The founding fathers and the place of religion in America

The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-328

  Lambert, Frank ^a  

^a NONE

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References (378)

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33. Kupperman, Captain John Smith, 40.
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42. G. B. Harrison, ed., The Letters of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1935), 29-30.
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44. William Seiler, "The Anglican Parish in Virginia," in Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History, ed. James Morton Smith (Chapel Hill, 1959), 122.
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47. Elton, England under the Tudors, 104.
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49. Elton, England under the Tudors, 105-106.
50. Schaff, Creeds, 500 and 600-601.
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55. Samuel Hopkins, The Puritans: The Church, Court, and Parliament of England, During the Reigns of Edward VI. and Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols. (Boston, 1860), 2:486-489.
56. Schaff, Creeds, 643-644.
57. Bettenson, Documents, 282-284.
58. William Barlow, The Summe and Substance of The Conference, which it pleased his Excellent Maiestie to have with the Lords Bishops, and other of his Clergie . . . at Hampton Court Ianuary 14. 1603 (London, 1625), 5, 36-38, 73, 76, and 85.
59. Thomas Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, 2 vols. (New York, n.d.), 1:448.
60. Edmund Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of JohnWinthrop (New York, 1958), 39 and 42.
61. Kupperman, Captain John Smith, 76-77.
62. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma, 188.
63. S. G. Cullifor, William Strachey, 1572-1621 (Charlottesville, 1965), 127.
64. Darrett Rutman, American Puritanism: Faith and Practice (New York, 1979), 4-5, 37-38.
65. Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975).
66. Perry Miller, "The Religious Impulse in the Founding of Virginia: Religion and Society in the Early Literature," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 5 (October 1948): 493.
67. Edwin Arber and A. G. Bradley, eds., Works by John Smith (Edinburgh, 1910), 928.
68. Christine Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (New York, 1997), 4, 83.
69. John Jewel, The Apologie of the Church of England (London, 1562).
70. Alexander Whitaker, Newes from Virginia. The Lost Flocke Triumphant (1610)
71. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1890), 23;
72. William Crashaw, A Sermon Preached in London before the right honorable Lord La warre, Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall of Virginea (London, 1610), B2 recto. 301
73. George M. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church and the Political Conditions under Which It Grew (Richmond, 1947), 15-16.
74. David Flaherty, ed., For the Colony in Virginea Britannia: Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, comp. William Strachey (1612; reprint, Charlottesville, 1969), 9.
75. John Cushing, ed., Colony Laws of Virginia, 2 vols. (Wilmington, Del., 1978), 1:158, 181-182.
76. Edmund Morgan, "The First American Boom: Virginia, 1618 to 1630," William and Mary Quarterly 28 (April 1971): 178-183.
77. Cushing, Colony Laws of Virginia, 2:433.
78. Kenneth Lockridge, The Diary, and Life, of William Byrd II of Virginia, 1674-1744 (New York, 1987), 70.
79. Cushing, Colony Laws of Virginia, 2:434.
80. County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia, 1632-1640 (Washington, D.C., 1954), 39.
81. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church, 486, 490.
82. Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (New York, 1982), 60.
83. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902; reprint, New York, 1982), 157-159.
84. Richard Kroll, Richard Ashcraft, and Perez Zagorin, eds., Philosophy, Science, and Religion in England, 1640-1700 (Cambridge, Eng., 1992), 258-259.
85. Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729, 3 vols. (New York, 1972), 1:46-47.
86. Louis Wright and Marion Tinling, eds., The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709-1712 (Richmond, 1941), 102-103.
87. Richard Allestree, The Whole Duty of Man: Laid Down In a plain and a familiar Way, for the Use of all, but especially the meanest Reader (Williamsburg, Va., 1746), vii, xvii-xx. Cited in Byrd's diary on 581.
88. Diary of Samuel Sewall, 2:258-259.
89. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church, 507.
90. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church, 280, 286.
91. William S. Perry, Historical Collections Relating to the American Colonial Church, 5 vols. (1870; reprint, New York, 1969), 1:36-65.
92. Louis Wright, The First Gentlemen of Virginia: Intellectual Qualities of the Early Ruling Class (Charlottesville, 1964), 199.
93. Cushing, Colony Laws of Virginia, 1:180.
94. Louis Wright, ed., The History and Present State of Virginia by Robert Beverley (Chapel Hill, 1947), 58.
95. Cushing, Colony Laws of Virginia, 2:532-533.
96. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church, 120.
97. Wright, The History and Present State of Virginia, 38.
98. Perry, Historical Collections, 1:129.
99. Cushing, Colony Laws of Virginia, 2:263.
100. Brydon, Virginia's Mother Church, 470.
101. David Blight, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself (Boston, 1993), 105.
102. Milton Sernett, ed., Afro-American Religious History: A Documentary Witness (Durham, 1985), 27.
103. Philip Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry (Chapel Hill, 1998).
104. Rutman, American Puritanism, 4-5, 37-38.
105. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana; or, The Ecclesiastical History of New England, 2 vols. (1702; reprint, Hartford, 1853), 1:45.
106. Winthrop, A Modell of Christian Charity, 2:284, 293. 303
107. Nathaniel Ward, The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America, ed. P. M. Zall (Lincoln, Neb., 1969), 6.
108. Edmund Morgan, Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (New York, 1963).
109. Perry, Historical Collections, 3:51.
110. John White, The Planting of Colonies in New England. From John White's "The Planter's Plea" (Boston, 1904), 7.
111. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1:16.
112. See Perry Miller's explanation of the federal covenant and the relation between grace and faith in The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1939), 376-377.
113. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1:61.
114. Bernard Bailyn, Apologia of Robert Keayne: the Last Will and Testimony of One, Robert Keayne . . . (New York, 1965).
115. Kenneth Lockridge, A New England Town: The First Hundred Years (1970; exp. ed., New York, 1985), 16-17.
116. Philip Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land, and Family in Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970).
117. David Hall, ed., The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638: A Documentary History (Middletown, Conn., 1968), 341-342.
118. Emery Battis, Saints and Sectaries:Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Chapel Hill, 1962)
119. Amy Lang, Prophetic Women: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England (Berkeley, 1987).
120. Robert Pope, The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England (Princeton, 1969).
121. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1:105.
122. Robert C.Winthrop, Life and Letters of JohnWinthrop, 2d ed. (Boston, 1869), 2:427-438.
123. Thomas Hutchinson, The History of the Colony of Massachusett's Bay, 2d ed. (London, 1765), 490-501.
124. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma, 95-96.
125. Hutchinson, The History of the Colony of Massachusett's Bay, 490-501. 304
126. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma, 163.
127. John Davenport, A Discourse About Civil Government in a New Plantation Whose Design is Religion (Cambridge, Mass., 1663), 4-11.
128. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1:330.
129. Davenport, A Discourse About Civil Government, 24.
130. Thomas Walley, Balm in Gilead to Heal Sions Wounds . . . (Cambridge, Mass., 1669), 13.
131. Mortimer Adler, ed., The Annals of America, 18 vols. (Chicago, 1968-1973), 1:211-212.
132. Neal Salisbury, "Red Puritans: The 'Praying Indians' of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot," William and Mary Quarterly 31 ( January 1974): 29-32, 54.
133. Adler, Annals of America, 1:213.
134. Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christs (London, 1652), 3, 23.
135. Timothy Hall, Separating Church and State: RogerWilliams and Religious Liberty (Champaign, Ill., 1998).
136. Benjamin Poore, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the United States, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1878), 2:1594.
137. Ward, Simple Cobler, 7.
138. Walley, Balm in Gilead, 14.
139. Increase Mather, A Brief Discourse Concerning the Unlawfulness of the Common Prayer Worship (Cambridge, Mass., 1686), 1-2, 4.
