Democratic faith

Democratic Faith

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-365

  Deneen, Patrick J ^a  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84923839650     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (188)

1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. D'Alembert on the Theatre, trans. Allan Bloom (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1960), 58-59.
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract, trans. Victor Gourevitch (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), book 4, chap. 8. See also my discussion in chapter 5, below.
3. Han Minzhu, ed., Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
4. James Miller, Rousseau: Dreamer of Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).
5. George Santayana, The Life of Reason, or The Phases of Human Progress. 1 vol. (London: Constable, 1954), 148 (chaps. 5, "Reason in Society").
6. G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1908), 52.
7. Nathan Rotenstreich, On Faith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 6.
8. I am grateful to Colleen Sheehan for helping me to see this relationship between the ideas and careers of Madison and Hamilton. See her article, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," American Political Science Review 98 (2004): 405-424.
9. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: Mentor, 1999), no. 31, 161.
10. Madison to Thomas Jefferson, October 17, 1787, in Madison, Writings, 421-422.
11. Dworkin's confidence in individual judicial decision making as the most reasonable form of deliberation is expressed most forcefully in his Law's Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), particularly in his discussion of the imaginary judge and Justice, Hercules (239-413).
12. John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity as Delivered in the Scriptures, ed. John C. Higgins-Biddle (Oxford: Clarendon, 1999), chap. 14, 156-157.
13. John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. James H. Tully (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), 51.
14. See Stephen L. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief: How American Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
15. Stanley Fish has perceptively analyzed how liberalism defines "public reason" and reasonableness in ways that privilege liberal priorities of autonomy, choice, and a profound mistrust of religious believers in The Trouble with Principle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
16. See Christopher Eisgruber's argument that constitutional restrictions upon majoritarianism are to be understood as "democratic," in Constitutional Self-Government (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
17. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 217 (emphasis mine).
18. Madison writes that representation will "refine and enlarge the public views by passing them through a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country" (Federalist no. 10, 50).
19. Robert Merrihew Adams, "Moral Faith," Journal of Philosophy 92 (February 1995): 77.
20. Mark Warren, "Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation," American Political Science Review 86 (March 1992): 8.
21. Benjamin R. Barber, "Reductionist Political Science and Democracy," in Reconsidering the Democratic Public, ed. George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson, 65-72 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 69.
22. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 93-98; 221-222.
23. Honig, Displacement of Politics, 65; Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 61.
24. William E. Connolly, Why I Am Not a Secularist (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 8, 10. See also idem, The Ethos of Pluralization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
25. Among Arendt's last writings she notes that the creation of a "We" is "shrouded in darkness and mystery" and results in "the predicament of not-knowing." See Arendt, The Life of the Mind, Willing Vol. 2 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978), 202.
26. George Kateb, "Wolin as a Critic of Democracy," in Botwinick and Connolly, Democracy and Vision, 39, 40, 47. In particular, Kateb reflects that "I cannot help thinking that the death of the student movement of the 1960s has sharpened Wolin's despair lastingly" (40).
27. George Sidney Camp, Democracy (New York: Harpers and Brothers, 1845).
28. Walt Whitman, "Perpetuity of the Democratic Spirit," in The Gathering of Forces, ed. Cleveland Rogers and John Black, 2 vols. (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1920), 1:7.
29. Walt Whitman, "American Democracy," in Rogers and Black, The Gathering of Forces (April 20, 1847), 1:4-5.
30. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life, ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1965 [1909]), 451, 452, 453, 454.
31. Herbert Croly, Progressive Democracy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1998 [1914]), 168, 191.
32. Anonymous, "The Confession of an Educator," New Repubic, April 18, 1926, 356.
33. Walter J. Shepard, "Democracy in Transition," American Political Science Review 29 (February 1935): 2, 3-4.
34. William F. Willoughby, "A Program for Research in Political Science," American Political Science Review 27 (February 1933): 3-4.
35. Charles E. Merriam, The New Democracy and the New Despotism (New York: Whittlesey House, 1939), 11, 8.
36. Francis O. Wilcox, "Teaching Political Science in a World at War," American Political Science Review 35 (April 1941): 325, 327.
37. Peter H. Odegard, "Book Reviews and Notices," American Political Science Review (December 1941): 1161.
38. Russell L. Hanson and George E. Marcus, "Introduction: The Practice of Democratic Theory," in Reconsidering the Democratic Public, ed. George E. Marcus and Russell L. Hanson (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), 5.
