The ethics of identity

The Ethics of Identity

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-358

  Appiah, Kwame Anthony ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84923838516     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (201)

1. T. M. Scanlon, What We Owe to Each Other (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 172;
2. Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1985), 6 and 174;
3. "Translators' Preface," in Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, trans. R. Ashley Audra and Cloudesley Brereton, with the assistance of W. Horsfall Carter (New York: Doubleday, 1935);
4. Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 485 n. 1.
5. Peter Railton, "Pluralism, Determinacy, and Dilemma," Ethics 102, no. 4 (July 1992): 722.
6. See also Michael Blake, "Rights for People, Not for Cultures," Civilization 7, no. 4 (August-September 2000): 50-53.
7. For a cautionary discussion of such pitfalls, see Richard Handler, "Is 'Identity' a Useful Cross-Cultural Concept?" in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. John R. Gillis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 27-40.
8. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 408.
9. J. L. Mackie, "Can There Be a Right-Based Moral Theory?" in Ethical Theory 2:Theories about How We Should Live, ed. James Rachels (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 136;
10. Daniel A. Bell, Communitarianism and Its Critics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 6;
11. Michael Slote, Goods and Virtues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 43-47.
12. Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day (New York: Knopf, 1989), 199.
13. Ishiguro, Remains, 210.
14. Thomas E. Hill, "Servility and Self-Respect," in Autonomy and Self-Respect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
15. Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man under Socialism and Selected Critical Prose, ed. Linda Dowling (New York: Penguin, 2001), 134. Wilde also had, to be sure, a Nietzschean mode, with which he is more widely associated, prizing self-invention above all.
16. Bernard Williams, "The Truth in Relativism," in Moral Luck.
17. Michel Foucault, Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (New York: The New Press, 1998), 262.
18. Charles Taylor, The Ethics of Authenticity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 40.
19. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1974), 232.
20. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 32.
21. Ian Hacking, "Making Up People," in Reconstructing Individualism: Autonomy, Individuality, and the Self in Western Thought, ed. Thomas C. Heller, Morton Sosna, and David E. Wellbery (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), 222-36.
22. The "career" concept is fascinatingly traced in Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: Norton, 1998).
23. See, e.g., Robert M. Adams, "Common Projects and Moral Virtue," Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13 (1988): 297-307;
24. Nancy Sherman, "The Virtues of Common Pursuit," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53, no. 2 (June 1993): 277-99;
25. Michael Bratman, "Shared Cooperative Activities," Philosophical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1992): 327-41
26. "Shared Intention," Ethics 104 (1993): 97-113;
27. Margaret Gilbert, Living Together (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996).
28. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, ed. Samuel Lipman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 36.
29. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 424.
30. Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), xi.
31. See Raz, Morality of Freedom, 400, 410, 414, 415-16.
32. Packe, The Life, 405.
33. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, Essays on Sex Equality, ed. Alice S. Rossi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), 236;
34. Mazlish, James and John, 342.
35. Gerald Dworkin, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 38.
36. Stanley Benn, "Freedom, Autonomy, and the Concept of the Person," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1975-76): 129.
37. See also the wide-ranging discussion of autonomy, authenticity, and autarky in the context of "liberal soulcraft," in Peter Digeser, Our Politics, Our Selves (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 166-95.
38. For example, Gray, Defence, 74;
39. William E. Connelly, The Terms of Political Discourse, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 150-51.
40. David Johnston, The Idea of a Liberal Theory: A Critique and Reconstruction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 102.
41. Raz, Morality of Freedom, 370, 371.
42. George Sher, Beyond Neutrality: Perfectionism and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 50.
43. John Gray, Isaiah Berlin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 32-33.
44. Susan Mendus, Toleration and the Limits of Liberalism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989), 108;
45. Charles E. Larmore, Patterns of Moral Complexity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 129;
46. Chandran Kukathas, "Are There Any Cultural Rights?" Political Theory 20, no. 1 (February 1992): 120;
47. Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism, 44.
