The context, performance and meaning of ritual: The British monarchy and the ‘invention of tradition’, c. 1820–1977

The Invention of Tradition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 101-164

  Cannadine, David ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923563042     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107295636.004     Document Type: Chapter

References (376)

1. D. Sutherland, The Landowners (London, 1968), p. 158.
2. The Saturday Review, 9 Feb. 1861, pp. 140-1.
3. I. Gilmour, The Body Politic (London, 1969), p. 313.
4. J. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby (London, 1977), p. 329.
5. Sir J. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI: His Life and Reign (London, 1965), p. 310.
6. H. Vickers, ‘Twenty Five Years a Queen’, in H. Montgomery-Massingberd (ed.), Burke’s Guide to the British Monarchy (London, 1977), p. 42.
7. Illustrated London News, 6 Feb. 1965.
8. R. E. Giesey, The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France (Geneva, 1960).
9. R. Strong, Splendour at Court: Renaissance Spectacle and Illusion (London, 1973).
10. S. Anglo, Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy (Oxford, 1969).
11. D. M. Bergeron, EnglishCivic Pageantry, 1558-1642 (London, 1971).
12. F. A. Yates, The Valois Tapestries (London, 1959).
13. E. Muir, ‘Images of Power: Art and Pageantry in Renaissance Venice’, Am. Hist. Rev., lxxxix (1979), pp. 16-52.
14. G. Reedy, ‘Mystical Politics: The Imagery of Charles II’s Coronation’, in P. J. Korshin (ed.), Studies in Culture and Revolution: Aspects of English Intellectual History, 1640-1800 (London, 1972), pp. 21-42.
15. C. Geertz, ‘Centers, Kings and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power’, in J. Ben-David and T. N. Clark (eds.), Culture and its Creators: Essays in Honor of E. Shils (Chicago and London, 1977), esp. pp. 153-7.
16. G. L. Mosse, ‘Caesarism, Circuses and Monuments’, Journal of Contemporary History, vi (1971), pp. 167-82.
17. C. Rearick, ‘Festivals and Politics: the Michelet Centennial of 1898’, in W. Laqueur and G. L. Mosse (eds.), Historians in Politics(London, 1974), pp. 59-78.
18. C. Rearick, ‘Festivals in Modern France: The Experience of the Third Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, xii (1977), pp. 435-60.
19. R. Samson, ‘La Fete de Jeanne d’Arc en 1894: Controverse et Celebration’, Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaire, xx (1973), pp. 444-63.
20. M. Agulhon, ‘Esquisse pour une Archeologie de la Republique: l’Allegorie Civique Feminine’, Annales: Economies, Societes, Civilisations, xxviii (1973), pp. 5-34.
21. E. J. Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions in Nineteenth-Century Europe’ (Past and Present Conference Paper, 1977), pp. 1-25.
22. G. L. Mosse, ‘Mass Politics and the Political Liturgy of Nationalism’, in E. Kamenka (ed.), Nationalism: The Nature and Evolution of an Ideal (London, 1976), pp. 39-54.
23. H. T. Barden, The Nuremberg Party Rallies, 1929-39 (London, 1967).
24. H. Jennings and C. Madge, May the Twelfth (London, 1937).
25. L. Harris, Long to Reign Over Us? (London, 1966).
26. J. G. Blumler, J. R. Brown, A. J. Ewbank and T. J. Nossiter, ‘Attitudes to the Monarchy: Their Structure and Development during a Ceremonial Occasion’, Political Studies, xix (1971), pp. 149-71.
27. R. Rose and D. Kavanagh, ‘The Monarchy in Contemporary British Culture’, Comparative Politics, viii (1976), pp. 548-76.
28. P. Ziegler, Crown and People (London, 1978).
29. E. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (trans. J. W. Swain, London, 1915), pp. 220, 225, 358, 375, 379.
30. E. Shils and M. Young, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, Sociological Review, new ser., i (1953), pp. 63-81.
31. Blumler et al., ‘Attitudes to the Monarchy’, pp. 170-1.
32. S. Lukes, ‘Political Ritual and Social Integration’, in S. Lukes, Essays in Social Theory (London, 1977), pp. 62-73.
33. N. Birnbaum, ‘Monarchies and Sociologists: A Reply to Professor Shils and Mr Young’, Sociological Review, new ser., iii (1955), pp. 5-23.