39. H. Richard Niebuhr, Faith on Earth: An Inquiry into the Structure of Human Faith, ed. Richard R. Niebuhr (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 22.
40. Raziel Abelson, "The Logic of Faith and Belief," in Religious Experience and Truth: A Symposium, ed. Sidney Hook (New York: New York University Press, 1961), 125.
41. William James, "The Will to Believe," in William James: Writings 1878-1899, ed. Gerald E. Myers (New York: Library of America, 1992), 477 n. 4.
42. W. James, "Is Life Worth Living?" in Myers, William James: Writings, 1878-1899, 500.
43. W. James, "Pragmatism," in Kuklick, William James: Writings, 1902-1910, 612.
44. William James, "Robert Gould Shaw: Oration by Professor William James," in The Works of William James: Essays in Religion and Morality ed. Frederick H. Burkhardt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982).
45. W. James, "What Makes A Life Significant," in Myers, William James: Writings, 1878-1899, 868
46. W. James, "The Social Value of the College-Bred," in William James: Writings, 1902-1910, 1245-1246.
47. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (New York: Macmillan, 1915), 10, 1-20.
48. See, for example, Benjamin R. Barber, "How Swiss Was Rousseau?" Political Theory 13 (1985): 475-495.
49. Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), Book I, chapter 4, 16-17.
50. "The nation also assumes a churchly function as the community of righteousness." As I have suggested above, these main tenets are ones that Machiavelli would find familiar. See John A. Coleman, "Civil Religion," Sociological Analysis 31 (summer 1970): 67-77, esp. 74.
51. J. Paul Williams, What Americans Believe and How They Worship (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1952), 366, 367.
52. John Dewey, "My Pedagogic Creed" [1897], in The Early Works of John Dewey, 1882-1898 ed. Jo Ann Boydsten, 5 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967-72), 5:84.
53. John Dewey, "Religion and Our Schools" [1908], in John Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976-1983), 4:175.
54. John Dewey, "The Democratic Faith and Education," in Philosophy of Education (Problems of Men) (Totowa, N.J.: Littlefield, Adams, 1975 [1944]), 33.
55. Wilhelm Nestle, Vom Mythos zum Logos (New York: Arno, 1978 [1942]). Cf. F. M. Cornford, From Religion to Philosophy: A Study in the Origins of Western Speculation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991 [1912]), who finds far greater interdependence between the ancient religion and philosophy.
56. See, especially, E. A. Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954).
57. Francis Bacon wrote that "a little or superficial knowledge of [natural] philosophy may incline the mind of man to atheism, but a further proceeding therein doth bring the mind back again to religion" (The Advancement of Learning [New York: Modern Library, 2001], 9-10).
58. See R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of Nature (Oxford: Clarendon, 1945).
59. John Milton, "Prolusions," in Complete Poems and Major Prose, ed. Merritt Y. Hughes (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1957), 625.
60. Pico della Mirandola, "Oration on the Dignity of Man," in The Renaissance Philosophy of Man, ed. Ernst Cassirer, Paul Oskar Kristeller, and John Herman Randall Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), 224.
61. Pico della Mirandola, "Oration on the Dignity of Man," 248-249.
62. Bacon, Valerius Terminus, "Of the Interpretation of Nature," in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, 14 vols. (London: Longmans, 1870), 3:218.
63. Perez Zagorin also explores Bacon's fascination with the possibility of prolonging life, and even overcoming death, by means of reversing the original Fall, in Francis Bacon (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 44-51.
64. Bacon, "Prometheus, or the State of Man," in Lord Bacon's Essays (Boston: Little, Brown), 391-394.
65. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Athens, Ohio: Swallow, 1985 [1927]), 164.
66. Bacon, New Atlantis, ed. Jerry Weinberger (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1989), 71.
67. John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy (Boston: Beacon, 1957 [1920]), 28, 38.
68. Richard Rorty, "Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility and Romance," in Philosophy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), 162.
69. Rorty, "A World without Substances or Essences," in idem, Philosophy and Social Hope, 50; and "Heidegger, Contingency and Pragmatism," in Essays on Heidegger and Others: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 27.
