The conservation of archaeological leather

Conservation of Leather and Related Materials

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 244-263

  Cameron, E ^a   Spriggs, J ^b   Wills, B ^a  

^a Leather Conservation Centre   (United Kingdom)

^b Society of Antiquaries of London   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923549624     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780080454665-29     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Adams, G. (1994) Freeze-drying — Art or Science? In A Celebration of Wood (Spriggs, J., ed.), pp. 49-54 Wetlands Archaeological Research Project 8.
2. Baltazar, V., Lyons, W. and Murray, A. (1996) Plastination as a Consolidation Technique for Archaeological Bone, Waterlogged Leather and Waterlogged Wood. In Twenty Second Annual Association of Graduate Programs in Art Conservation Student Conference Papers Queen’s University, pp. 4-10. Ontario.
3. Cameron, E. (2000) Sheaths and Scabbards in England AD400—1100. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 301.
4. Cameron, E. and Edwards, G. (2004) Evidence of Leather on Finds from Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries at St Stephen’s Lane/Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk 1987—88 and Boss Hall, Ipswich 1990. Portsmouth: English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Report 23/2004.
5. Cowgill, J., Neergaard, M. de and Griffiths, N. (1987) Knives and Scabbards: Medieval Finds from Excavations in London. Museum of London.
6. Cronyn, J. (1990) The Elements of Archaeological Conservation. London: Routledge.
7. Cruickshank, P. (2001) Leather Shrouds… a Rare Find in Jordan. In Leather Wet and Dry: Current Treatments in the Conservation of Waterlogged and Desiccated Archaeological Leather (B. Wills, ed.), pp. 63-70. London: Archetype.
8. Daniels, V. (1993) Evaluation of a Test for Tannins in Leather. British Museum Department of Conservation Internal Report no. CA 1993/2.
9. Daniels, V. (1997) Analysis of Excavated Leather Samples from Kerma. British Museum Department of Conservation Internal Report no. CA 1997/48.
10. Degrigny, C., Baron, G., Christodoulou, P., Tran, K. and Hiron, X. (2002) Conservation of a Collection of Waterlogged Composite Rifles Dating from the 17th Century Recovered from the Brescou II Marine Site. In Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference (P. Hoffman, J. Spriggs, T. Grant, C. Cook, and A., Recht, eds), pp. 399-412. Stockholm (Bremerhaven).
11. Dobson, C. (2003) As Tough as Old Boots? A Study of Hardened Leather Armour, Part 1: Techniques of Manufacture, pp. 55-77. Art and Arms Florence, City of the Medici, Conference Proceedings May 30th—June 1st 2003.
12. Driel-Murray, van C. (2000) Leather and Skin Products. In Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology(P.T. Nicholson and I. Shaw, eds), pp. 299-319. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Driel-Murray, van C. (2002) Ancient Skin Processing and the Impact of Rome on Tanning Technology. In Le Travail du Cuir de la Préhistoire à nos Jours (F. Audoin-Rouzeau, and S. Beyries, eds), pp. 251 -265. Antibes: APDCA.
14. Edwards, G. and Mould, Q. (1995) Guidelines for the Care of Waterlogged Archaeological Leather. English Heritage Scientific and Technical Publication, Guideline 4.
15. Filmer-Sankey, W. and Pestell, T. (2001) Snape AngloSaxon Cemetery: Excavations and Surveys 1824-1992. East Anglian Archaeology Report 95.
16. Ganiaris, H., Keene, S. and Starling, K. (1982) A Comparison of Some Treatments for Excavated Leather. The Conservator, 6, 12-24.
17. Godfrey, I., Kasi, K. and Richards, V. (2002) Iron Removal from Waterlogged Leather and Rope Recovered from Shipwreck Sites. In Proceedings of the 8th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials Conference (P. Hoffman, J. Spriggs, T. Grant, C. Cook, and A. Recht, eds), pp. 439-467. Stockholm (Bremerhaven).