48. "Democratic Character and Community: The Logic of Congruence?" Journal of Political Philosophy 2, no. 1 (1994): 67-97.
49. John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism (New York: The New Press, 2000), 56.
50. Gray, Isaiah Berlin, 152.
51. Gray, Two Faces, 103.
52. Michael Walzer, "On Involuntary Associations," in Freedom of Association, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 70.
53. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 36, 27.
54. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 179.
55. Bell, Communitarianism, 37.
56. Sandel, Limits, 179.
57. Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, 7.
58. For accounts of how people acquire their political opinions and identities, see Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler, Partisan Hearts andMinds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002);
59. Paul M. Sniderman, "Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning," in Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, ed. Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 67-84.
60. For an account of the attenuated consciousness typical of daily life, see, e.g., John Bargh and Tanya L. Chartrand, "The Unbearable Automaticity of Being," American Psychologist 54 (July 1999): 462-79.
61. Raz, Morality of Freedom, 373.
62. A variety of congruent examples are presented and analyzed in chapter 10 of Alfred R. Mele, Autonomous Agents (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
63. Samuel Scheffler, "Responsibility, Reactive Attitudes, and Liberalism in Philosophy and Politics," Philosophy and Public Affairs 21, no. 4 (Autumn 1992): 309.
64. Dworkin, Theory and Practice of Autonomy, 62-81.
65. Charles Taylor, "To Follow a Rule," in Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 168, 173.
66. James Tully, "Wittgenstein and Political Philosophy: Understanding Practices of Critical Reflection," Political Theory 17, no. 2 (May 1989): 193, 195.
67. Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of theMetaphysic ofMorals, trans. H. J. Paton (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 118.
68. A great deal has been written on the influence on Kant of scientific models of explanation, especially Newtonian physics; see, for example, Michael Friedman, Kant and the Exact Sciences (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992).
69. Kant, Groundwork, 126.
70. Richard Wright, Native Son (New York: HarperCollins, 1998).
71. Kant, Groundwork, 128.
72. Muzafer Sherif, O. J. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, and Carolyn W. Sherif, The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation (Middletown:Wesleyan University Press, 1988; originally published by the Institute of Group Relations, the University of Oklahoma, 1961).
73. Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), 179.
74. Jean-Loup Amselle, Mestizo Logics: Anthropology of Identity in Africa and Elsewhere, trans. Claudia Royal (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 33.
75. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups, 69.
76. Hacking "Making Up People," 236.
77. I first offered an account of this formin my essay in Kwame Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). The discussion of identity develops the account given there.
78. For an excellent discussion of the Ottoman millet system, see Michael Walzer, On Toleration (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
79. Galston, Liberal Pluralism, 22.
80. Kukathas, "Cultural Rights?" 105-39
81. Chandran Kukathas, "Liberalism and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Indifference," Political Theory 26, no. 5 (October 1998):686-99.
82. Leslie Green, "Internal Minorities and Their Rights," in The Rights of Minority Cultures, ed. Will Kymlicka (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 266-67.
83. Michael J. Perry, Love and Power: The Role of Religion and Morality in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
84. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 113, 111.
85. Stephen L. Carter, The Culture of Disbelief (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 142.
86. Carter, Disbelief, 5.
87. Greenawalt, "Five Questions about Religion Judges Are Afraid to Ask," in Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith, ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 199.
88. Thomas Nagel, "Moral Conflict and Political Legitimacy," Philosophy and Public Affairs 16 (Summer 1987): 215-40.
89. David A. Strauss, "Discriminatory Intent and the Taming of Brown," University of Chicago Law Review 56 (1989): 956-60.
90. Taylor, Multiculturalism, 36.
91. Taylor, Multiculturalism, 53.
92. Taylor, Multiculturalism, 31.
93. Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue, 260.
94. Sherif, Robbers Cave, 179.
95. For anorexia, see Mervat Nasser, Culture and Weight Consciousness (New York:Routledge, 1997).
96. For zydeco, see Dick Shurman, "New Orleans, Louisiana, and Zydeco," in The New Blackwell Guide to Recorded Blues, ed. John Cowley and Paul Oliver (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996).