70. The Scientific Spirit and Democratic Faith (New York: King's Crown, 1944).
71. Edward C. Lindeman, introduction to The Scientific Spirit and Democratic Faith, ix.
72. Horace M. Kallen, "Freedom and Authoritarianism in Religion," in The Scientific Spirit and Democratic Faith, 3.
73. Alfred Mirsky, "The Democratic Responsibilities of Science," in The Scientific Spirit and Democratic Faith, 58.
74. Richard M. Brickner, "The Democratic Responsibilities of Science," in The Scientific Spirit and Democratic Faith, 63.
75. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 80.
76. Richard M. Bucke, Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind (New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1961 [1901]).
77. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 223.
78. Tsao Hsingyuan, "The Birth of the Goddess of Democracy," in Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement, ed. Han Minzhu (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 343-344.
79. Sidney Hook, "The Autonomy of the Democratic Faith," Philosophy and Public Policy (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), 273.
80. J. Ronald Engel, "The Democratic Faith," American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 6 (1985): 153, 154-155.
81. "Faith," The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 1:952.
82. Paul Tillich, Biblical Religion and the Search for Ultimate Reality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), 60-61. See also idem, Dynamics of Faith (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957).
83. Robert Merrihew Adams, "Moral Faith," Journal of Philosophy 92 (February 1995): 75, 86.
84. Raymond Aron, "The Future of Secular Religions," in The Dawn of Universal History: Selected Essays from a Witness of the Twentieth Century, trans. Barbara Bray, ed. Yair Reiner (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 192-193.
85. George Kateb, "Freedom of Worthless and Harmful Speech," in Liberalism without Illusions: Essays on Liberal Theory and the Political Vision of Judith N. Shk-lar, ed. Bernard Yack (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 225.
86. George Kateb, The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Culture (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), 32.
87. George Kateb, "On the 'Legitimation Crisis,'" Social Research 46 (1979): 705.
88. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), Volume II, Book ii, chapter 15, 519.
89. Walt Whitman, "Democratic Vistas," The Portable Walt Whitman, ed. Mark Van Doren (New York: Penguin, 1973), 318, 325.
90. C. Douglas Lummis, Radical Democracy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
91. Richard Wollheim, "A Paradox in the Theory of Democracy," Philosophy, Politics and Society, ed. Peter Laslett and W. G. Runciman, 2nd series (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1962), 78.
92. Recall J. Ronald Engel's profession of democratic faith: "Two cardinal principles of democratic faith are 'individual liberty' and 'universal community.'" ("The Democratic Faith," American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 6 [1985]: 148-158).
93. Hannah Arendt, "The Crisis in Culture," in idem, Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought (New York: Penguin, 1977), 220.
94. See, for example, Hadley Arkes, First Things (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).
95. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1988), 129.
96. Hannah Arendt, The Life of the Mind, Vol. 2, Willing (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 195-196.
97. Plato, Republic, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 433a. Citations hereafter provided parenthetically in the text.
98. Plato, Theaetetus, trans. M. J. Levett, rev. Myles Burnyeat, in Plato: Complete Works, ed. John Cooper (Indianapolis. Ind.: Hackett, 1997), 152a. Hereafter, page numbers to this work are given parenthetically in the text.
99. Henry Sidgewick, "The Sophists," Journal of Philology 4 (1872): 289.
100. John Dewey, The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action (New York: Minton Balch, 1929).
101. Havelock, The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics, 18.
102. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 147.
103. Farrar, The Origins of Democratic Thinking, 76.
104. Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Democracy for a New Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 152.
105. Jean-Pierre Vernant, "The Myth of Prometheus in Hesiod," Myth and Society in Ancient Greece (New York: Zone Books, 1988), 183.
106. I cite Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, trans. David Grene, in Aeschylus II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956); hereafter citations given parenthically in text.
107. Timothy V. Kaufman-Osborn, Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield), 4.
108. W.K.C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), 255.
109. Plutarch, "How to Profit by One's Enemies," in Plutarch's Moralia (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1928), 9 (86f).
110. On "the pure state of nature," see Victor Gourevitch, "Rousseau's 'Pure' State of Nature," Interpretation 16 (1988): 23-59.
111. Leo Strauss, Persecution and the Art of Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 22-37.
112. Plutarch, "How to Profit by One's Enemies," 9 (86f).
113. Melzer, "The Origin of the Counter-Enlightenment," 357.
114. George Santayana, The Life of Reason; or, The Phases of Human Progress. 1- vol. ed. (London: Constable, 1954), 148 (chap. 5, "Reason in Society").