18. Goubitz, O. (1984) The Drawing and Registration of Archaeological Footwear. Studies in Conservation, 29, 187-196.
19. Goubitz, O. (1997) What is Wrong with Freeze-drying? In ICOM Working Group on the Treatment of and Research into Leather, in Particular of Ethnographic Objects (P. Hallebeek, ed.), pp. 36-37. ICOM interim meeting, Amsterdam, April 1995. Paris: ICOM.
20. Groenman-van Waateringe, W., Kilian, M. and Londen, H. van (1999) The Curing of Hides and Skins in European Prehistory. Antiquity, 73, 884-890.
21. Health and Safety Executive (2000) Management of Health and Safety at Work. In Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999. Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L21. HSE Books.
22. Hilby, G. (1997) Cyclododecan, a Volatile Binding Medium. Restauro, 2, 96-103.
23. Horie, C. (1990) Deterioration of Skin in Museum Collections. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 29, 109-133.
24. Hovmand, I. and Jones, J. (2001) Experimental Work on the Mineral Content of Archaeological Leather. In Leather Wet and Dry (B. Wills, ed.), pp. 27-36. London: Archetype.
25. Ibbs, B. (1990) Shrinkage Calculations. Conservation News, 41, 7.
26. Jagers, E. and Hangleitner, M. (1995) Flüchtige Bindemittel. Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung, 2, 385-392. Worms.
27. Jenssen, V. (1987) Conservation of Wet Organic Artefacts, Excluding Wood. In Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects (C. Pearson, ed.), pp. 122-163. London: Butterworths.
28. Jones, A., Jones, J. and Spriggs, J. (1980) Results of a Marker Trial. Conservation News, 11, 6-7.
29. Larsen, R. (1994) Deterioration and Conservation of Vegetable Tanned Leather. In STEP Leather Project. Protection and Conservation of European Cultural Heritage Research Report 1 (R. Larsen, ed.), pp. 165-179. European Commission, Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Conservation, Denmark.
30. Larsen, R. (1995) The Mechanisms of Deterioration. In Fundamental Aspects of the Deterioration of Vegetable Tanned Leathers, PhD thesis. The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Conservation, Denmark.
31. McGregor, A. (1998) Hides, Horns and Bones. In Leather and Fur: Aspects of Early Medieval Trade and Technology (E. Cameron, ed.), pp. 11 -26. London.
32. Montembault, V. (2001) Treatments of Archaeological Leather in France. In Leather Wet and Dry: Current Treatments in the Conservation of Waterlogged and Desiccated Archaeological Leather (Wills, B. ed.), pp. 45-50. London: Archetype.
33. Mould, Q., Carlisle, I. and Cameron, E. (2003) Leather and Leather-working in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York. The Archaeology of York AY17/16. York: The Council for British Archaeology, pp. 3227-3231.
34. Muhlethaler, B. (1973) Conservation of Waterlogged Wood and Leather. Paris, pp. 25-72.
35. Omar, S., McCord, M. and Daniels, V. (1989) The Conservation of Bog Bodies by Freeze-drying. Studies in Conservation, 34(3), 101-109.
36. Organ, R. (1958) Carbowax and Other Materials in the Treatment of Water-logged Palaeolithic Wood. Studies in Conservation, 4, 96.
37. Painter, T. (1991a). Preservation in Peat. Chemistry and Industry, 17 June, 421-424.
38. Painter, T. (1991b). Lindow Man, Tollund Man and Other Peat-bog Bodies: The Preservation and Antimicrobial Action of Spagnan, a Reactive Glycuronoglycan with Tanning and Sequestering Properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 15, 123-142.
39. Peacock, E. (1983) The Conservation and Restoration of Some Anglo-Scandinavian Leather Shoes. The Conservator, 7, 18-23.