97. Mary Waters, Ethnic Options (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
98. Geoffrey Nunberg, "Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism," American Prospect, no. 33 (July-August 1997): 40-47.
99. See Stephen Macedo, "Transformative Constitutionalism and the Case of Religion:Defending the Moderate Hegemony of Liberalism," Political Theory 26, no. 1 (February 1998): 56-89.
100. Marshall Sahlins, "Goodbye to Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the Context of Modern World History," Journal of Modern History 65 (1993): 3-4.
101. Edward Burnett Tylor, Primitive Culture (London: John Murray, 1871), 1.
102. Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 167.
103. Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 232-33.
104. Margalit and Raz, "Self-Determination," 449;
105. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 89.
106. Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in Four Essays, 132.
107. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 26;
108. Iris Marion Young, Inclusion and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
109. Kymlicka, Finding Our Way: Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 44.
110. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 84.
111. John Tomasi, "Kymlicka, Liberalism, and Respect for Cultural Minorities," Ethics 105, no. 3 (April 1995): 590.
112. Raz, Ethics in the Public Domain, 177.
113. Margalit and Raz, "Self-Determination," 444.
114. Margalit and Raz, "Self-Determination," 449-61.
115. Taylor, "Irreducibly Social Goods," 136.
116. James Griffin, Well-Being: ItsMeaning,Measurement, and Moral Importance (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1986), 387-88.
117. Taylor, "Irreducibly Social Goods," 137.
118. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups, 176-77.
119. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 104, 100.
120. Charles Moore, "Time for aMore Liberal and 'Racist' Immigration Policy," Spectator, October 19, 1991. I am not alone in wondering what the scare-quotes are doing in Moore's title.
121. Taylor, Multiculturalism, 58-59.
122. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 104.
123. Margalit and Raz, "Self-Determination," 445.
124. Walter Benn Michaels, Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism (Durham:Duke University Press, 1996), 181-82.
125. Raz, Ethics in the Public Domain, 178-79.
126. Margalit and Raz, "Self-Determination," 449.
127. Jon Elster, Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 80.
128. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, 100.
129. Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Homosexual Politics: The Paradox of Gay Liberation," Salmagundi, nos. 58-59 (Fall 1982-Winter 1983): 252-80.
130. Basil Mitchell, Law, Morality, and Religion in a Secular Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965, 1970)
131. P. F. Strawson, "Social Morality and Individual Ideal," reprinted in Strawson, Freedom and Resentment (London: Methuen, 1974).
132. Galston, Liberal Pluralism, 60.
133. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. Anne Cohler, Basia Miller, and Harold Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 310.
134. David Ingram, Group Rights: Reconciling Equality and Difference (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2000), 257.
135. Galston, Liberal Pluralism, 64.
136. Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism, 67.
137. Stephen Macedo, Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 2.
138. Thomas Hill Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, ed. A. C. Bradley (1883; reprint, Bristol:Thoemmes Press, 1997), 295.
139. Stephen Macedo, Liberal Virtues (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 129.
140. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 46.
141. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States (New York: Random House, Modern Library, 1941), 335 (No. 51).
142. Harry Frankfurt, "Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person," in The Importance of WhatWe Care About: Philosophical Essays (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 19.
143. Frankfurt, "The Importance of WhatWe Care About," in Frankfurt, The Importance of What We Care About, 83, 91.
144. See Michael Stocker, Plural and Conflicting Values (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 211-37
145. Thomas E. Hill, "Weakness of Will and Character," in Autonomy and Self-Respect, 118-37;
146. David Pears, Motivated Irrationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983).
147. Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 42-43.
148. For some useful overviews of the literature, see Gerd Gigerenzer, Calculated Risks (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002);
149. Heuristics and Biases, ed. Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, and Daniel Kahneman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
150. Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, Inevitable Illusions (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994).