34. R. Bocock, Riiual in Industrial Society (London, 1974), pp. 102-4.
35. C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (London, 1975), pp. 7, 14, 449.
36. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1978), i, pp. xii-xiv.
37. Cf. D. M. Schneider, ‘Notes Towards a Theory of Culture’, in K. H. Basso and A. Selby (eds.), Meaning in Anthropology, (Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1976), pp. 214-15.
38. M. Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty (Harmondsworth, 1977), pp. 15-19, 186-96.
39. J. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets: An Imperial Retreat (London, 1978), pp. 347-8.
40. E. Leach, Culture and Communication: The Logic by which Symbols are Connected: an Introduction to the Use of Structuralist Analysis in Social Anthropology (London, 1976), pp. 84-93.
41. Lukes, ‘Political Ritual and Social Integration’, pp. 62, 64.
42. Shils and Young, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, p. 64.
43. Bocock, Ritual in Industrial Society, p. 103.
44. Rose and Kavanagh, ‘The Monarchy in Contemporary British Culture’, pp. 553, 557.
45. N. St John-Stevas (ed.), The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, 12 vols. so far (London, 1965-78), v, pp. 81-3.
46. R. H. S. Crossman, introduction to W. Bagehot, The English Constitution(London, 1963), p. 36.
47. N. Gash, Reaction and Reconstruction in English Politics, 1832-1852 (Oxford, 1965), p. 5.
48. D. Beales, From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815-1885 (London, 1971), pp. iii, 163, 166.
49. J. Ridley, Palmerston (London, 1972), pp. 529–40.
50. K. Martin, The Crown and the Establishment (London, 1962), p. 52.
51. Hibbert, George IV, pp. 782-3.
52. R. Fulford, The Prince Consort (London, 1966), pp. 156-9.
53. A. Briggs, Victorian Cities (Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 312, 357-9.
54. H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (Harmondsworth, 1963), pp. 14-15.
55. W. L. Burn, The Age of Equipoise: A Study of the Mid-Victoria Generation(London, 1968), p. 7.
56. W. A. Armstrong, Stability and Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York, 1801-1851(Cambridge, 1974), pp. 10-11.
57. P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914 (London, 1969), pp. 259-73.
58. C. Chamberlain, ‘The Growth of Support for the Labour Party in Britain’, British Journal of Sociology, xxiv (1973), pp. 482-4.
59. A. E. Musson, British Trade Unions, 1800-1875 (London, 1972), pp. 16-21.
60. H. F. Moorhouse, Social History, iii (1978), p. 359.
61. M. Wynn Jones, A Cartoon History of the Monarchy (London, 1978), pp. 40-5, 68-77.
62. M. Walker, Daily Sketches: A Cartoon History of British Twentieth-Century Politics (London, 1978), p. 23.
63. R. D. Altick, The English Common Reader (Chicago, 1957), pp. 343-4.
64. A. J. Lee, The Origins of the Popular Press, 1855-1914 (London, 1976), pp. 38, 45, 74, 120-1.
65. C. Fox, ‘The Development of Social Reportage in English Periodical Illustration during the 1840s and Early 1850s’, Past and Present, no. 74 (1977), pp. 92-3,100-2, 111.
66. J. D. Symon, The Press and its Story (London, 1914), p. 213.
67. F. M. L. Thompson, Victorian England: The Horse-Drawn Society (London, 1970), p. 16.
68. W. Gilbey, Modern Carriages (London, 1905), pp. 46-53, 63-4.
69. G. A. Thrupp, The History of Coaches (London, 1877), pp. 87-90.
70. W. B. Adams, English Pleasure Carriages (London, 1837), p. 220.
71. P. Ziegler, King William IV (London, 1971), p. 193.
72. Burn, Age of Equipoise, p. 103.
73. Ridley, Palmerston, pp. 523-4.
74. A. Briggs, Victorian People (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 10-11, 24, 51.
75. R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1961), pp. 1-4.
76. George Naylor, The Coronation of His Most Sacred Majesty King George IV, 2 vols. (London, 1839).
77. J. Summerson, Victorian Architecture in England: Four Studies in Evaluation(New York, 1971), p. 115.
78. E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848-1875 (1977), pp. 326, 328, 329, 334, 337.
79. E. N. Bacon, Design of Cities, rev. edn (London, 1978), pp. 196-9, 220-3.
80. J. W. Reps, Monumental Washington: The Planning and Development of the Capital Center (Princeton, N.J., 1967), pp. 5, 20, 21.
