The meaning of 'Cultural Property' under the 1954 Hague convention

Netherlands International Law Review

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 26-56

  O'Keefe, Roger ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84923407207     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X00002084     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. A. Roberts and R. Guelff, eds., Documents on the Laws of War, 2nd edn. (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1989) No. 22.
2. One UNESCO representative also referred frankly in 1984 to 'a loss of interest in an instrument which rarely hits the headlines': M. Makagiansar, "The Thirtieth Anniversary of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague, 1954): Results and Prospects', in Istituto Intemazionale di Diritto Umanitario, The International Protection of Cultural Property. Acts of the Symposium Organized on the Occasion of the 30th Anniversary of the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflicts (Rome, Fondazione Europea Dragan 1986) pp. 27 et seq. at p. 39.
3. J. Hladik, 'The Review Process of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and Its Impact on International Humanitarian Law', 1 YIHL (1998) p. 313
4. A. Me Donald, 'The Year in Review', 1 YIHL (1998) p. 113 at pp. 135-136.
5. See P J. Boylan, Review of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague Convention of 1954) (Paris, UNESCO 1993), UNESCO Doc. CLT- 93/WS/12, ch. 3 and Appendix VI.
6. J. de Breucker, 'Pour les vingt ans de la Convention de La Haye du 14 mai 1954 pour la protection des biens culturels', 11 Rev. beige de droit int. (1975) p. 525 at p. 532. For verbatim restatement of Art. 1 as a substitute for analysis
7. see S.A. Williams, The International and National Protection of Movable Cultural Property. A Comparative Study (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., Oceana Publications 1978) p. 36.
8. F. Kalshoven, Restraints on the Waging of Law, 2nd edn. (Geneva, ICRC 1991) p. 37.
9. S.E. Nahlik, 'Protection of Cultural Property', in UNESCO, International Dimensions of Humanitarian Law (Geneva, Henry Dunant Institute 1988) pp. 203 et seq. at p. 206 [emphasis added].
10. See also S.E. Nahlik, 'La protection Internationale des biens culturels en cas de conflit arme', 120 Recueil des cours (1967-1) p. 61 at p. 122
11. The closest to doing this has been M. Frigo, La protezione dei beni cultural! nel diritto internazionale (Milan, Giuffre 1986) pp. 143-151.
12. L.C. Green, The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict (Manchester, Manchester University Press 1993) p. 145, fh. 184.
13. See, similarly, A.P.V. Rogers, Law on the Battlefield (Manchester, Manchester University Press 1996) p. 90
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15. A. Przyborowska-Klimczak, 'Les notions des "biens culturels" et du "patrimoine culture! mondial" dans le droit international', 18 Polish YIL (1989-1990) p. 47 at p. 53
16. E. Clement, 'Le concept de responsabilite collective de la communaute Internationale pour la protection des biens culturels dans les conventions et raccommendations de l'UNESCO', 26 Rev. beige de droit int. (1993) p. 534
17. See also 'Address by Mr Nagendra Singh at the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Hague Convention', in 'Information on the Implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict', 1984 Reports, UNESCO Doc. CLT/MD/3, pp. 14 et seq. at p. 15
18. and, slightly more equivocally, W. Solf, 'Cultural Property, Protection in Armed Conflict', in R. Bernhardt, ed., Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Vol. 9 (Amsterdam, North-Holland 1986) pp. 64
19. J. Toman, The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Paris/Aldershot, UNESCO/Dartmouth 1996) pp. 49-50
20. M. Sersic, 'Protection of Cultural Property in Time of Armed Conflict', 27 NYIL (1996) p. 3 at p. 9.
21. A. Malintoppi, 'La protezione "speciale" della citta del Vaticano in caso di conflitto armato', 43 Rivista di diritto internazionale (1960) p. 607 at p. 609 [author's translation].
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23. See http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/legal/clheritage/hague/rat.htni.
