Deference and defiance in monterrey: Workers, paternalism, and revolution in Mexico, 1890–1950

Deference and Defiance in Monterrey: Workers, Paternalism, and Revolution in Mexico, 1890-1950

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-321

  Snodgrass, Michael ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923543834     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511512056     Document Type: Book

References (576)

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87. La Voz de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Apr. 27, 1901, Dec. 17, 1903.
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92. Secretaría de la Economía Nacional, Quinto censo de la población (Mexico, 1934).
93. Martin, Mexico of the 20th Century, 86
94. La Unión, Monterrey, May 17, 1899.
95. El País, Mexico City, Nov. 9, 1906
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97. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 97–98
98. Mora-Torres, The Making of the Mexican Border, 136–46.
99. Censo de la municipalidad de Monterrey, Oct. 28, 1900 (Monterrey, 1902), 7
100. Santiago, “Huasteca Crude,” ch. 6.
101. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 96–99
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105. González Caballero, La Maestranza de ayer, 17–20
106. La Unión, Monterrey, July 1, 1899
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108. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 90–91
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111. El Liberal, Monterrey, Sep. 4, 1917
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124. Niemeyer, El General Bernardo Reyes, 138–39.
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126. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 87
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128. Knight, The Mexican Revolution, I, 56–64, 74–77, 137–39.
129. Alan Knight, “The Working Class and the Mexican Revolution, c. 1900–1920,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 16:1 (1984), 51–79.
130. Oscar Flores Torres, Burguesía, militares y movimiento obrero, 1909–1923 (Monterrey, 1991), 37–160
131. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 96–110
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133. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 126
134. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 97
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136. Mendirichaga, Los 4 tiempos, 321–22
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153. Gilberto Alvárez Salinas, Pancho Villa en Monterrey (Monterrey, 1969).
154. Knight, The Mexican Revolution, II, 406–23
155. Mendirichaga, Los 4 tiempos, 324–26
156. AGENL: Memoria del Gobernador Nicéforo Zambrano, 1917–1919 (Monterrey, 1921)
157. Knight, The Mexican Revolution, II, 430.
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162. Javier Rojas Sandoval, “Poder político, cerveza y legislación laboral en Monterrey (1917–1922),” in Mario Cerutti, ed., México en los 1920s (Monterrey, 1993), 108
163. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 111–112
164. Flores, Burguesía, militares y movimiento obrero, 170–80.
165. Nuevo País, Mexico City, July 6, 1918.
166. Paul Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton, 1991), 36–39.
167. Rojas, “Movimiento obrero,” 23–28
168. Knight, The Mexican Revolution, II, 488.
169. Excélsior, Mexico City, June 25, 1920.
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171. Taibo, “La gran huelga,” 19.
172. Flores, Burguesía, militares y movimiento obrero, 238–45.
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174. Máximo de León Garza, Monterrey: Unvistazo a sus entrañas (Monterrey, 1968)
175. Nuncio, El Grupo Monterrey, 122–58
176. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 89–93
177. Mora-Torres, The Making of the Mexican Border, 246–54.
178. Patrick Joyce, Work, Society, and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (New Brunswick, 1981)
179. Walter Licht, “Fringe Benefits: A Review Essay on the American Workplace,” International Labor and Working-Class History, 53 (1998), 164–78
180. Gerald Zahavi, Workers, Managers, and Welfare Capitalism: The Shoeworkers and Tanners of Endicott Johnson, 1890–1950 (Urbana, 1988).
181. French, A Peaceful and Working People, 51–55
182. García Díaz, Un pueblo del porfiriato
183. Tony Morgan, “Proletarians, Politicos, and Patriarchs,” in William Beezley, et al., eds. Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico (Wilmington, 1994), 151–171.
184. García, Una industria en marcha, 69–75
185. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 90–91.
186. Cuauhtémoc Brewery, Cien años son un buen tiempo (Monterrey, 1990), 27
187. Salvador Novo, Crónica regiomontana: Breve historia de un gran esfuerzo (Monterrey, 1965), 17
188. Gerónimo Dávalos, et al., Cuarenta años son un buen tiempo (Monterrey, 1930), 52.
189. Nuncio, El grupo Monterrey, 145–58
190. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 90–93
191. Mora-Torres, The Making of the Mexican Border, 247–48
192. Jean Meyer, La Cristiada (3 vols., Mexico, 1974)
193. Lear, Workers, Neighbors, and Citizens, 92–95.
194. Zapata Novoa, Tercos y triunfadores, 47.
195. Antonio L. Rodgríguez, Homenajes (Monterrey, 1954), 11
196. El Norte, Constructores de Monterrey (Monterrey, 1945), 153–54
197. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 143–44.
198. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 97–98, 337–38
199. Tone, The Business of Benevolence, 2
200. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 140–44.
201. Rojas, “Poder político,” 137
202. Rosendo Rojas Coria, Tratado del cooperativismo en Mexico (Mexico City, 1982 [1952]), 310–15
203. Marjorie Ruth Clark, Organized Labor in Mexico (Chapel Hill, 1934), 89
204. Francisco Loria, Sociedades cooperativas: El cooperativismo como elemento de libertad y progreso (Mexico City, 1927 [1918]), 8–10, 30–31
205. Rojas, Tratado del cooperativismo, 421.
206. Secretaría de Educación Pública, La historia de las sociedades cooperativas, (Mexico City, 1925)
207. Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas, La sociedad cooperativa en México (Mexico City, 1936), 27.
208. Rojas, Tratado del cooperativismo, 417
209. Alan Derickson, Workers’ Health, Workers’ Democracy: The Western Miners’ Struggle, 1891–1925 (Ithaca, 1988), 22–25
210. Rojas, Tratado del cooperativismo, 413.
211. Flores, Burguesía, militares y movimiento obrero, 85–87, 147–48, 208–15
212. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 105–09, 122–23.
213. Rodríguez, Homenajes, 37.
214. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 163.
215. Dávalos, et al., Cuarenta años, 52
216. Tim Travers, Samuel Smiles and the Victorian Work Ethic (New York, 1987).
217. Dávilos, et al., Cuarenta años, 11
218. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 7.
219. El Porvenir, June 3, 1924
220. Rojas, “Poder Político,” 138–39
221. Rojas, “Poder político,” 140–41.
222. Dávilos, et al., Cuerenta años, 33
223. Novo, Crónica, 13.
224. Secretaría de la Economía Nacional, Quinto censo de la población, 22.
225. Joyce, Work, Society, and Politics, 93.
226. González Caballero, La Maestranza, 6, 24.
227. “Memorias de Acero: Fundidora, 1900–1986”, El Diario de Monterrey, May 9, 1996;
228. González Caballero, La Maestranza, 29–32
229. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 164–65.
230. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 69–70
231. Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy (Princeton, 1982)
232. González Cabellero, La Mestranza, 49–52.
233. Escuela ‘Adolfo Prieto,’ 151
234. González Cabellero, La Maestranza, 20
235. González Caballero, La Maestranza, 35–36.
236. El Machete, Mexico City, May 1, 1932.
237. Enrique Cárdenas, La industrialización mexicana durante la gran depresión (Mexico City, 1987), 55–59.
238. AHFM, Informe, 1935.
239. Flamming, Creating the Modern South, 188–98
240. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939 (New York, 1990), 213–49.
241. Sandra Arenal, Fundidora, diéz años después (Monterrey, 1996), 94–97.
242. González Caballero, La maestranza, 81–84
243. “Memorias del Acero: Fundidora, 1900–1986,” El Diario de Monterrey, May 9, 1996.
244. Arenal, ed., Fundidora, 181
245. Joyce, Work, Society, and Politics, xxi.
246. Mary Lethert Wingerd, “Rethinking Paternalism: Power and Parochialism in a Southern Mill Village,” Journal of American History 83:3 (1996), 872–902
247. Zahavi, Workers, Managers, and Welfare Capitalism
248. Flamming, Creating the Modern South
249. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana, 1982)
250. Blair B. Kling, “Paternalism and Indian Labor: The Tata Iron and Steel Company of Jamshedpur,” International Labor and Working-Class History 53 (1998), 69–87.
251. Peter Winn, Weavers of Revolution: The Yarur Cotton Workers and Chile’s Road to Socialism (New York, 1986)
252. Cohen, Making a New Deal
253. Elisabetta Benenati, “Americanism and Paternalism: Managers and Workers in Twentieth-Century Italy,” International Labor and Working-Class History 53 (1998), 5–26.