81. A. Sutcliffe, The Autumn of Central Paris: The Defeat of Town Planning, 1850-1970 (London, 1970), ch. 2.
82. D. H. Pinkney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, 1958), passim.
83. P. Abercrombie, ‘Vienna’, Town Planning Review, i (1910-11), pp. 221, 226-7.
84. G. R. Marek, The Eagles Die (London, 1975), pp. 171-2.
85. I. A. Egorov, The Architectural Planning of St Petersburg (Athens, Ohio, 1969), pp. 104-5, 182, 192.
86. J. H. Bater, St Petersburg: Industrialisation and Change (London, 1976), pp. 17-40.
87. D. Olsen, The Growth of Victorian London (London, 1976), pp. 51-3, 61, 329.
88. D. Harvey, Social Justice and the City (London, 1973), pp. 31-2.
89. M. Kennedy, The Works of Ralph Vaughan Williams (London, 1964), p. 1.
90. P. A. Scholes, ‘God Save the Queen’: The History and Romance of the World’s First National Anthem (London, 1954), pp. 147-8, 165, 203-4, 209.
91. E. Blom (ed.), Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th edn, 10 vols. (London 1954), v, p. 627.
92. Anon., ‘Music at the Last Coronation’, Musical Times, xliii (1902), pp. 18-20.
93. B. Rainbow, The Choral Revival in the Anglican Church (1839-1872) (London, 1970), ch. 13.
94. F. Bridge, A Westminster Pilgrim (London, 1919), pp. 72-5, 196-201.
95. J. Pearce, Apology for Cathedral Service (London, 1839).
96. J. Jebb, The Choral Service of the Church (London, 1843).
97. S. S. Wesley, A Few Words on Cathedral Music (London, 1849).
98. W. O. Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 2nd edn (London, 1972), pt 2, pp. 366-74.
99. J. Perkins, Westminster Abbey: Its Worship and Ornaments, 3 vols. (London, 1938-52), i, pp. 89-94, 106-9, 144, 153-63.
100. R. E. Prothero, The Life and Correspondence of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D.D., late Dean of Westminster, 2 vols. (London, 1893), ii, pp. 282-3.
101. R. Davey, A History of Mourning (London, n.d.), pp. 75-7, 81-3.
102. J. S. Curl, The Victorian Celebration of Death (Newton Abbot, 1972), pp. 4-5.
103. C. Oman, Nelson(London, 1947), pp. 563-6.
104. E. Longford, Wellington, 2 vols. (St Albans, 1971-5), ii, pp. 489-95.
105. W. Jones, Crowns and Coronation (London, 1883), p. viii.
106. C. Hibbert, The Court at Windsor: A Domestic History (London, 1964), pp. 171-2.
107. J. Perkins, The Coronation Book (London, 1902), pp. 97, 115, 175, 258.
108. Hibbert, George IV, pp. 597-604.
109. Hibbert, George IV, pp. 777-9.
110. Ziegler, William IV, 152-3, 291.
111. E. Longford, Victoria, R.I. (London, 1966), pp. 99-104.
112. G. Battiscombe, Queen Alexandra (London, 1972), pp. 45-6.
113. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 21.
114. Longford, Victoria, R.I., p. 401.
115. W. Bagehot, ‘The Monarchy and the People’, The Economist, 22 July 1871.
116. idem, ‘The Income of the Prince of Wales’, The Economist, 10 October 1874.
117. St John-Stevas, The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, v, pp. 419, 431.
118. G. E. Buckle (ed.), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd ser., 1862-1885, 3 vols. (London, 1926-8), i, p. 133.
119. P. Guedalla, The Queen and Mr Gladstone, 1845-1879, 2 vols. (London, 1933-4), ii, p. 357.
120. P. Magnus, Gladstone: A Biography (London, 1963), pp. 207-17.
121. J. and J. May, Commemorative Pottery, 1780-1900 (London, 1972), pp. 22, 40-5, 51, 58-9, 73.
122. D. Rogers, Coronation Souvenirs and Commemoratives (London, 1975), pp. 25-30, 31-3, 36.
123. J. Edmundson, Collecting Modern Commemorative Medals (London, 1972), pp. 39-42.
124. Longford, Victoria, R.I., pp. 537-8.
125. P. Magnus, King Edward VII (Harmondsworth, 1967), pp. 342, 348, 373-7.
126. R. Davey, The Pageant of London, 2 vols. (London, 1906), ii, p. 623.
127. J. A. Hammerton, The Passing of Victoria (London, 1902).
128. S. Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind (Princeton, N.J., 1968), p. 15.
129. Magnus, Edward VII, p. 526; Martin, Crown and the Establishment, p. 68.
130. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 28.