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26. and J. Toman, 'La protection des biens culturels en cas de conflit arme non international', in W. Haller, et al., eds., Im Dienst an der Gemeinschaft. Festschriftfur Dietrich Schindler zum 65. Geburtstag (Basel, Helbing & Lichtenhahn 1989) pp. 311 et seq. at p. 335
27. E. David, Principes de droit des conflits armes (Brussels, Bruylant 1994) paras. 2.51-2.52.
28. hereinafter, "oRecords (1974-1977)", Vol. I, Part I, p. 213
29. see CDDH/SR.42, para. 12, Records (1974-1977), Vol. VI, p. 207 (Belg)
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31. UNESCO, Conventions and Recommendations of Unesco Concerning the Protection of the Cultural Heritage (Paris, UNESCO 1985) pp. 149
32. Reproduced in M.D. Evans, Blackstone's International Law Documents, 3rd edn. (London, Blackstone Press 19%) pp. 171
33. L.V. Prott, 'The development of legal concepts connected with the protection of the cultural heritage', in R. Blanpain, ed., Law in Motion. World Law Conference, Brussels, 9-12 September 1996 (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 1997) pp. 599 et seq. at pp. 612-616
34. A. Gattini, 'II Common Heritage of Mankind: una rivoluzione in diritto internazionale?', 17-18 Communicazioni e studi (1985) p. 649 at p. 708.
35. see M. Cornu, Le droit culturel des biens. L'interet culturel juridiquementprotege (Brussels, Bruylant 1996) pp. 25-46
36. see, e.g., H. Saba, The Protection of Movable Cultural Property. Compendium of Legislative Texts, Vol. I (Paris, UNESCO 1984) p. 17.
37. H. Saba, The Protection of Movable Cultural Property. Compendium of Legislative Texts, Vol. II (Paris, UNESCO 1984).
38. See also L.V. Prott and P.J. O'Keefe, Law and the Cultural Heritage. Volume III: Movement (Abingdon, Professional Books 1989)
39. G.G. Fitzmaurice, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice, 1951-4: Treaty interpretation and Other Treaty Points', 33 BY1L (1957) p. 203 at p. 229
40. See also G.G. Fitzmaurice, "The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice: Treaty Interpretation and Certain Other Treaty Points', 28 BYIL (1951) p. 1
41. See also J.H. Merryman, 'Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property', 80 AJIL (1986) p. 831 at pp. 836-837
42. J.H. Merryman, 'The Public Interest in Cultural Property', 77 Calif. L Rev. (1989) p. 339
43. see S.P. Marks, 'Education, Science, Culture and Information', in O. Schachter and C. Joyner, United Nations Legal Order, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, The American Society of International Law 1995) pp. 577 et seq. at pp. 578-582, 621-625
44. R. Wolfram and C. Philipp, United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, Vol. 2 (Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff 1995) pp. 1307-1308
45. H. Saba, 'Unesco and Human Rights', in K. Vasak and P. Alston, The International Dimensions of Human Rights, Vol. 2 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1982) pp. 401 et seq. at pp. 402-403.
46. LNOJ, 13th Year, No. 11 (Nov. 1932), p. 1776.
47. See the UNESCO- and UN-sponsored World Commission on Culture and Development, Our Creative Diversity. Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, 2nd rev. edn. (Paris, UNESCO 1996) pp. 24-25:
48. See also L.V. Prott, 'Cultural Rights as Peoples' Rights in International Law', in J. Crawford, The Rights of Peoples (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1988) pp. 93 et seq. at p. 95.
49. L.V. Prott, 'Problems of Private International Law for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage', 217 Recueil des cours (1989-V) p. 215 at p. 226.
50. See also the UNESCO-sponsored M.H. Sykes, Manual on Systems of Inventorying Immovable Cultural Property (Paris, UNESCO 1984), esp. pp. 21-23
51. M.P. Wyss, 'The Protection of the Cultural Heritage and its Legal Dimensions: The Heidelberg Symposium22-23 June 1990", Infl J Cult. Prop. (1992)p. 232atp.234.