40. Peacock, E. (2001) Water-degraded Archaeological Leather: An Overview of Treatments used at Vitenskapsmuseum (Trondheim). In Leather Wet and Dry: Current Treatments in the Conservation of Waterlogged and Desiccated Archaeological Leather (B. Wills, ed.), pp. 11 -25. London: Archetype.
41. Pearson, C. (1987) Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects. London: Butterworths, p. 115.
42. Plenderleith, H.J. and Werner, A.E. (1956) The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art. London: Oxford University Press.
43. Raphael, T. (1993) The Care of Leather and Skin Products: A Curatorial Guide. Leather Conservation News, 9, 1-15.
44. Rashleigh, P. (1803) Account of a Further Discovery of Antiquities at Southfleet in Kent, in a Letter from the Rev. Peter Rashleigh, Rector of that Place, to the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B.P.R.S. and F.S.A. Archaeologia, 14, 221 -223, pl. 38. London: Society of Antiquaries.
45. Rector, B. (1975) The Treatment of Waterlogged Leather from Blackfriars, City of London. Transactions of the Museums Assistants Group, 12, 33-37.
46. Reed, R. (1972) Ancient Skins, Parchments and Leathers, p. 267. London: Seminar Press.
47. Rosenquist, A. (1975) Experiments on the Conservation of Waterlogged Wood and Leather by Freeze-drying. In Problems in the Conservation of Waterlogged Wood (A. Oddy, ed.), pp. 9-23. National Maritime Museum Monographs and Reports, 16.
48. Ryder, M. (1984) Skin, Hair and Cloth Remains from the Ancient Kerma Civilisation of Northern Sudan. Journal of Archaeological Science, 11, 477-484.
49. Ryder, M. (1987) Sheepskin from Ancient Kerma, Nothem Sudan. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 6(3), 369-380.
50. Schofield, G. (1996) From Fjord to Wadi. Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration Journal, 7, 17-18.
51. Smith, A. (2000) Down Among the Molecules: Chemical Analysis in the Study of Historical and Archaeological Textiles. In Textiles Revealed; Object Lessons in Historic Textile and Costume Research (M. Brooks, ed.), pp. 149-150. London: Archetype.
52. Smith, W. (2003) Archaeological Conservation Using Polymers. Texas Agriculture and Mining Anthropology Series 6.
53. Spindler, K. (1994) The Man in the Ice. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
54. Spriggs, J. (1980) The Recovery and Storage of Waterlogged Material from York. The Conservator, 4, 19-24.
55. Spriggs, J. (1981) The Conservation of Timber Structures at York — A Progress Report. In Proceedings of the ICOM Waterlogged Wood Working Group Conference, Ottawa (D. Grattan, and J. McCawley, eds), p. 149. Canadian Conservation Institute.
56. Spriggs, J. (1987) Aspects of Leather Conservation at York. In Recent Research in Archaeological Footwear (D. Friendship-Taylor, J. Swann, and S. Thomas, eds), pp. 43-46 Association of Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors Technical Paper 8.
57. Spriggs, J. (2003) Conservation of the Leatherwork. In Leather and Leather-working in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York (Q. Mould, I. Carlisle, and E. Cameron, eds), pp. 3213-3221. The Archaeology of York AY17/16.
58. Starling, K. (1987) The Conservation of Wet Metal/Organic Composite Archaeological Artefacts at the Museum of London. In Conservation of Wet Wood and Metal (I. MacLeod, ed.), pp. 215-219. Proceedings of the ICOM Waterlogged Wood Working Group Conference, Freemantle.
59. Storch, P. (1997) Non-vacuum Freeze-dry Treatment of Two Leather Objects. Leather Conservation News, 13/2, 15-17. Minnesota Historical Society/ICOM.
60. Sturge, J. (1973) The Conservation of Wet Leather, unpublished dissertation for the Diploma in Conservation, Institute of Archaeology, London.