131. Briggs, Victorian Cities, pp. 312-13, 327, 330, 356-9.
132. Chamberlain, ‘The Growth of Support for the Labour Party’, pp. 481, 485.
133. Pelling, History of British Trade Unions, p. 89.
134. Musson, British Trade Unionism, p. 65.
135. J. Lovell, British Trade Unions, 1875-1933 (London, 1977), pp. 9, 21-3, 30-3, 41-6.
136. J. E. C. Bodley, The Coronation of King Edward the Seventh: A Chapter in European and Imperial History(London, 1903), pp. 203-6.
137. W. Bagehot, ‘The Cost of Public Dignity’, The Economist, 20 July 1867.
138. St John-Stevas, The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot, v, p. 413.
139. Briggs, Victorian Cities, pp. 356-8.
140. Walker, Daily Sketches, pp. 7-8, 13.
141. Wynn Jones, Cartoon History of the Monarchy, pp. 130, 138-9.
142. Lee, The Origins of the Popular Press, pp. 120-30, 190-6.
143. Symon, The Press and its Story, pp. 229-32.
144. H. Herd, The March of Journalism (London, 1952), pp. 233-40.
145. J. H. Pemberton, The Coronation Service according to the Use of the Church of England (London, 1902, 1911).
146. D. Macleane, The Great Solemnity of the Coronation of the King and Queen of England (London, 1902, 1911).
147. W. H. Stackpole, The Coronation Regalia (London, 1911).
148. E. Metallinos, Imperial and Royal Coronations (London, 1902).
149. L. G. Wickham Legg, English Coronation Records (London, 1901).
150. H. F. Burke, The Historical Records of the Coronation (London, 1904).
151. Bodley, Coronation of Edward the Seventh.
152. Perkins, The Coronation Book.
153. Thompson, Victorian England, pp. 16-18.
154. P. S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1770 (London, 1974), pp. 150, 155.
155. F. M. L. Thompson, ‘Nineteenth-Century Horse Sense’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., xxix (1976), p. 61.
156. S. B. Saul, ‘The Motor Industry in Britain to 1914’, Business History, v (1962), pp. 24-5.
157. Gilbey, Modern Carriages, pp. 36-8.
158. M. Watney, The Elegant Carriage (London, 1961), p. 81.
159. J. L. Garvin and Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, 6 vols. (London, 1932-69), iii, pp. 185-95.
160. Bodley, Coronation of Edward the Seventh, p. 19.
161. Magnus, Edward VII, pp. 52-8, 131-2, 238-41.
162. H. Nicolson, King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign (London, 1967), pp. 106-10, 128-33, 228-37.
163. J. Perkins, The Coronation Book (London, 1911), p. 329.
164. Ziegler, Crown and People, pp. 56, 66.
165. P. E. Schramm, A History of the English Coronation (Oxford, 1937), p. 104.
166. S. Lee, King Edward the Seventh: A Biography, 2 vols. (London, 1925-7), ii, p. 100.
167. Scholes, ‘God Save the Queen’, p. 141.
168. J. Morris, Pax Britannica: The Climax of an Empire (London, 1968).
169. C. Chapman and P. Raben, Debrett's Queen Victoria's Jubilees, 1887 and 1897 (London, 1977).
170. Hynes, Edwardian Turn of Mind, pp. 19-20.
171. S. Kostof, ‘The Drafting of a Master Plan for Roma Capitate: An Exordium’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, xxxv (1976), p. 8.
172. A. Robertson, Victor Emmanuel III: King of Italy (London, 1925), pp. 104-6.
173. R. C. Fried, Planning the Eternal City: Roman Politics and Planning Since World War II(London, 1973), pp. 19-29.
174. C. Meeks, Italian Architecture, 1750-1914 (New Haven, 1966), pp. 189fif.
175. E. Schroeter, ‘Rome’s First National State Architecture: The Palazzo della Finanze, in H. A. Millon and L. Nochlin (eds.), Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), pp. 128-49.