254. Paul Street, “The Swift Difference: Workers, Managers, Militants, and Welfare Capitalism in Chicago’s Stockyards, 1917–1942,” in Shelton Stromquist and Marvin Bergman, eds., Unionizing the Jungles: Labor and Community in the Twentieth Century Meatpacking Industry (Iowa City, 1997), 16–50.
255. Mendirichaga, Los cuatro tiempos, 335–56
256. Saldaña, Episodios contémporaneos (Monterrey, 1955), 12–19;
257. César Morado Macías, Concesiones: La política de fomento industrial, 1868–1940 (Monterrey, 1991), 3–21.
258. Jean Meyer, “Revolution and Reconstruction in the 1920s,” in Leslie Bethell, ed. Mexico Since Independence (Cambridge, 1991), 220–27.
259. Andrew Grant Wood, Revolution in the Street: Women, Workers, and Urban Protest in Veracruz, 1870–1927 (Wilmington, 2001).
260. Alfonso Ayala Duarte, Músicos y música popular en Monterrey, 1900–1940, (Monterrey, 1998), 91–143
261. José P. Saldaña, Monterrey de 1920 a 1930 con la tónica de “el elemento sano” (Monterrey, 1967).
262. Vizcaya Canales, Los orígines de la industrialización, 142.
263. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 120
264. Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1927–1928, 13
265. Informe … Sáenz, 1928/29, 19.
266. Ernest Gruening, Mexico and its Heritage (New York, 1928), 354.
267. Valentín Campa, Mi testimonio: memorias de un comunista mexicano (Mexico City, 1978), 39.
268. Secretaría de la Economía Nacional, Quinto censo de la población, 47–48.
269. Informe del Gobernador Jerónimo Siller, 1926–1927, 16–17.
270. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1928–1929, xi–xiii, 132.
271. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Jerónimo Siller, 1926–1927, 16–17.
272. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Juan M.García, 1921;
273. El Porvenir, May 7, 1923, July 8, 1926;
274. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 136–37, 145–47.
275. El Sol, Monterrey, Oct. 1, 1932.
276. Campa, Mi testimonio, 40.
277. Saldaña, Constuctores de Monterrey, 117.
278. Gregory Crider, “Material Struggles: Workers’ Strategies during the Institutionalization of the Revolution in Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1996);
279. Santiago, “Huasteca Crude”
280. Barry Carr, El movimiento obrero y la política en México, 1910–1929 (Mexico City, 1974), 194–212.
281. Eric Hobsbawm, Labouring Men (London, 1964), 272–315;
282. John Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (London, 1974), esp. 203–50;
283. Neville Kirk, The Growth of Working-Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian Britain (Urbana, 1984);
284. Stuart Macintyre, Little Moscows: Communism and Working-Class Militancy in Interwar Britain (London, 1980), esp. 82–89 (quoted above).
285. El Porvenir, June 9, 1926;
286. González Caballero, La Maestranza, 29–36;
287. Campa, Mi testimonio, 13–26;
288. Gabrial Cárdenas Coronado, “‘Los Labores’ en los 1920s” in Celso Garza Guajardo, ed., Historia de nuestros barrios (Monterrey, 1995);
289. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, eds. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York, 1971), 93;
290. Steve Feierman, Peasant Intellectuals: Anthropology and History in Tanzania (Madison, 1990).
291. Campa, Mi testimonio, 40.
292. John Reed, Insurgent Mexico (New York, 1983; 1914), 11;
293. Carr, El movimiento obrero, 127–265;
294. José Rivera Castro, La clase obrera en la historia de México: En la presidencia de Plutarco Elías Calles (Mexico City, 1983);
295. Meyer, “Mexico in the 1920s,” 227–32.
296. Jaime Tamayo and Patricia Valles, eds., Anarquismo, socialismo, y sindicalismo en las regiones (Guadalajara, 1993).
297. Santiago, “Huasteca Crude,” ch. 6;
298. Campa, Mi testimonio, 38–42.
299. Marcelo N. Rodea, “La huelga de 1926–27” in Centro de Estudios del Movimiento Obrero y Socialista, Cuatro sindicatos de industria (Sinaloa, 1988), 23–24.