115. William James, "The Social Value of the College-Bred," in William James: Writings, 1902-1912, ed. Bruce Kuklick (New York: Library of America, 1987), 1245.
116. Richard J. Bernstein, "Creative Democracy: The Task Still Before Us," American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 21 (September 2000): 215- 228.
117. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
118. William Ellery Channing, "The Ideal of Humanity," in Miller, The Transcendentalists, 430.
119. Jonathan Edwards, "Dissertation II: The Nature of True Virtue," in The Works of Jonathan Edwards: Ethical Writings, Vol. 8, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 540.
120. Jonathan Edwards, "God Glorified in Man's Dependence," in The Works of Jonathan Edwards 2 vols. (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2003), 2:7.
121. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 248.
122. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Fortune of the Republic," Miscellanies, in The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 12 vols. (New York: AMS Press, 1979), 11:517.
123. Emerson, "The Young Americans," in Emerson: Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Library of America, 1983), 213.
124. Emerson, "The Young Americans," 218.
125. Christopher Lasch, "Against the 'Secularization Thesis,'" in idem, The True and Only Heaven, 47.
126. Lasch, "Against the 'Secularization Thesis,'" 48.
127. John Dewey, Quest for Certainty (New York: Minton, Balch, 1929), 23. For Dewey's general discussion of this topic, see, especially, chaps. 1, 2, 9, and 10; hereafter cited as QC.
128. Dewey, "Liberalism and Social Action," in Excellence in Public Discourse: John Stuart Mill, John Dewey, and Social Intelligence, ed. James Gouinlock (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1986 [1935]), 118.
129. John Dewey, Reconstruction in Philosophy (New York: New American Library, 1950), 147; hereafter cited as RP.
130. Dewey, "The Democratic Faith and Education," Antioch Review 4, no. 2 (1944): 274-283; quote at 277.
131. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Henry Holt, 1944): 212-213; hereafter cited as HNC.
132. John Dewey, A Common Faith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934), 9-10; hereafter cited as CF. "[The religious] denotes attitudes that may be taken toward every object and every proposed end or ideal" (10).
133. Dewey, "Intelligence and Power," New Republic, April 25, 1934, 306.
134. Dewey, Democracy and Education, (New York: Macmillan, 1916), 59; MW, 12:181.
135. Dewey, "John Dewey Responds," in John Dewey at Ninety, ed. Harry W. Laidler (New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1950), 34.
136. Dewey, "The Democratic Faith and Education," 274.
137. Cited in Rockefeller, John Dewey, 170.
138. Dewey's infatuation with Bellamy is recorded in Ryan, John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism, 43-44.
139. Lasch, The True and Only Heaven, 390-393.
140. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Scribner's, 1932), 81.
141. Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope, 160.
142. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 86.
143. Richard Rorty, Essays on Heidegger and Others, Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 33.
144. Rorty, Achieving Our Country, 143 n. 12.
145. Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope, 161.
146. Leo Strauss, The City and Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 127.
147. Bernard Williams, "The Analogy of the City and the Soul in Plato's Republic," in Exegesis and Argument, ed. E. N. Lee (New York: Humanities, 1973): 196-206.
148. Pierre Manent, Tocqueville and the Nature of Democracy, trans. John Waggoner (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), 132.
149. Jack Lively, The Social and Political Thought of Alexis de Tocqueville (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965), 197.
150. Marvin Zetterbaum, Tocqueville and the Problem of Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967), 122.
151. "Plato's Apology of Socrates," in Four Texts on Socrates, trans. Thomas G. West, rev. ed. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998), 23b.
152. Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-century America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1998), 14. Rorty's self-identification with the "party of hope" drawn from Emerson's description of a "party of hope" and a "party of memory" in the latter's 1841 essay "The Conservative."
153. Václav Havel, Disturbing the Peace (New York: Vintage, 1991), 181.
154. Václav Havel, The Art of the Impossible: Politics as Morality in Practice (New York: Fromm International, 1997), 238-239. Of course, this speech had not been delivered when Rorty delivered the remarks on which his original essay was based in 1991 (Philosophical Papers, 3:14 n. 12). However, the republication and retitling of Rorty's essay in his Philosophical Papers, Vol. 3, in 1998 postdates the publication of Havel's speech on hope in 1997.
155. Thomas Aquinas, Theological Texts, ed. and trans. Thomas Gilby (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), 203.