140. William McLoughlin, New England Dissent, 1630-1833: The Baptists and the Separation of Church and State, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1971).
141. John Norton, The Heart of New-England rent at the Blasphemies of the Present Generation. A Brief Tractacte concerning the Doctrines of the Quakers, Demonstrating the destructive nature thereof to Religion, the Churches, and the State . . . (Cambridge, Mass., 1659), 2, 25.
142. J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Edward Johnson'sWonder-Working Providence (New York, 1910), 140, 144-145.
143. Bernard Bailyn, The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century (1955; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 105-106.
144. Michael Hall, The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639-1723 (Middletown, Conn., 1988), 130.
145. David Brown, "The Forfeitures at Salem, 1692," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (1993): 85.
146. Ann Kibbey, "Mutations of the Supernatural: Witchcraft, Remarkable Providences, and the Power of Puritan Man," American Quarterly 34 (Summer 1982): 126.
147. Timothy Breen and Stephen Foster, "The Puritans' Greatest Achievement:A Study of Social Cohesion in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts," Journal of American History 60 ( June 1973): 20.
148. T. H. Breen, The Character of the Good Ruler: Puritan Political Ideas in New England, 1630-1730 (New Haven, 1970), 136, 152-155.
149. William Frost, A Perfect Freedom: Religious Liberty in Pennsylvania (University Park, Pa., 1993).
150. Edwin Bronner, William Penn's "Holy Experiment": The Founding of Pennsylvania, 1681-1701 (New York, 1962), 6.
151. E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia: Two Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Class Authority and Leadership (New York, 1979).
152. H. Larry Ingle, First among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism (Oxford, 1996).
153. Gary Nash, Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726 (Princeton, 1968), 10.
154. Frederick Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682-1763 (Chapel Hill, 1948).
155. Edwin Bronner and David Fraser, eds., William Penn's Published Writings, 1660-1726: An Interpretive Bibliography, 5 vols. (Philadelphia, 1986), 5:90.
156. Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, 2:1518.
157. Cited in Sally Schwartz's fine treatment of religious pluralism and toleration in early Pennsylvania, "A Mixed Multitude": The Struggle for Toleration in Colonial Pennsylvania (New York, 1987), 86.
158. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 2:793.
159. Gabriel Thomas, An Historical and Geographical Account of the Province and Country of Pennsylvania (London, 1698), 23-45.
160. Jon Butler, "The Records of the First 'American' Denomination: The Keithians of Pennsylvania, 1694-1700," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 120 ( January/April 1996): 89-105.
161. Bronner, William Penn's "Holy Experiment", 50-51, 148.
162. Schwartz, "A Mixed Multitude", 62-63.
163. Thomas Bray, A Memorial Representing the State of Religion on the Continent of North-America (London, 1700).
164. Schwartz, "A Mixed Multitude", 71.
165. Gary Nash, "Slaves and Slaveowners in Colonial Philadelphia," William and Mary Quarterly 30 (April 1973): 256.
166. Jean Soderlund, "Women's Authority in Pennsylvania and New Jersey Quaker Meetings, 1680-1760," William and Mary Quarterly 44 (October 1987):582, 595-601.
167. Schwartz, "A Mixed Multitude", 40-41.
168. Nash, Quakers and Politics, 205-207.
169. Joseph Illick, William Penn the Politician: His Relations with the English Government (Ithaca, [1965]), 175-176, 180.
170. Schwartz, "A Mixed Multitude", 46-48.
171. George Read, ed., Pennsylvania Archives: Papers of the Governors, 1681-1747, 4th ser., 12 vols. (Harrisburg, 1900), 1:696-702.
172. Gilbert Tennent, The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, Considered in a Sermon on Mark VI.34 (Boston, 1742), 14.