300. Rodea, “La huelga,” 14;
301. Campa, Mi testimonio, 34–39.
302. AGENL: Informe de Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1928–1929, xix, 109 (quoted).
303. Clark, Organized Labor in Mexico, 45, 53.
304. General Jerónimo Siller cited in El Porvenir, July 7, 1925;
305. Governor Nicéforo Zambrano in El Porvenir, May 6, 1919.
306. Rojas, “Poder político,” 108.
307. Cohen, Making a New Deal, 187.
308. AGENL: Trabajo – Conciliación y Arbitraje, 1/1;
309. Graciela Bensusán, “Construcción y desarrollo del derecho laboral,” in El obrero mexicano, Vol.4: El derecho laboral, ed., Pablo González Casanova (Mexico City, 1978), 9–72;
310. Kevin Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution: Labor, the State, and Authoritarianism in Mexico (Baltimore, 1995), 58.
311. Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage, 468;
312. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 122–24;
313. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 124, 132–34 (quoted).
314. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 124–25;
315. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1928–1929, 13;
316. Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, 1982), 87–90.
317. Campa, Mi testimonio, 40;
318. Jennie Purnell, Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico: The Agraristas and Cristeros of Michoacán (Durham, NC, 1999), 92–98.
319. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1927–1928, 14.
320. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 131;
321. Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution, 344, fn. 24.
322. Bensusán, “Construcción y desarrollo del derecho laboral,” 17.
323. Mario de la Cueva, Derecho mexicano del trabajo I, (Mexico City, 1967), 259.
324. Cohen, Making a New Deal, 171–74.
325. Nuevo León’s statistics in AGENL: Informes de Gobernadores, 1923–1929; national figures in Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage, 378.
326. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1927–1928, 13;
327. Gruening, Mexico and Its Heritage, 354–55, 380–81.
328. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Jerónimo Siller, 1925–1926, 7.
329. Leticia Gamboa Ojeda, “La CROM en Puebla y el movimiento obrero textil en los a ños 20,” Centro de Estudios de Movimientos Obreros y Sociales, Historia del Movimiento Obrero II (Puebla, 1984), 33–67.
330. El Porvenir, June 27, 1924, July 24–25, 1925.
331. French, “Drowning in Laws,” and John D. French, The Brazilian Workers’ ABC: Class Conflict and Alliances in São Paulo (Chapel Hill, 1991), 85–88, 169–74, 309–10.
332. AGENL: JCA 1/12 and El Porvenir, Apr. 1–4, 1925.
333. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 155–69;
334. Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution, 56–58;
335. Arnaldo Córdova, La clase obrera en la historia de México: en una época de crisis (1928–1934) (Mexico, 1980), 48–54.
336. Bensusán, “Construcción y desarrollo del derecho laboral,” 17.
337. El Porvenir, May 28, 1931.
338. Saldaña, Constructores de Monterrey, 152–54.
339. Barry Carr, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth Century Mexico (Lincoln, 1992);
340. Anatoli Shulgovski, México en la encrucijada de su historia (Mexico City, 1968), 21–90;
341. José Revueltas, Los días terrenales (Mexico City, 1979).
342. Campa, Mi testimonio, 57.
343. Carr, Marxism and Communism, 52, 79;
344. AGENL: Informes de gobernadores, 1929–1933.
345. Marcos Tonatiuh Aguila M., “Trends in Mexican Labor Conflicts, 1927–1931,” Economía, teoría y práctica 4 (1994), 85–101.
346. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 338;
347. Juan Luis Sariego, Enclaves y minerales en el Norte de México (Mexico City, 1988), 100–08.
348. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 88–96, 326–37;
349. Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890–1950 (New York, 1964), 144–57.
350. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 335–36;
351. Institito Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), Estadísticas históricas de México, Vol. 2 (Mexico, 1994), 543.
352. Luis León in Secretaría de Industria, Comercio y Trabajo, Boletín Semanal #51 (1930), AGENL: Industria, Comercio y Trabajo, 2.
353. O’Connor, The Guggenheims, 315–18
354. Derickson, Workers’ Health, Workers’ Democracy, 35–36, 53–55.
355. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Francisco Cárdenas, 1931–1932, 5;
356. Marcos T. Aguila Medina, “The Great Depression and the Origins of Cardenismo: The Case of the Mining Sector and itsWorkers, 1927–1940,” (Ph.D. diss., The University of Texas, 1997), 60–110.
357. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Aarón Sáenz, 1928–1929, 109;
358. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Francisco Cárdenas, 1931-1932;
359. Camille Guerin-González, Mexican Workers and American Dreams (New Brunswick, 1994), 100–08.
360. Zapata Novoa, Tercos y Triunfadores, 41.
361. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Francisco Cárdenas, 1931–1932, 3–6.