176. Marek, The Eagles Die, pp. 173-7.
177. P. Abercrombie, ‘Berlin: Its Growth and Present Day Function - II - The Nineteenth Century’, Town Planning Review, iv (1914), pp. 308, 311.
178. D. J. Hill, Impressions of the Kaiser (London, 1919), pp. 59-62.
179. Prince von Biilow, Memoirs, 1897-1903 (London, 1931), p. 543.
180. Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty, p. 129.
181. C. M. Green, Washington, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J., 1962-3), ii, ch. 7.
182. Reps, Monumental Washington, pp. 91, 115.
183. L. Craig et al., The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics and Symbols in U.S. Government Building (Cambridge, Mass., n.d.), esp. pp. 244-65.
184. Quoted in Olsen, Growth of Victorian London, p. 53.
185. Briggs, Victorian Cities, pp. 325, 332-3.
186. A. Service, Edwardian Architecture: A Handbook to Budding Design in Britain, 1890-1914 (London, 1977), ch. 10.
187. M. H. Port, ‘Imperial Victorian’, Geographical Magazine, xlix (1977), pp. 553-62.
188. Trachtenberg, The Statue of Liberty, p. 100.
189. G. Stamp, London, 1900 (London, 1978), p. 305.
190. E. and M. Darby, ‘The Nation’s Monument to Queen Victoria’, Country Life, clxiv (1978), p. 1647.
191. Baron von Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph and His Times (London, 1921), pp. 166-85.
192. Princess Fugger, The Glory of the Habsburgs (London, 1932), pp. 100—40.
193. A. Topham, Memories of the Kaiser's Court (London, 1914), pp. 85-6, 123, 184-202.
194. Hill, Impressions of the Kaiser, ch. 3.
195. Count R. Zedlitz-Triitzschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court (London, 1924), pp. 46-60, 70-1, 95, 117, 165.
196. M. Buchanan, Recollections of Imperial Russian Court (London, 1913), p. 143.
197. K. Tschuppik, The Reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph, 1848—1916 (London, 1930), pp. 272, 354, 400.
198. G. S. Godkin, Life of Victor Emmanuel If First King of Italy, 2 vols. (London, 1879), ii, pp. 233–44.
199. Robertson, Victor Emmanuel Ilf pp. 103-6.
200. C. Lowe, Alexander III of Russia (London, 1895), pp. 65-76, 289-303.
201. R. K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra (London, 1968), pp. 42-5, 224-7.
202. B. Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War, 1890-1914 (New York, 1978), p. 403.
203. Mosse, ‘Caesarism, Circuses and Monuments’, p. 172.
204. Rearick, ‘Festivals in Modern France’, pp. 447-8.
205. Reps, Monumental Washington, pp. 72-3, 85.
206. S. M. Alsop, Lady Sackville: A Biography (London, 1978), pp. 27-30.
207. Tuchman, The Proud Tower, pp. 72, 76.
208. Longford, Victoria, R.I., pp. 188-9, 211-12, 490, 560-1.
209. Lowe, Alexander III, pp. 66-7.
210. Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, p. 257.
211. F. Howes, The English Musical Renaissance (London, 1966), chaps. 7-9.
212. Kennedy, Ralph Vaughan Williams, ch. 1.
213. F. K. Harford, God Save the Queen, (London, 1882).
214. C. Bunten, ‘God Save the King’: Facsimiles of the Earliest Prints of our National Anthem (London, 1902).
215. W. H. Cummings, ‘God Save the King': The Origins and History of the National Anthem(London, 1902).
216. S. Bateman, Our Illiterate National Anthem: A Jacobite Hymn and a Rebel Song (London, 1911).
217. A. C. Mackenzie, A Musician's Narrative (London, 1927), p. 155.
218. C. L. Graves, Hubert Parry: His Life and Work, 2 vols. (London, 1926), ii, pp. 28-31, 56-7.
219. W. H. Scott, Edward German: An Intimate Biography (London, 1932), pp. 152-4.
220. P. M. Young, Sir Arthur Sullivan (London, 1971), pp. 248, 261.
221. H. P. Greene, Charles Villiers Stanford (London, 1935), pp. 223-4.
222. Chadwick, Victorian Church, pp. 385-7.
223. Rainbow, Choral Revival in the Anglican Church, pp. 286-9.
224. W. Sinclair, Memorials of St Pouts Cathedral (London, 1909), pp. 411-12.
225. Bridge, Westminster Pilgrim, pp. 65-77, 172-8, 182-6, 222-34.
226. Sir D. Tovey and G. Parratt, Walter Parratt: Master of the Music (London, 1941), pp. 90-1, 96-102, 119.
227. A. C. Benson, The Life of Edward White Benson, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury (London, 1899), p. 133.