173. Frank Lambert, Inventing the "Great Awakening" (Princeton, 1999).
174. W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, Eng., 1992).
175. John Gillies, ed., The Works of the Rev. George Whitefield, 6 vols. (London, 1771), 2:134.
176. Boston Weekly News-Letter, April 22, 1742.
177. Virginia Gazette, October 31, 1745.
178. See his chapter, "From Polis to Parish," in Religion, Culture and Society in the Early Middle Ages: Studies in Honor of Richard E. Sullivan, ed. Thomas F. X. Noble and John J. Contreni (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1987), 155-164.
179. Diary of Samuel Sewall, 3:163.
180. Edward Elton, An Exposition of the Epistle of Saint Paul to the Colossians, 2d ed. (London, 1620), 8-9.
181. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 2:797.
182. Boyd Stanley Schlenther, "Religious Faith and the Commercial Empire," in The Eighteenth Century, ed. P. J. Marshall, vol. 2 in The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols., ed. William Roger Louis (Oxford, 1998), 128-150.
183. Bernard Bailyn, "The Apologia of Robert Keayne," William and Mary Quarterly 7 (October 1950):568-587.
184. Jacob Marcus, The Colonial American Jew, 1492-1776, 3 vols. (Detroit, 1970), 1:232-233.
185. Perry, Historical Collections, 3:96-98.
186. Edgar Pennington, Apostle of New Jersey, John Talbot, 1645-1727 (Philadelphia, 1939), 129-131. 308
187. Cotton Mather, Theopolis Americana, 39-49.
188. Perry, Historical Collections, 1:372.
189. Karen Kupperman, ed., Major Problems in American Colonial History (Lexington, Mass., 1993), 374-375.
190. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, Ind., 1982), 125.
191. Kupperman, Major Problems, 373.
192. Timothy Hall, Contested Boundaries: Itinerancy and the Reshaping of the Colonial American Religious World (Durham, 1994), 83.
193. Sydney Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, 1972), 163.
194. Ahlstrom, A Religious History, 270.
195. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 2:789.
196. Kenneth Silverman, ed., Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography and Other Writings (New York, 1986), 120.
197. Richard Hooker, ed., The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution:The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason, Anglican Itinerant (Chapel Hill, 1953), 42-44.
198. Ford, Works of Jefferson, 1:62.
199. George Whitefield, A Letter From Whitefield . . . Shewing the Fundamental Error of . . . The Whole Duty of Man (Charles-Town, 1740), 4.
200. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York, 1991), 145.
201. Diary of Joshua Hempstead: A Record of Life in Colonial New London, Connecticut, 1711-1758 (New London, 1998), 375. 309
202. Michael Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636-1641 (Princeton, 2002).
203. Marilyn Westerkamp, Triumph of the Laity: Scots-Irish and the Great Awakening, 1625-1760 (New York, 1988).
204. Catherine Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845 (Chapel Hill, 1998), 52.
205. Alan Heimert and Perry Miller, eds., The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences (Indianapolis, 1967), 241.
206. Hooker, The Carolina Backcountry, 101-102.
207. John Leland, The Virginia Chronicle (Norfolk, 1789), 3-4.
208. John Leland, The Rights of Conscience Inalienable (Richmond, 1793), 4.
209. Isaac, Transformation of Virginia, 238.
210. Mechal Sobel, Travelin' On: The Slave Journey to An Afro-American Faith (Westport, Conn., 1979), 98.
211. Mechal Sobel, The World They Made Together:Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (Princeton, 1987).
212. Heyrman, Southern Cross, 14.
213. Gregory Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
214. Perry, Historical Collections, 3:418.
215. Richard Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967). See 221 ff.
216. T. H. Breen and Timothy Hall, "Structuring Provincial Imagination: The Rhetoric and Experience of Social Change in Eighteenth-Century New England," American Historical Review 105 (December 1998): 1428.