362. Campa, Mi testimonio, 55.
363. Albino Reyes in El Porvenir, May 26, 1932.
364. Cohen, Making a New Deal, 251–89.
365. Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, 1982), 143–62;
366. Marcos Tonatiuh Águila M. and Alberto Enríquez Perea, eds., Perspectivas sobre el Cardenismo: Ensayos sobre economía, trabajo, política y cultura en los años treinta (Mexico City, 1996).
367. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 177–80;
368. Zapata Novoa, Tercos y Triunfadores, 23–24.
369. Secretaría de la Economía Nacional, Sexto Censo de Población, 1940: Nuevo León (Mexico City, 1943), 37.
370. Mendirichaga, Los 4 tiempos, 365;
371. J.H. Plenn, Mexico Marches (Indianapolis, 1939), 274;
372. R.H.K. Marett, Eye-Witness of Mexico (New York, 1939), 146–47.
373. Harry Frank and Herbert Lanks, The Pan American Highway: From the Rio Grande to the Canal Zone (New York, 1940), 9–10;
374. T. Philip Terry, Terry’s Guide to Mexico (Boston, 1938), 7;
375. MacKinley Helm, Journeying Through Mexico (Boston, 1948), 40;
376. Leonidas Ramsey, Time Out for Adventure: Let’s Go to Mexico (New York, 1934), 13.
377. Marett, Eye-Witness of Mexico, 146.
378. Frank and Lanks, The Pan American Highway, 10.
379. Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Radio Nation: Communication, Popular Culture, and Nationalism in Mexico, 1920–1950 (Tucson, 2000).
380. Alan Knight, “Revolutionary Project, Recalcitrant People: Mexico, 1910–1940,” in Jamie Rodríguez O., ed., The Revolutionary Process in Mexico, 1880–1940 (Los Angeles, 1990), 227–63.
381. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Francisco Cárdenas, 1931–1932, 17;
382. Secretaría de la Economía Nacional, Quinto Censo de la Población (Mexico City, 1934).
383. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Pablo Quiroga, 1933–1934, 12.
384. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Pablo Quiroga, 1933–1934, 8;
385. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 175.
386. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Pablo Quiroga, 1933–1934, 8;
387. Juan Manuel Elizondo, Memorias improvisadas: Mi universidad (Monterrey, 2001), 123–25;
388. Alan Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” in Leslie Bethell, ed., Mexico Since Independence (Cambridge, 1991), 249–50.
389. Campa, Mi testimonio, 99.
390. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Morales Sánchez, 1935–1936, 23;
391. Sariego, El sindicalismo minero, 39–40 (quoted);
392. Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy, 124–28;
393. Alicia Hernández Chávez, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana: La mecánica cardenista (Mexico City, 1979), 54–60;
394. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 253–55.
395. Juan Zapata Novoa, La muerte de la Fundidora (Mexico City, 1989), 32.
396. AHFM: Informe, May 11, 1937, 14;
397. James Scott Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, 1990), 183–84
398. Wingert, “Rethinking Paternalism,” 872–74.
399. Middlebrook, The Paradox of Revolution, 84–85.
400. Sariego, El sindicalismo minero, 30–38.
401. Belmares, “Breve historia,” 3.
402. AHFM, Informes, 1935–1939;
403. Paul Clark, Peter Gottlieb, and Donald Kennedy, eds., Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers (Ithaca, 1987).
404. AHFM: Informes, May 30, 1936, 3–4 and May 11, 1937, 17.
405. AHFM: Informe, Mar. 27, 1945.
406. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 1–4, 177–85
407. Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy, 145–46
408. Hernández Chávez, La mécanica cardenista, 64–69;
409. Rosendo Sálazar, Historia de las luchas proletarias en Mexico, 1923–46 (Mexico City, 1956), 181–83;
410. Shulgovski, Mexico en la encrucijada, 278–79.
411. Roberto G. Sada, Ensayos sobre la historia de una industria (Monterrey, 1988), 60–63;
412. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 89–91.
413. El Porvenir, May 28, 1935.
414. Luis Lauro Garza H., Cristal quebrado (Mexico City, 1988), 94–149.
415. John W. Sherman, The Mexican Right: The End of Revolutionary Reform, 1929–1940 (Westport, CT, 1997), xiii.
416. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana, 1980), 104–21.
417. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 284–85;
418. José P. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, Vol. III (Monterrey, 1982 [1952]), 230.
419. Irma Salinas Rocha, Mi padre (Monterrey, 1992), 233–34;
420. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 233.
421. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 232–33.
422. Saldaña, Constructores de Monterrey, 153.
423. Elizabeth Borton de Treviño, My Heart Lies South (New York, 1953), 190;
424. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 233–34.
425. Borton de Treviño, My Heart Lies South, 192.
426. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 235–36.
427. Sherman, The Mexican Right, 61.
428. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 240.
429. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 240.
430. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 241–43;
431. Saldaña, Crónicas históricas, 250.
432. César Gutiérrez González, “29 de julio de 1936 en Monterrey: un caso de lucha de clases,” Cuadernos de cultura obrera, No. 6 (Monterrey, 1983), 37–38;
433. Sherman, The Mexican Right, 61.
434. Federación de Trabajadores de Nuevo León (FTNL), La burguesía regiomontana y su verdadero rostro (Monterrey, 1937), 35 (quoted);
435. Sherman, The Mexican Right, 55, 62–64.
436. Shulgolvski, Mexico en la encrucijada, 278–79;
437. Sariego, El sindicalismo minero, 38.
438. Hernández Chávez, La mécanica cardenista, 155;
439. Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy, 160–62.
440. Elizondo, Mi universidad, 43–61, 123–25.
441. Carr, Marxism and Communism.
442. Ramiro Estrada Sánchez, Buena tarde, Angel (Monterrey, 1985), 40–50.
443. Juan Manuel Elizondo, De historia y política (Monterrey, 1994), 32–34.
444. Hayes, Radio Nation, 39, 66–68.
445. Federación de Trabajadores de Nuevo León, La burguesía regiomontana, 38.
446. FTNL, La burguesía regiomontana, 39–41;
447. César Gutiérrez G., “29 de Julio de 1936: Un caso de lucha de clases,” Cuadernos de Cultura Obrera No. 6 (Monterrey, 1983), 83–86;
448. Salinas, Mi padre, 229;
449. Sandra Arenal, En Monterrey no solo hay ricos (Mexico City, 1988), 42–43.
450. FTNL, La burguesía regiomontana, 39;
451. Adrian A. Bantjes, As If Jesus Walked on Earth: Cardenismo, Sonora, and the Mexican Revolution (Wilmington, 1998), 182–86.
452. Hernández Chávez, La mecánica cardenista, 64–67;
453. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 174–86.
454. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 186–89.
455. Gutiérrez G., “29 de Julio de 1936,” 20.
456. FTNL, La burguesía regiomontana, 37;
457. Salinas, Mi padre, 231 (quoted).
458. FTNL, La burguesía regiomontana, 41.
459. Samuel León and Ignacio Marván, La clase obrera en la historia de México: En el cardenismo (1934–1940), 52, 89–90;
460. Hernández Chávez, La mécanica cardenista, 154–63;
461. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 277 (quoted);
462. Hernández Chávez, La mécanica cardenista, 162–65;
463. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 188–89.
464. FTNL, La burguesía regiomontana, 42.
465. Mario de la Cueva, Derecho del trabajo, (2 vols., Mexico City, 1967), I, 258–59.
466. Saragoza The Monterrey Elite, 189–90, 194.
467. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Bonifacio Salinas Leal, 1939–1940, 35.
468. Mendirichaga, Los 4 tiempos, 374;
469. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 291.
470. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 186–91;
471. Alan Knight, “Social Policy in the 1930s: Lázaro Cárdenas and Mexican Labor (1934–1940),” Paper presented to the American Historical Association, Chicago, Jan. 5, 1995, 9 (quoted).
472. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 288–89.
473. Sariego, El sindicalismo minero, 38–39.
474. César Gutiérrez G., “Grupos sindicales y división interna en la FTNL, 1936–1942,” in Centro de Estudios del Movimiento Obrero y Socialista (CEMOS), ed., La CTM en los estados (Sinaloa, 1988), 34.
475. “Manifiesto de los obreros revolucionarios de Nuevo León y todo el país,” Aug. 4, 1938 in Laborante, Monterrey, Feb. 1995, 27.