156. Thomas Aquinas, Treatise on the Virtues, trans. John A. Oesterle (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1966), 122.
157. Joseph Pieper, Faith, Hope, Love (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1986), 101.
158. Martin Luther King Jr., A Testament of Hope, ed. James Melvin Washington (New York: Harper, 1991).
159. Cornel West, "The Moral Obligations of Living in a Democratic Society," in The Good Citizen, ed. David Batstone and Eduardo Mendieta (New York: Routledge, 1999), 5, 9, 12.
160. Václav Havel, "Forgetting We Are Not God," First Things (March 1995): 50.
161. Reinhold Niebuhr, Man's Nature and His Communities (New York: Scribner's, 1965), 24.
162. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (New York: Scribner's, 1952), 63; hereafter IAH.
163. Reinhold Niebuhr, "Intellectual Biography," in Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social, and Political Thought, ed. Charles W. Kegley and Robert W. Bretall (New York: Macmillan, 1961), 15.
164. Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul S. Sigmund, The Democratic Experience (New York: Praeger, 1969), 11.
165. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner's, 1941-43), 1:121; hereafter, NDM.
166. Robin W. Lovin, Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Realism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 198; see also 9-11 ("The Limits of Political Realism").
167. Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Relevance of an Impossible Ethical Ideal," in An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (Harper and Brothers, 1935), 113; hereafter CE.
168. Reinhold Niebuhr, "Optimism, Pessimism, and Religious Faith," in The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses, ed. Robert McAfee Brown (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), 7; hereafter ERN.
169. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness: A Vindication of Democracy and a Critique of Its Traditional Defense (New York: Scribner's, 1960 [1944]), xiv; hereafter CLCD.
170. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: Mentor Books, 1999), no. 55, 310.
171. Reinhold Niebuhr, "The Illusion of World Government," in CRPP, 29.
172. James Madison, "Is Universal Peace Possible?" in The Complete Madison: His Basic Writings, ed. Saul K. Padover (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953), 260.
173. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., "Reinhold Niebuhr's Role in American Political Thought and Life," in Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social, and Political Thought, ed. Charles W. Kegley and Robert W. Bretall (New York: Macmillan, 1961), 214.
174. Reinhold Niebuhr, Faith and Politics: A Commentary on Religious, Social and Political Thought in a Technological Age, ed. Ronald H. Stone (New York: George Braziller, 1968), 42.
175. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The Conservative," in Emerson: Essays and Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York: Library of America, 1996), 173.
176. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1979); idem, Haven in a Heartless World: The Family Besieged (New York: Basic Books, 1977); and idem, The Revolt of the Elites, 105-107.
177. Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day (New York: Paragon, 1989).
178. Christopher Lasch, The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival in Troubled Times (New York: Norton, 1984), 259.
179. Sidney Hook, Pragmatism and the Tragic Sense of Life (New York: Basic Books, 1974), ix.
180. Richard Rorty, "Truth without Correspondence to Reality," in idem, Philosophy and Social Hope (New York: Penguin, 1999), 29.
181. Richard Rorty, "Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility and Romance," in idem, Philosophy and Social Hope, 163.
182. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The Fortune of the Republic," Miscellanies, in The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: AMS Press, 1979), 515.
183. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), 244.
184. John Calvin, Commentaries on the Book of Genesis, trans. John King (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 2003), 176. Calvin notes that Adam's sin-eating from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil-indicated the human propensity to "desire to be wise above measure" (126).
185. Daniel Elazar has compared Lincoln's invocation of an American covenant to that of John Winthrop in the Arabella speech in The Covenant Tradition in American Politics, available at: http://www.jcpa.org/dje/books/ct-vol3-ch1.htm. See also John H. Schaar's argument that Lincoln advanced a form of "covenanted patriotism" in "The Case for Patriotism," American Review: The Magazine of New Writing 17 (May 1973): 59-99. Matthew Holland has helped me see the similarities between these two speeches, although he differs with me on how closely their respective theologies are related.
186. John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity," in The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry, ed. Perry Miller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), 79.
187. Timothy P. Jackson, The Priority of Love: Christian Charity and Social Justice (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 172. Jackson is speaking here specifically in respect to abortion policies, although its sentiments certainly extend throughout the human and political life span.
188. Mark Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 434, 435. On the triumphalism of most major Northern theologians, see 422-445.