217. Silverman, Benjamin Franklin, 89 and 119.
218. Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 1:255-256.
219. Jonathan Edwards, A History of theWork of Redemption (Philadelphia, [1773]), 281-282.
220. Merrill Peterson, ed., The Portable Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1975), 434-435.
221. Edmund Morgan, The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727-1795 (New Haven, 1962), 48-49.
222. Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York, 1985), 40.
223. Morgan, The Gentle Puritan, 3, 7.
224. Lyman Beecher, Autobiography and Correspondence, ed. Charles Beecher, 2 vols. (New York, 1866), 1:43.
225. Miller, The New England Mind, 92-93.
226. Kerry Walters, Rational Infidels: The American Deists (Wakefield, N.H., 1991), 13-14.
227. Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural and Political Law, 3d ed., 2 vols. (London, 1784), 1:1-12.
228. Robert Middlekauff, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596-1728 (New York, 1971), 142-144.
229. Silverman, Benjamin Franklin, 212-215.
230. L. H. Butterfield, ed., Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, 4 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1961), 1:61-62.
231. Catherine Drinker Bowen, John Adams and the American Revolution (New York, 1949), 82-84. 311
232. Silverman, Benjamin Franklin, 255.
233. Thomas Jefferson, "A Tribute to Philip May Hamer on the Completion of Ten Years as Executive Director, the National Historical Publications Commission," New York, December 29, 1960
234. William Wollaston, The Religion of Nature Delineated (1724; reprint, New York, 1974), 25.
235. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography and Other Writings (New York: Viking Penguin, 1986), 89-99, 259-260.
236. The Jefferson Bible: The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (New York, 1995).
237. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson, 490-494.
238. Lester Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams, 2 vols. (New York, 1959), 2:509.
239. Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason, Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology (1794; reprint, New York, n.d.), 6-8.
240. J.C.D. Clark, English Society, 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge, Eng., 1985), 279-280.
241. Norman Fiering, Jonathan Edwards's Moral Thought and Its British Context (Chapel Hill, 1981), 227 ff.
242. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson, 424-425.
243. John Milton, A Treatise on Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes Shewing That it is not Lawfull for any Power on Earth to Compell in Matters of Religion (London, 1659).
244. John Locke, Treatise of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. Charles Sherman (New York, 1937), 167-169. 312
245. [John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon], Cato's Letters: Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects, 4 vols. (1755, 6th ed.; reprint, New York, 1971), 2:226-227.
246. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 43.
247. Leonard Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven 1959), 1:30.
248. Milton Klein, ed., The Independent Reflector or Weekly Essays on Sundry Important Subjects More particularly adapted to the Province of New-York By William Livingston and others (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), 55-57.
249. Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 250.
250. Klein, Independent Reflector, 306-316.
251. Richard Beeman, Patrick Henry: A Biography (New York, 1974), 17.
252. Jacob Axelrad, Patrick Henry: The Voice of Freedom (New York, 1947), 26.
253. Jonathan Mayhew, Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society For the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), 11-13.
254. East Apthorp, Considerations on the Institution and Conduct of the society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), 17.
255. Mayhew, Observations, 107.
256. John Aplin, Verses on Doctor Mayhew's Book of Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Providence, 1763), 14.
257. McLoughlin, Isaac Backus, 183.
258. L. F. Greene, ed., The Writings of John Leland (New York, 1969), 184.
259. Gordon Wood, "Religion and the American Revolution," in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Harry Stout and D. G. Hart (New York, 1997), 173-205.
260. Stephen Marini, "Religion, Politics, and Ratification," in Hoffman and Albert, Religion in a Revolutionary Age, 190.
261. Merrill Peterson and Robert Vaughn, eds., The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom:Its Evolution and Consequences in American History (Cambridge, Eng., 1988).