476. El Porvenir, Aug. 8–11, 1938;
477. Félix Torres interview in Laborante, Feb. 1995, 99–100;
478. Arturo Anguiano, El estado y la política obrera del cardenismo (Mexico City, 1975), 62–66;
479. Arnaldo Córdova, La pólitica de masas del cardenismo (Mexico City, 1974), 80.
480. Haber, Industry and Development, 177–80;
481. Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy, 331–33;
482. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, Estadísticas históricas de México, Vol. 1 (Mexico City, 1994), 612;
483. Andrea Tone, The Business of Benevolence: Industrial Paternalism in Progressive America (Ithaca, 1997), 9.
484. Mynra Santiago, “Strike Breaker or Working-Class Hero? Lázaro Cárdenas and the Mexican Oil Workers, 1924–1940,” Paper presented to the Latin American Studies Association, Chicago, Sep. 24, 1998.
485. Arenal, En Monterrey no solo hay ricos, 44.
486. Elizondo, De historia y política, 33.
487. AHFM: Informe de la Compañía Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey, May 29, 1942;
488. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 291;
489. Haber, Industry and Underdevelopment, 177.
490. AHFM: 1944 Informe, March 27, 1945, 15;
491. Gabino Martínez Lozano, La Maestranza: Crónica de Fundidora (Monterrey, 2000), 19;
492. Arenal, Diéz años después, 31.
493. Frank Tannenbaum, Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread (New York, 1950), 51, 55.
494. Adolfo Gilly, La revolución interrumpida (Mexico, 1972);
495. Arnaldo Córdova, La política de masas de cardenismo (Mexico, 1974);
496. Ramón Eduardo Ruiz, The Great Rebellion, Mexico 1905–1924 (New York, 1980);
497. Alan Knight offers a critical synthesis of the historiographical debate in “The Mexican Revolution: Bourgeois, Nationalist, or Just a ‘Great Rebellion’?” Bulletin of Latin American Research 4 (1985), 1–37.
498. Paul Friedrich, Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village (Chicago, 1970).
499. John Sherman, The Mexican Right: The End of Revolutionary Reform, 1929–1940 (Westport, CT, 1997), 41, 56.
500. Mary Kay Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1939–1940 (Tucson, 1997);
501. Jennie Purcell, Popular Movements and State Formation in Revolutionary Mexico (Durham, 1999).
502. Sherman, The Mexican Right, xiii.
503. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 295, 307;
504. Ariel José Contreras, México 1940: Industrialización y crisis política (Mexico, 1977);
505. Luis Medina, Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, 1940–1952: Del cardenismo al avilacamachismo (Mexico, 1978), 48–136.
506. Saragoza, The Monterrey Elite, 193.
507. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 297.
508. Stephen R. Niblo, Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption (Wilmington, 1999), 89–141.
509. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 309–10;
510. Enrique Cárdenas, La hacienda pública y la política económica, 1929–1958 (Mexico, 1994).
511. Javier Rojas Sandoval, “La industria siderúrgica en Monterrey: HYLSA (1943–1985),” in Mario Cerutti, ed., Monterrey: Siete estudios contemporáneos (Monterrey, 1988), 55–90;
512. AHFM: Informe, Mar. 27, 1945;
513. Vivienne Bennett, The Politics ofWater: Urban Protest, Gender, and Power in Monterrey, Mexico (Pittsburgh, 1995).
514. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 310–11.
515. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 311.
516. Luz María Echevarría Reyes, La paz laboral como activo social: Catálogo de la Junta de Conciliación y Arbitraje, 1941–1948 (Monterrey, 1998).