151. Sunstein, "Preferences," 12.
152. Sidgwick, The Method of Ethics (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1981), 111.
153. Carl Dennis, Practical Gods (New York: Penguin, 2001), 72.
154. Griffin, Well-Being, 12-13.
155. Derek Parfit, "What Makes Someone's Life Go Best," in his Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 499.
156. Gerald Dworkin, "The Concept of Autonomy," in The Inner Citadel, ed. John Christman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 60.
157. Sunstein, "Preferences," 13;
158. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, chapter 6, section 63.
159. Richard Braithwaite, "An Empiricist's View of the Nature of Religious Belief," in The Philosophy of Religion, ed. Basil Mitchell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 72-91.
160. Griffin, Well-Being, 136.
161. John Robinson, Honest to God (London: John Knox Press, 1963).
162. Post et al., Prejudicial, 22.
163. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, ed. James Axtell (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1968), 112.
164. A valuable discussion of Lockean individuality can be found in Uday Singh Mehta, The Anxiety of Freedom (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), 119-67.
165. James Mill on Education, ed. W. H. Burston (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 41.
166. Bruce Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 159.
167. Michael Oakeshott, The Voice of Liberal Learning: Michael Oakeshott on Education, ed. Timothy Fuller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 24.
168. MacIntyre, After Virtue, 201.
169. Ellwood P. Cubberley, Changing Conceptions of Education (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 15-16.
170. Callan, Creating Citizens, 145, 146.
171. Stephen Bates, Battleground: One Mother's Crusade, the Religious Right, and the Struggle for Control of Our Classrooms (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993).
172. Mill, "Nature," in Three Essays on Religion, CWM 10:396.
173. Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, trans. with an introduction by Maxwell Staniforth (New York: Penguin, 1964), 188.
174. Dworkin, "What Is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources," Philosophy and Public Affairs 10, no. 4 (Autumn 1981): 283-345;
175. See Susan Wolf, "Morality and Impartiality," Philosophical Perspectives 6 (1992):243-59;
176. William Godwin, Enquiry: Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1946), 1:128.
177. Charles Dickens, Bleak House (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 47.
178. Scheffler, "Liberalism, Nationalism and Egalitarianism," in Boundaries, 79.
179. Stephen L. Darwall, "Two Kinds of Respect," Ethics 88, no. 1 (October 1977): 38.
180. Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 7, 8. The relevant nomenclatural distinction between thick and thin, of course, runs from Ryle to Geertz to Walzer.
181. Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, 106.
182. George Eliot, Middlemarch (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 835.
183. Immanuel Kant, The Critique of the Power of Judgment, trans. Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 121.
184. Scheffler, "Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism," in Boundaries, 121.
185. George Saunders, "A Survey of the Literature," The New Yorker, September 22, 2003, 118.
186. Craig Calhoun, "Nationalism and Ethnicity," Annual Review of Sociology 19 (1993): 230;
187. Calhoun, Nationalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 197), 42-44. As he notes, religious identities long had this form.
188. Friedrich Meinecke, Cosmopolitanism and the National State, trans. Robert B. Kimber (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970), 94.
189. Nussbaum, "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism," 7-8, 135-36.
190. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. J.C.D. Clark (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), 202.
191. Nussbaum, "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism," 7.
192. See my article "But Would That Still Be Me? Notes on Gender, 'Race,' Ethnicity as Sources of Identity," Journal of Philosophy 87, no. 10 (October 1990): 493-99. And see n. 33 above.
193. Nussbaum, "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism," 14.
194. See, e.g., Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992);
195. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1976).
196. Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental Journey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), 62-63.
197. Richard Rorty, "Justice as a Larger Loyalty" in Cosmopolitics, ed. Phengh Cheah and Bruce Robbins (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 73.
198. Nussbaum, "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism," 9.
199. Giacomo Leopardi, Thoughts, trans. J. G. Nichols (London: Hesperus Press, 2003), 38.
200. Michael Ignatieff, Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 7, 68.
201. Cass R. Sunstein, "Incompletely Theorized Agreements," Harvard Law Review 108 (1995): 1733-72.