262. Michael Kammen, ed., The Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History (New York, 1986), 369.
263. John Murrin, "The Legal Transformation: The Bench and the Bar of Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts," in Colonial America: Essays in Politics and Social Development, ed. Stanley Katz and John Murrin, 3d ed. (New York, 1983), 565-568.
264. Edmund Burke, Second Speech on Conciliation with America. The Thirteen Resolutions (Philadelphia, 1775).
265. James Bradley, "The British Public and the American Revolution:Ideology, Interest, and Opinion," in Britain and the American Revolution, ed. H. T. Dickinson (London, 1998), 141.
266. J.C.D. Clark, The Language of Liberty, 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge, Eng., 1994);
267. "The American Revolution: A war of Religion?" History Today 39 (1989): 10-16.
268. Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthmen (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)
269. John Adams, A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law, in The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, 10 vols. (Boston, 1851), 3:449-450.
270. Isaac Skillman, An Oration on the Beauties of LIBERTY; Of the Essential Rights of the AMERICANS (Wilmington, 1775), viii. This sermon has also been attributed to John Allen, a Baptist minister.
271. The First Book of the American Chronicles of the Times (Philadelphia, 1774), 1-2.
272. Oliver Noble, Some Strictures upon the Sacred Story recorded in the book of Esther, shewing The Power and Oppression of state Ministers tending to the Ruin and Destruction of God's People:-And the remarkable Interpositions of Divine Providence in favour of the Oppressed (Newbury-port, Mass., 1775), 5 ff. and 18.
273. Ruth Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge, Eng., 1985).
274. Douglass Adair and John Schutz, eds., Peter Oliver's Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion: A Tory View (Stanford, 1961), 19-20.
275. Frank D. Gifford, "The Influence of the Clergy on American Politics from 1763 to 1776," Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 10 (1941): 108.
276. William Tennent, An Address Occasioned by the Late Invasion of the Liberties of the American Colonies by the British Parliament (Philadelphia, 1774), 6.
277. G.D.H. Cole, ed., The Social Contract and Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (New York, 1950), 294, 298-299.
278. Isaac Kramnic, ed., Thomas Paine: Common Sense (New York, 1976), 72-73.
279. Cappon, The Adams-Jefferson Letters, 2:339.
280. McLoughlin, Isaac Backus, 314.
281. Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, 1:957.
282. McLoughlin, Isaac Backus, 315. 315
283. Bailyn, Ideological Origins, 268.
284. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed.William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1982), 158.
285. Charles James, ed., Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Virginia (New York, 1971), 76-77.
286. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 160-161.
287. James, Documentary History, 75-76.
288. William Henry Foote, Sketches of Virginia, Historical and Biographical (Philadelphia, 1850), 323-324.
289. James, Documentary History, 80-81.
290. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 161.
291. Jonathan Boucher, Views of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution: in thirteen Discourses, preached in North America between the Years 1763 and 1775 (1797; reprint, New York, 1967), 66 and 306.
292. James Madison, Writings (New York, 1999), 29-30.
293. James, Documentary History, 237-238.
294. "An Act for Establishing Religious Freedom," in Cornerstones of Religious Freedom in America, ed. Joseph Blau (Boston, 1949), 74-75.
295. David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution, 2 vols. (1789; reprint, New York, 1968), 1:353.
296. Thomas Jefferson, Autobiography, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew Lipscomb, 20 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1905), 1:67.
297. Wood, Radicalism of the American Revolution, 329-331, 443.
298. Jacob Cooke, ed., The Federalist (Middletown, Conn., 1961), 56-65.
299. The Boston Price-Current and Marine Intelligencer, June 26, 1797.
300. Porcupine Gazette, June 23, 1797.
301. Cooke, The Federalist, 56-65 and 347-353. 316
302. Thomas J. Wertenbaker, Princeton, 1746-1890 (Princeton, 1946), 55-56.
303. Jim Schmidt, "The Reverend John Joachim Zubly's 'The Law of Liberty' Sermon: Calvinist Opposition to the American Revolution," Georgia Historical Quarterly 82 (Summer 1998): 354.
