platinum-Ruthenium) J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2008, 29, 471-471
75. Abe, T.; Sundman, B.; Onodera, H. Thermodynamic Assessment of the Cu-Pt System J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2006, 27, 5-13
76. Okamoto, H. Co-Pt (Cobalt-Platinum) J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 2001, 22, 591-591
77. Wang, B.; Berry, D. C.; Chiari, Y.; Barmak, K. Experimental Measurements of the Heats of Formation of Fe3Pt, FePt, and FePt3 Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110, 013903-8
78. Kolb, B.; Müller, S.; Botts, D. B.; Hart, G. L. W. Ordering Tendencies in the Binary Alloys of Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt: Density Functional Calculations Phys. Rev. B 2006, 74, 144206
79. Nash, P.; Singleton, M. F. The Ni-Pt (Nickel-Platinum) System Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 1989, 10, 258-262
80. Nart, F. C.; Vielstich, W. Handbook of Fuel Cells-Fundamentals, Technology and Applications; Gasteiger, H. A.; Lamm, A.; Vielstich, W., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: New York, 2003.
81. Wakisaka, M.; Hyuga, Y.; Abe, K.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Facile Preparation and Electrochemical Behavior of Pt100-Xcox(111) Single-Crystal Electrodes in 0.1&Xa0;M Hclo4 Electrochem. Commun. 2011, 13, 317-320
82. van der Vliet, D. F.; Wang, C.; Li, D.; Paulikas, A. P.; Greeley, J.; Rankin, R. B.; Strmcnik, D.; Tripkovic, D.; Markovic, N. M.; Stamenkovic, V. R. Unique Electrochemical Adsorption Properties of Pt-Skin Surfaces Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3139-3142
83. Wakisaka, M.; Morishima, S.; Hyuga, Y.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. Electrochemical Behavior of Pt-Co(111), (100) and (110) Alloy Single-Crystal Electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4 and 0.05 M H2SO4 Solution as a Function of Co Content Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 18, 55-57
84. Grabow, L.; Hvolbæk, B.; Nørskov, J. Understanding Trends in Catalytic Activity: The Effect of Adsorbate-Adsorbate Interactions for Co Oxidation over Transition Metals Top. Catal. 2010, 53, 298-310
85. Knudsen, J.; Nilekar, A. U.; Vang, R. T.; Schnadt, J.; Kunkes, E. L.; Dumesic, J. A.; Mavrikakis, M.; Besenbacher, F. A Cu/Pt near-Surface Alloy for Water-Gas Shift Catalysis J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6485-6490
86. Gasteiger, H. A.; Markovic, N. M.; Ross, P. N. H2 and Co Electrooxidation on Well-Characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 1. Rotating Disk Electrode Studies of the Pure Gases Including Temperature Effects J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 8290-8301
87. Markovic, N. M.; Ross, P. N. Electrocatalysts by Design: From the Tailored Surface to a Commercial Catalyst Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 4101-4115
88. Chen, L.; Bock, C.; Mercier, P. H. J.; MacDougall, B. R. Ordered Alloy Formation for Pt3fe/C, Ptfe/C and Pt5.75fe5.75cuy/Co2-Reduction Electro-Catalysts Electrochim. Acta 2012, 77, 212-224
89. Jayasayee, K.; Veen, J. A. R. V.; Manivasagam, T. G.; Celebi, S.; Hensen, E. J. M.; de Bruijn, F. A. Oxygen Reduction Reaction (Orr) Activity and Durability of Carbon Supported Ptm (Co, Ni, Cu) Alloys: Influence of Particle Size and Non-Noble Metals Appl. Catal., B 2012, 111-112, 515-526
90. Li, H.; Sun, G.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Jia, Z.; Xin, Q. Effect of Reaction Atmosphere on the Electrocatalytic Activities of Pt/C and Ptru/C Obtained in a Polyol Process J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 15192-15200
91. Li, H.; Sun, G.; Li, N.; Sun, S.; Su, D.; Xin, Q. Design and Preparation of Highly Active Pt-Pd/C Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 5605-5617
92. Li, X. G.; Park, S.; Popov, B. N. Highly Stable Pt and Ptpd Hybrid Catalysts Supported on a Nitrogen-Modified Carbon Composite for Fuel Cell Application J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 445-452
93. Radev, I.; Topalov, G.; Lefterova, E.; Ganske, G.; Schnakenberg, U.; Tsotridis, G.; Slavcheva, E. Optimization of Platinum/Iridium Ratio in Thin Sputtered Films for Pemfc Cathodes Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 7730-7735
94. Ioroi, T.; Yasuda, K. Platinum-Iridium Alloys as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, A1917-A1924
95. Wang, H.; Yuan, X.; Li, D.; Gu, X. Dendritic Ptco Alloy Nanoparticles as High Performance Oxygen Reduction Catalysts J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 384, 105-109
96. Loukrakpam, R.; Luo, J.; He, T.; Chen, Y. S.; Xu, Z. C.; Njoki, P. N.; Wanjala, B. N.; Fang, B.; Mott, D.; Yin, J. Nanoengineered Ptco and Ptni Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: An Assessment of the Structural and Electrocatalytic Properties J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 1682-1694