228. G. K. A. Bell, Randall Davidson: Archbishop of Canterbury, 3rd. edn (London, 1952), pp. 118-19, 307-11, 351-7, 367-72, 608-11, 1,300-1.
229. Perkins, Westminster Abbey: Its Worship and Ornaments, i, pp. 112, 187, 189; ii, pp. 16-17, 111; iii, pp. 163, 169, 179.
230. Perkins, Coronation Book, pp. 336-7.
231. T. Ranger, ‘The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa’ (Past and Present Conference Paper, 1977), p. 85, n. 31.
232. Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions’, p. 15.
233. Battiscombe, Queen Alexandra, p. 174.
234. Longford, Victoria, R.I., p. 626.
235. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 23.
236. F. Ponsonby, Recollections of Three Reigns (London, 1951), pp. 32-3, 83-94, 271-2.
237. P. Cunnington and S. Lucas, Costume for Births, Marriages and Deaths (London, 1971), p. 240.
238. P. Fraser, Lord Esher: A Political Biography (London, 1973), pp. 68-71, 80-3.
239. M. V. Brett and Oliver, Viscount Esher (eds.), Journals and Letters of Reginald, Viscount Esher, 4 vols (London, 1934-8), i, pp. 204-7, 214-17, 331-2, 274-87, 304, 322, 333, 337; iii, p. 5.
240. Bodley, Coronation of King Edward the Seventh, p. 205.
241. Lord Esher, Cloud Capp'd Towers (London, 1927), pp. 182-3.
242. J. Elliott, Fall of Eagles (London, 1974), p. 137.
243. Lee, King Edward the Seventh, ii, pp. 21-3.
244. I. Parrott, Elgar (London, 1971), pp. 7, 18, 65.
245. P. M. Young, Elgar, O. M.: A Study of a Musician (London, 1955), pp. 79, 97, 222, 288.
246. A. J. Sheldon, Edward Elgar (London, 1932), pp. 16, 33, 48.
247. C. Lambert, Music Ho!, 3rd edn (London, 1966), p. 240.
248. D. M. McVeagh, Edward Elgar: His Life and Music (London, 1955), p. 181.
249. Maine, Elgar: His Life and Works (London, 1933), ii, pp. 196-7, 297-300.
250. M. Kennedy, Portrait of Elgar (London, 1968), pp. 132-53, 202-9.
251. May, Commemorative Pottery, pp. 73-4.
252. D. Seekers, Popular Staffordshire Pottery (London, 1977), pp. 30-1.
253. Rodgers, Coronation Souvenirs, pp. 38-41.
254. Edmundson, Collecting Modern Commemorative Medals, pp. 54—61.
255. H. N. Cole, Coronation and Commemoration Medals, 1887-1953 (Aldershot, 1953), p. 5.
256. D. Cannadine, ‘From “Feudal” Lords to Figureheads: Urban Landownership and Aristocratic Influence in Nineteenth-Century Towns’, Urban History Year book, v (1978), pp. 26-7, 31-2.
257. M. Sanderson, The Universities and British Industry, 1850-1970 (London, 1972), p. 81.
258. R. H. Hubbard, Rideau Hall: An Illustrated History of Government House, Ottawa, from Victorian Times to the Present Day (London, 1977), pp. 20-38.
259. I. de la Bere, The Queen’s Orders of Chivalry (London, 1964), pp. 129, 143, 144, 149, 168, 171, 177, 178.
260. Perkins, Westminster Abbey: Its Worship and Ornaments, ii, p. 202.
261. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, pp. 98-101, 218, 486-90, 597-601.
262. E. Longford, The Royal House of Windsor (London, 1976), pp. 65, 91.
263. R. Rhodes James (ed.), Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson’s Memoirs and Papers, 1910-37(London, 1969), pp. 177-8.
264. J. A. Thompson, ‘Labour and the Modern British Monarchy’, South Atlantic Quarterly, lxx (1971), p. 341.
265. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, pp. 636-7, 649-50.