304. Gaillard Hunt, ed., TheWritings of James Madison, 9 vols. (New York, 1901), 2:184, 186-187.
305. Journals of the Continental Congress, 28:291-296.
306. Hunt, The Writings of James Madison, 2:143-145.
307. Isaac Kramnick and Laurence Moore, The Godless Constitution: The Case against Religious Correctness (New York, 1997).
308. Donald Lutz, "The Relative Importance of European Writers on Late Eighteenth Century American Political Thought," American Political Science Review 189 (1984): 189-197.
309. Jacob Duche, The American Vine, A Sermon Preached in Christ-Church, Philadelphia, Before the Honourable Continental Congress, July 20, 1775 (Philadelphia, 1775), 18, 20-21.
310. John Murrin, "Religion and Politics in America from the First Settlements to the Civil War," in Noll, Religion and American Politics, 19-43.
311. Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, 2:1626.
312. Derek Davis, Religion and the Continental Congress, 1774-1789: Contributions to Original Intent (New York, 2000)
313. Bette Evans, Interpreting the Free Exercise of Religion: The Constitution and American Pluralism (Chapel Hill, 1998).
314. Edwin Gaustad, "Religious Tests, Constitutions, and 'Christian Nation,' " in Hoffman and Albert, Religion in a Revolutionary Age, 218-235.
315. Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, 1:276, 1:828, 1:970, 2:1286, 2:1418.
316. Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 5 vols. (Philadelphia, 1888), 1:148.
317. Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, Reported by James Madison (New York, 1987).
318. H. T. Dickinson, "Britain's Imperial Sovereignty: The Ideological Case against the Colonies," in Dickinson, Britain and the American Revolution, 92-93.
319. Kramnick and Moore, The Godless Constitution, 34-35.
320. Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor. A Sermon Preached before His Excellency Jonathan Trumbull, Governor and Commander in Chief, And the honorable The General Assembly of the State of Connecticut Convened at Hartford at the Anniversary Election May 8th, 1783 (New Haven, 1783), 7, 53.
321. Elliot, Debates, 2:148-149.
322. Samuel Langdon, The Republic of the Israelites (Exeter, N.H., 1788), 35, 45.
323. Elliot, Debates, 3:659.
324. Kammen, Origins of the American Constitution, 369.
325. Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, Eng., 1982).
326. George Washington, letter to the General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches, May 1789, in The Writings of George Washington, ed. Jared Sparks, 12 vols. (Boston, 1834-1837), 12:152-153.
327. George Washington, letter to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, August 1790, in The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series, ed. Dorothy Twohig, 9 vols. (Charlottesville, 1996), 6:284-285.
328. Terry Eastland, ed., Religious Liberty in the Supreme Court: The Cases That Define the Debate over Church and State (Washington, D.C., 1995), 356.
329. Jack Rakove, Declaring Rights: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 1998), 173-174.
330. H. A.Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 9 vols. (New York, 1859), 7:267.
331. William Linn, Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the Citizens of the United States (New York, 1800), 4, 20, 28.
332. Daniel Dreisbach, "The Constitution's Forgotten Religion Clause:Reflections on the Article VI Religious Test Ban," Journal of Church and State 38 (1996): 261-295;
333. Morton Borden, Jews, Turks, and Infidels (Chapel Hill, 1984);
334. Murrin, "Religion and Politics in America," 19-43;
335. Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788 (Chapel Hill, 1961);
336. James H. Smylie, "Protestant Clergy, the First Amendment, and Beginnings of a Constitutional Debate, 1781-1791," in The Religion of the Republic, ed. Elwyn A. Smith (Philadelphia, 1971), 116-153;
