The six-item Clock Drawing Test-reliability and validity in mild Alzheimers disease

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 301-311

  Jørgensen, Kasper ^a   Kristensen, Maria K ^b   Waldemar, Gunhild ^a   Vogel, Asmus ^a  

^a University of Copenhagen   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Clock Drawing Test; cognitive screening; dementia; dementia screening

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; REPRODUCIBILITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STANDARDS; VALIDATION STUDY; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; ROC CURVE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84923621655     PISSN: 13825585     EISSN: 17444128     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2014.932325     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Cacho, J., Garcia-Garcia, R., Fernandez-Calvo, B., Gamazo, S., Rodriguez-Perez, R., Almeida, A., Contador, I. (2005). Improvement pattern in the clock drawing test in early Alzheimers disease. European Neurology, 53, 140-145.
2. Chiu, Y. C., Li, C. L., Lin, K. N., Chiu, Y. F., Liu, H. C. (2008). Sensitivity and specificity of the clock drawing test, incorporating Rouleau scoring system, as a screening instrument for questionable and mild dementia: Scale development. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 75-84.
3. Connor, D. J., Seward, J. D., Bauer, J. A., Golden, K. S., Salmon, D. P. (2005). Performance of three clock scoring systems across different ranges of dementia severity. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 19, 119-127.
4. Esteban-Santillan, C., Praditsuwan, R., Ueda, H., Geldmacher, D. S. (1998). Clock drawing test in very mild Alzheimers disease. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 46, 1266-1269.
5. Forti, P., Olivelli, V., Rietti, E., Maltoni, B., Ravaglia, G. (2010). Diagnostic performance of an executive clock drawing task (CLOX) as a screening test for mild cognitive impairment in elderly persons with cognitive complaints. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 20-27.
6. Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Delis, D., Shulman, K. I. (1994). Clock-drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
7. Heinik, J., Solomesh, I., Berkman, P. (2004). Correlation between the CAMCOG, the MMSE, and three clock drawing tests in a specialized outpatient psychogeriatric service. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 38, 77-84.
8. Kitabayashi, Y., Ueda, H., Narumoto, J., Nakamura, K., Kita, H., Fukui, K. (2001). Qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55, 485-491.
9. Korner, E. A., Lauritzen, L., Nilsson, F. M., Lolk, A., Christensen, P. (2012). Simple scoring of the clock-drawing test for dementia screening. Danish Medical Journal, 59, A4365.
10. Lee, H., Swanwick, G. R., Coen, R. F., Lawlor, B. A. (1996). Use of the clock drawing task in the diagnosis of mild and very mild Alzheimers disease. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 469-476.
11. Lee, K. S., Kim, E. A., Hong, C. H., Lee, D. W., Oh, B. H., Cheong, H. K. (2008). Clock drawing test in mild cognitive impairment: Quantitative analysis of four scoring methods and qualitative analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 26, 483-489.
12. Lessig, M. C., Scanlan, J. M., Nazemi, H., Borson, S. (2008). Time that tells: Critical clock-drawing errors for dementia screening. International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 459-470.
13. Leyhe, T., Milian, M., Muller, S., Eschweiler, G. W., Saur, R. (2009). The minute hand phenomenon in the clock test of patients with early Alzheimer disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 22, 119-129.
14. Leyhe, T., Saur, R., Eschweiler, G. W., Milian, M. (2009). Clock test deficits are associated with semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 22, 235-245.
15. Lin, K. N., Wang, P. N., Chen, C., Chiu, Y. H., Kuo, C. C., Chuang, Y. Y., Liu, H. (2003). The three-item clock-drawing test: A simplified screening test for Alzheimers disease. European Neurology, 49, 53-58.
16. Mainland, B. J., Amodeo, S., Shulman, K. I. (2013). Multiple clock drawing scoring systems: Simpler is better. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29, 127-136.
17. Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., Rakowicz, W., Hodges, J. R. (2000). A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimers disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 55, 1613-1620.
18. Mckhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimers disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimers disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
19. Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimers disease. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095-1099.
20. Nyborn, J. A., Himali, J. J., Beiser, A. S., Devine, S. A., Du, Y., Kaplan, E.,., Au, R. (2013). The Framingham heart study clock drawing performance: Normative data from the offspring cohort. Experimental Aging Research, 39, 80-108.
21. Pfeffer, R. I., Kurosaki, T. T., Harrah Jr., C. H., Chance, J. M., Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 323-329.
22. Pinto, E., Peters, R. (2009). Literature review of the clock drawing test as a tool for cognitive screening. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 201-213.
23. Powlishta, K. K., Von Dras, D. D., Stanford, A., Carr, D. B., Tsering, C., Miller, J. P., Morris, J. C. (2002). The clock drawing test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology, 59, 898-903.
24. Sackett, D. L. (1992). The rational clinical examination. A primer on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 2638-2644.
25. Scanlan, J., Borson, S. (2001). The mini-cog: Receiver operating characteristics with expert and naive raters. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 216-222.
26. Shulman, K. I. (2000). Clock-drawing: Is it the ideal cognitive screening test? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 548-561.
27. Shulman, K. I., Shedletsky, R., Silver, I. L. (1986). The challenge of time: Clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 135-140.
28. Stokholm, J., Vogel, A., Johannsen, P., Waldemar, G. (2009). Validation of the Danish Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination as a screening test in a memory clinic. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, 361-365.
29. Stopford, C. L., Snowden, J. S., Thompson, J. C., Neary, D. (2008). Variability in cognitive presentation of Alzheimers disease. Cortex, 44, 185-195.
30. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests. Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
31. Tuokko, H., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Rae, S., ORourke, N. (2000). A comparison of alternative approaches to the scoring of clock drawing. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 137-148.
32. Vogel, A., Gade, A., Stokholm, J., Waldemar, G. (2005). Semantic memory impairment in the earliest phases of Alzheimers disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 75-81.
33. Wolf-Klein, G. P., Silverstone, F. A., Levy, A. P., Brod, M. S. (1989). Screening for Alzheimers disease by clock drawing. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 37, 730-734.
34. Yamamoto, S., Mogi, N., Umegaki, H., Suzuki, Y., Ando, F., Shimokata, H., Iguchi, A. (2004). The clock drawing test as a valid screening method for mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18, 172-179.