266. Longford, House of Windsor, p. 91.
267. J. A. Thompson and A. Mejia, Jr., The Modern British Monarchy (New York, 1971), p. 38.
268. Longford, House of Windsor, p. 63.
269. R. Lacey, Majesty: Elizabeth II and the House of Windsor (London, 1977), p. 109.
270. R. Strong, ‘The Royal Image’, in Montgomery-Massingberd (ed.), Burke's Guide to the British Monarchy, p. 112.
271. Ziegler, Crown and People, pp. 76-7.
272. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, p. 160.
273. Walker, Daily Sketches, pp. 13, 23, 126-7.
274. Wynn Jones, Cartoon History of the Monarchy, pp. 132, 157-64, 174-9.
275. T. Driberg, Ruling Passions (New York, 1978), pp. 107-9.
276. Lacey, Majesty, p. 333.
277. Jennings and Madge, May the Twelfth, p. 16.
278. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 31.
279. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, pp. 670-1.
280. A. Boyle, Only the Wind Will Listen: Reith of the B.B.C. (London, 1972), pp. 18, 161, 281.
281. J. C. W. Reith, Into the Wind (London, 1949), pp. 94,168-9,221,238-41,279-82.
282. A. Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, 4 vols. so far (Oxford and London, 1961—79), i, pp. 290-1.
283. R. Rhodes James (ed.), ‘Chips': The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon (London, 1967), p. 123.
284. Jennings and Madge, May the Twelfth, pp. 112, 120.
285. H. McCansland, The English Carriage (London, 1948), p. 85.
286. C. Frost, Coronation: June 2 1953 (London, 1978), pp. 57-8.
287. H. Henson, Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, 3 vols. (London, 1942-50), i, pp. 380-5.
288. J. G. Lockhart, Cosmo Gordon Lang (London, 1949), pp. 408-23.
289. Perkins, Westminster Abbey: Its Services and Ornaments, i, pp. 113-17, 193-4.
290. M. H. Fitzgerald, A Memoir of Herbert E. Ryle (London, 1928), pp. 290-2, 307-10.
291. L. E. Tanner, Recollections of a Westminster Antiquary(London, 1969), pp. 65-8, 144-52.
292. Blom, Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, v, p. 627.
293. H. C. Coles, Walford Davies: A Biography (London, 1942), pp. 157-61.
294. I. Holst, The Music of Gustav Holst, 2nd edn (London, 1968), pp. 46, 162.
295. C. Scott-Sutherland, Arnold Bax (London, 1973), pp. 181-2.
296. S. Pakenham, Ralph Vaughan Williams: A Discovery of his Music (London, 1957), pp. 118, 164-5.
297. F. Howes, The Music of William Walton, 2nd edn (London, 1974), pp. 119-21.
298. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, p. 154.
299. W. J. Passingham, A History of the Coronation (London, 1937), p. vii.
300. Schramm, History of the English Coronation, pp. 104-5.
301. Fried, Planning the Eternal City, pp. 31-3.
302. E. R. Tannenbaum, Fascism in Italy: Society and Culture, 1922-1945 (London, 1973), p. 314.
303. S. Kostof, ‘The Emperor and the Duce: the Planning of Piazzale Augusto Imperatore in Rome’, in Millon and Nochlin (eds.), Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics, pp. 270-325.
304. A. Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York, 1970) chaps. 5,6,10,11.
305. B. M. Lane, Architecture and Politics in Germany, 1918-1945 (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 185-95.
306. Barden, Nuremberg Party Rallies, ch. 6.
307. M. F. Parkins, City Planning in Soviet Russia (Chicago, 1953), pp. 33-43.
308. A. Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning, 1917-1935(London, 1970), pp. 219-26.
309. J. E. Bowlt, ‘Russian Sculpture and Lenin’s Plan of Monumental Propaganda’, in Millon and Nochlin (eds.), Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics, pp. 182-93.
310. Reps, Monumental Washington, pp. 167, 170-4.
311. Craig, Federal Presence, pp. 309-27.
312. H. Clunn, London Rebuilt, 1897-1927 (London, 1927), p. 10.
313. J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Fuhrer and the People (London, 1975), pp. 39, 82, 85-6, 88-91.