337. Gaustad, "Religious Tests," 218-235.
338. Mark A. Noll, One Nation under God? (New York, 1988), 74-89;
339. Charles F. O'Brien, "The Religious Issue in the Presidential Campaign of 1800," Essex Institute Historical Collections 107 ( January 1971): 82-93;
340. Constance B. Schulz, " 'Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion': Jefferson's Religion, the Federalist Press, and the Syllabus," Virginia Magazine of Biography and History 91 ( January 1983): 73-91;
341. Charles O. Lerche, Jr., "Jefferson and the Election of 1800: A Case Study in the Political Smear," William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser., 5 (October 1948): 467-491;
342. Fred C. Luebke, "The Origins of Thomas Jefferson's Anti-Clericalism," Church History 32 (September 1963): 344-356;
343. L. H. Butterfield, "Elder John Leland, Jeffersonian Itinerant," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 62 (October 1952): 214-229.
344. Abiel Abbot, An Eulogy on the Illustrious Life and Character of George Washington (Haverhill, Mass., 1800), 9, 17-18, 26.
345. [John Gardner], A Brief Consideration of the Important Services and Distinguished Virtues and Talents which Recommend Mr. Adams for the Presidency of the United States (Boston, 1796), 27.
346. Tench Coxe, The Federalist: Containing Some Strictures Upon a Pamphlet Entitled, "The Pretensions of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency, examined, and the Charges against John Adams, refuted" (Philadelphia, 1796), 13. 319
347. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Bergen (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
348. Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, 1989), 25.
349. Charles B. Sanford, The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville, 1984), 26.
350. Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 26 vols. (New York, 1977), 21:402-404.
351. Ethelbert Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798: An Historical Study, 2d ed. (Freeport, N.Y., 1969), 153.
352. Ford, Works of Jefferson, 9:148.
353. Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., "Election of 1800," in History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., 4 vols. (New York, 1971), 1:124, 139.
354. Borden, Jews, Turks, and Infidels, 26.
355. Murrin, "Religion and Politics in America," 32-33.
356. Works of Jefferson, 5:324.
357. Marvin Zahniser, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney: Founding Father (Chapel Hill, 1967), 240.
358. Henry May, Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976), 274.
359. Finke and Stark, The Churching of America, 16.
360. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract, ed. Roger D. Masters, trans. Judith R. Masters (New York, 1978), 131.
361. Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," in American Civil Religion, ed. Russell Richey and Donald Jones (New York, 1974), 26-29.
362. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity, 10.
363. Abraham Bishop, Connecticut Republicanism: An Oration On the Extent and Power of Political Delusion ([New Haven], 1800), 45.
364. Merrill Peterson, ed., Thomas Jefferson, Writings (New York, 1984), 510.
365. Daniel Dreisbach, " 'Sowing Usefule Truths and Principles': The Danbury Baptists, Thomas Jefferson, and the 'Wall of Separation,' " Journal of Church and State 39 (Summer 1997): 455-501.
366. McLoughlin, New England Dissent, 2:1005.
367. Poore, Federal and State Constitutions, 1:264.
368. Butterfield, "Elder John Leland," 198-199.
369. William G. McLoughlin, Soul Liberty: The Baptists' Struggle in New England, 1630-1833 (Providence, 1991), 194-195, 267-268.
370. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 25:606-608.
371. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3 vols. (1858; reprint, New York, 1972), 3:10-12.
372. Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, 4 vols. (New York, 1884), 3:121-126.
373. David McAllister, Christian Civil Government in America (Pittsburgh, 1927), 21.
374. Blau, Cornerstones of Religious Freedom in America, 230-232.
375. Ahlstrom, A Religious History, 763-764, 773.
376. Randall Terry, News Sentinel (Ft. Wayne, Ind.), August 16, 1993.
377. Albert Bailey, The Gospel in Hymns (New York, 1950), 202-204
378. Paul Richardson, "Faith of Our Fathers," in Handbook to the Baptist Hymnal (Nashville, 1992), 119. 321