61. Sully, D. (1992) Humidification: The Reshaping of Leather, Skin and Gut Objects for Display. In The Conservation of Leathercraft and Leather Objects (P. Hallebeek, M. Kite, and C. Calnan, eds), pp. 50-53. London: ICOM Symposium.
62. Sully, D. and Suenson-Taylor, K. (1996) A Condition Survey of Glycerol Treated Freeze-dried Leather in Long-term Storage. In Archaeological Conservation and its Consequences (A. Roy, and P. Smith, eds), pp. 177—181. Preprints of the IIC Congress, Copenhagen.
63. Sully, D. and Suenson-Taylor, K. (1998) An Interventive Study of Glycerol Treated Freeze-dried Leather. In Conference Proceedings of the 7th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaeological Materials (C. Bonnot-Deconne, X. Hiron, and Q. Tran, eds), pp. 224-231. Grenoble.
64. Swann, J. (1997) Shoe Conservation: Freeze-drying Problems? In ICOM Working Group on the Treatment of and Research into Leather, in Particular of Ethnographic Objects (P. Hallebeek, ed.), pp. 34-35. Interim Meeting, Amsterdam, April 1995. Paris: ICOM.
65. Thickett, D. and Wills, B. (1996) Report on First Season Gabati Leather. British Museum Department of Conservation Internal Report 96/15/O/8.
66. Turgoose, S. (1989) Corrosion and Structure: Modelling the Preservation Mechanisms. In Evidence Preserved in Corrosion Products: New Fields in Artefact Studies (R. Janaway and B. Scott, eds), pp. 30-32. United Kingdom Institute for Conservation Occasional Paper 8.
67. Turner, R. and Scaife, R. (eds) (1995) Bog Bodies: New Discoveries and New Perspectives. London: British Museum.
68. Volken, M. (2001) Practical Approaches in the Treatment of Archaeological Leather. In Leather Wet and Dry: Current Treatments in the Conservation of Waterlogged and Desiccated Archaeological Leather (B. Wills, ed.), pp. 37-44. London: Archetype.
69. Walker, S. (1990) Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani, Great Britain II, Fascicule 2, pp. 57-58. Catalogue of Roman Sarcophagi in the British Museum. British Museum Publications.
70. Waterer, J. (1972) A Guide to the Conservation and Restoration of Objects Made Wholly or in Part of Leather. London: Bell.
71. Watkinson, D. and Neal, V. (1998) First Aid for Finds. UKIC Archaeology Section and Rescue.
72. Wayne, R., Leonard, J. and Cooper, A. (1999) Full of Sound and Fury: The Recent History of Ancient DNA. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 30, 457-477.
73. Welsby, D. (1998) Soba II: Renewed Excavations Within the Metropolis of the Kingdom of Alwa. BIEA Memoir, 15, 182-185. London: British Museum Press.
74. Welsby, D. (2001) Life on the Desert Edge; Seven Thousand Years of Settlement in the Northern Dongola Reach, Sudan. Sudan Archaeological Research Society, 7, London. 450-457.
75. Williams, E., Harnett, L., Bonnot-Diconne, C. and Barthe, J. (1999) Castor Oil and PEG 400 Followed by Freeze-drying: Re-assessing Treatment Methods for Waterlogged Leather. Leather Conservation News, 15(2), 1-10.
76. Wills, B. (2000) A Review of the Conservation Treatment of a Romano-Egyptian Cuirass and Helmet Made from Crocodile Skin. The Conservator, 24, 80-88.
77. Wills, B. (2001) Excavating Desiccated Leather: Conservation Problems on Site and After. In Leather Wet and Dry: Current Treatments in the Conservation of Waterlogged and Desiccated Archaeological Leather (B. Wils, ed.), pp. 51-62. London: Archetype.
78. Wills, B. (2002) Windows into Ancient Nubian Leatherwork. In Le Travail du Cuir de la Préhistoire à nos Jours (F. Audoin-Rouzeau, and S. Beyries, eds), pp. 41-64. Antibes: APCDA.