314. N. Henderson, Failure of a Mission: Berlin, 1937-1939 (London, 1940), pp. 70-1.
315. Barden, Nuremberg Party Rallies, pp. 113-20, 125, 133-4.
316. S. Morley, ‘A Talent to Amuse’: A Biography of Noel Coward (Harmondsworth, 1974), p. 193.
317. B. Malinowski, ‘A Nation-wide Intelligence Service’, in C. Madge and T. Harrison, First Year’s Work, 1937-38 (London, 1938), p. 112.
318. New Statesman, 25 Jan. 1936.
319. K. Martin, ‘The Evolution of Popular Monarchy’, Political Quarterly, vii (1936), pp. 155-6.
320. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, pp. 199, 215, 254, 302-4, 371-81.
321. F. Donaldson, Edward VIII (London, 1976), chaps. 6-8.
322. Malinowski, ‘A Nation-Wide Intelligence Service’, pp. 114-15.
323. The Times, Crown and Empire (London, 1937), p. 184.
324. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 97.
325. Frost, Coronation, p. 136.
326. Battiscombe, Queen Alexandra, p. 302.
327. Tanner, Recollections of a Westminster Antiquary, p. 67.
328. Lacey, Majesty, p. 116.
329. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, p. 92.
330. J. Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, 1867-1953 (London, 1959), pp. 519-20.
331. Lacey, Majesty, p. 78.
332. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI, p. 151.
333. Longford, House of Windsor, p. 94.
334. D. Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald (London, 1977), p. 774.
335. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, pp. 671-2.
336. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, pp. 227-9.
337. L. Miall (ed.), Richard Dimbleby: Broadcaster (London, 1966), pp. 75-6.
338. Ziegler, Crown and People, pp. 84-96.
339. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, p. 498.
340. Briggs, History of Broadcasting, iv, p. 470.
341. Martin, Crown and the Establishment, p. 15.
342. Rhodes James, ‘Chips’, pp. 32-3,54-7,123-6,464-5,472-4,275-7.
343. Rodgers, Commemorative Souvenirs, pp. 38—43.
344. L. N. and M. Williams, Commemorative Postage Stamps of Great Britain, 1890-1966 (London, 1967), pp. 9, 25-40.
345. T. Todd, A History of British Postage Stamps, 1660-1940 (London, 1941), pp. 211, 214, 215, 217.
346. H. D. S. Haverbeck, The Commemorative Stamps of the British Commonwealth (London, 1955), pp. 89-94.
347. Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions’, p. 19.
348. Rose and Kavanagh, ‘The Monarchy in Contemporary British Culture’, p. 551.
349. Charles Petrie, The Modern British Monarchy (London, 1957), p. 215.
350. Harris, Long to Reign Over Us?, pp. 27, 55.
351. Lacey, Majesty, p. 245.
352. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 198.
353. A. Duncan, The Reality of Monarchy (London, 1970), p. 95.
354. Harris, Long to Reign Over Us?, p. 137.
355. Briggs, Sound and Vision, p. 471.
356. Longford, House of Windsor, p. 196.
357. Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, pp. 498-9.
358. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, pp. 370-5.
359. B. Levin, The Pendulum Years: Britain in the Sixties (London, 1972), pp. 399-407.
360. R. Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, 3 vols. (London, 1975—7), i, pp. 141-3, 145.
361. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 84.
362. Miall, Richard Dimbleby, p. 83.
363. D. C. Cooper, ‘Looking Back in Anger’, in V. Bogdanor and R. Skidelsky (eds.), The Age of Affluence, 1951-64 (London, 1970), p. 260.
364. Harris, Long to Reign Over Us?, pp. 18, 52.
365. Briggs, Sound and Vision, pp. 457-73.
366. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, pp. 223-39.
367. Lacey, Majesty, p. 208.
368. Shils and Young, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, p. 80.
369. Ziegler, Crown and People, pp. 131-7.
370. Miall, Richard Dimbleby, pp. 145-6, 157, 161, 167.
371. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, pp. 225-52, 326-30.
372. R. Baker, ‘Royal Occasions’, in Mary Wilson et al., The Queen: A Penguin Special (Harmonds- worth, 1977), pp. 105-27.
373. Daily Mirror, 8 June 1977.
374. Ziegler, Crown and People, p. 176.
375. Hobsbawm, ‘Inventing Traditions’, pp. 1, 11.
376. Geertz, Interpretation of Cultures, p. 449.