517. AHFM: Informe, Mar. 14, 1946.
518. AHFM, Informes, Mar. 27, 1945, Apr. 7, 1949.
519. Niblo, Mexico in the 1940s, 122–23;
520. AHFM: Informe, Mar. 27, 1945;
521. Elizondo, De historia y política, 33–34;
522. AHFM: Informe, Mar. 14, 1945.
523. Rojas Sandoval, “La industria siderúrgica,” 61;
524. Forbes, Oct. 1979
525. Nuncio, El Grupo Monterrey, 231.
526. Ben Ross Schneider, “Why Is Mexican Business So Organized?” Latin American Research Review 37:1 (2002), 85–89;
527. Medina, Del cardenismo al avilacamachismo, 329–39 (quoted).
528. AGENL: Informe del Gobernador Arturo B.de la Garza, 1946–1947;
529. AGENL: Periódico Oficial del Gobierno, Monterrey, June 10, 1946;
530. Medina, Del cardenismo al avilacamachismo, 338–39.
531. AGENL: Periódico Oficial del Gobierno, Nov.13, 1946.
532. Garza H., Cristal quebrado, 123
533. Ian Roxborough, “Mexico,” in Leslie Bethell and Ian Roxborough, eds., Latin America Between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944–1948 (Cambridge, 1992), 190–216;
534. Barry Carr, Marxism and Communism in Twentieth-Century Mexico (Lincoln, 1992), 164–78;
535. Jorge Basurto, La clase obrera en la historia de México: Del avilacamachismo al alemanismo (1940–1952) (Mexico City, 1984).
536. Roxborough, “Mexico,” 213;
537. Basurto, Del avilacamachismo, 226–27.
538. Knight, “The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo,” 319.
539. Forbes (1979);
540. Wall Street Journal (1981)
541. Nuncio, El Grupo Monterrey, 216–40;
542. John Davidson, “City Apart,” Mexican Business, Apr. 1995, 52.
543. Davidson, “City Apart,” 52;
544. Riding, Distant Neighbors, 285.
545. Riding, Distant Neighbors, 285.
546. Erna Ferguson, Mexico Revisited (New York, 1955), 91.
547. David Bertugli, “Monterrey: Mexico’s Industrial Dorado,” Town and Country, Nov. 1980;
548. Davidson, “City Apart,” 52;
549. Sanford Mosk, Industrial Revolution in Mexico (Berkeley, 1950), 272;
550. Jorge Balan, et al., Men in a Developing Society: Geographic and Social Mobility in Monterrey, Mexico (Austin, 1973), 36–38;
551. Philip Anderson, “The City ThatWorks,” Maclean’s 110 (1997), 42–47;
552. Bertugli, “Monterrey.”
553. Steven J. Bachelor, “Toiling for the ‘New Invaders’: Autoworkers, Transnational Corporations, and Working-Class Culture in Mexico City, 1955–1968,” in G. Joseph, A. Rubenstein, E. Zolov, eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture in Mexico Since 1940 (Durham, 2001), 273–326.
554. Maria de Lourdes Melgar Palacios, “Economic Development in Monterrey: Competing Ideas and Strategies in Mexico,” (Ph.D. diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993), cited in Davidson, “City Apart,” 54.
555. Garza H., Cristal quebrado, 140–50.
556. Ferguson, Mexico Revisited, 95–96;
557. Irma Salinas Rocha, Los meros meros de Monterrey: Manual de conducta para multimillonarios (Mexico City, 1988), esp. 158–65.
558. Sandra Arenal, Fundidora: Diéz años después (Monterrey, 1996), 97, 160.
559. Arenal, Fundidora, 223–29;
560. Arenal, En Monterrey no solo hay ricos, 62.
561. Javier Rojas, “Luchas obreras y sindicalismo en Monterrey,” Cuadernos de cultura obrera 1 (1980), 19–42;
562. Carranza, Arenas, and Ignacio Briseño interviews in Arenal, Fundidora, 66–69, 78–82, 161–65.
563. Arenal, Fundidora, 138–40.
564. Arenal, Fundidora, 140–42;
565. Jorge Basurto, La clase obrera en la historia de México: En el regímen de Echeverría: Rebelión e independencia (Mexico City, 1983), 181–82.
566. El Diario de Monterrey, May 10, 1996;
567. Arenal, Fundidora, 167–79, 228–29.
568. Rosa Albina Garavito, “Fundidora: La reconversión como castigo,” El Cotidiano 12 (1986), 22–26;
569. Francisco Zapata, El sindicalismo mexicano frente a la restructuración (Mexico, 1995), 112–13;
570. Zapata Novoa, La muerte de la Fundidora, 111–30;
571. Raúl Rubio Cano, “La muerte de la Fundidora: la verdadera historia,” El Porvenir, May 5, 1988.
572. Arenal, Fundidora, 222–29;
573. El Porvenir, January 1, 1988;
574. El Diario de Monterrey, May 9–10, 1996.
575. “The City That Works,” Maclean’s, July 7, 1997, 43.
576. Zapata Novoa, Tercos y triunfadores, 91;