52. See also R.W. Mastalir, 'A Proposal for Protecting the "Cultural" and "Property" Aspects of Cultural Property Under International Law', 16 Fordham ILJ (1992-1993) p. 1033
53. G. Reichelt, 'International Protection of Cultural Property', 1 Uniform L Rev. (1985) p. 43 at p. 79.
54. A.-C. Kiss, 'La notion de patrimoine commun de l'humanite', 175 Recueil des cours (1982-11) p. 99 at pp. 235-240
55. R. Wolftum, "The Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind', 43 Zao RV (1983) p. 312 at pp. 318-319.
56. see E. Agius, et al., eds., Future generations in international law (London, Earthscan Publications 1998).
57. http://www.unesco.org/whc/intro-en.htrn, p. 1
58. Commonwealth of Australia v. State of Tasmania, 68ILR p. 266 at p. 373, per Murphy J.
59. G. Vedovato, 'La Protezione del Patrimonio Storico, Artistico e Culturale nella Guerre Moderna', 2 Recueils de la Societe Internationale de Droit Penal Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre (1961) p. 117
60. See also R.-J. Dupuy, 'Conclusions du colloque', in R.-J. Dupuy, ed., L 'avenir du droit international dans un monde multiculturel. Colloque, La Haye, 17-19 novembre 1983 (The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff 1984) pp. 447 et seq. at pp. 463-464.
61. J.L. Sax, 'Heritage Preservation as a Public Duty: The Abbe Gregoire and the Origins of an Idea', 88 Mich. L Rev. (1990) p. 1142 at p. 1144, fh. 8 [emphasis added].
62. see L.V. Prott and P.J. O'Keefe, Law and the Cultural Heritage. Volume I: Discovery and Excavation (Abingdon, Professional Books 1984) pp. 37-67.
63. See also 'Information on the Implementation of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague 1954', 1995 Reports, CLT-95/WS/13, pp. 30, 40,42.
64. M. Parent, 'La problematique du patrimoine architectural legal: Les "monuments historiques" 49 Revue de I'art (1980) p. 84 at p. 87.
65. D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1985)
66. F. Choay, L'allegorie du patrimoine (Paris, Editions du Seuil 1992)
67. D. Gamboni, The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution (London, Reaktion Books 1997) ch. 11 and 15.
68. see P. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home (New Haven, Yale University Press 1997)
69. G. Worsley, 'Stately homes relived', Times Literary Supplement No. 4938, 21 Nov. 1997, pp. 4-5
70. see P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country (London, Verso 1985)
71. R. Hewison, The Heritage Industry. Britain in a Climate of Decline (London, Methuen 1987). For a discussion of this claim
72. see R. Samuel, Theatres of Memory. Vol. I: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (London, Verso 1994), esp. pp. 227-312
73. D. Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (New York, The Free Press 19%), esp. pp. 80, 95-96
74. L. Colley, 'Looking for ourselves. Uses and abuses of the heritage idea', Times Literary Supplement No. 4909, 2 May 1997, p. 8.
75. E.L. Roberts, 'Cultural Policy in the European Community: A Case Against Excessive National Retention', 28 Texas ILJ (1993) p. 191 at p. 211.
76. J. Merryman, 'The Nation and the Object', 3 Int'U Cult. Prop. (1994) p. 61 at pp. 70-71.
77. H. Niec, 'Sovereign Rights to Cultural Property', 4 Polish YIL (1971) p. 239 at p. 250
78. See, generally, R. O'Keefe, 'The "Right to Take Part in Cultural Life" under Article 15 of the ICESCR', 47 ICLQ (1998) p. 904.
79. see also E. Zoller, La bonne foi en droit international public (Paris, Pedone 1977) paras. 79-80.
80. See R v. Secretary of State for the Environment exparte Rose Theatre Trust Co [1990] 1 All ER 754.
81. See also J. Goyder, 'Scheduling Monuments: The Rose Theatre Case', 1 Infl J Cult. Prop. (1992)p. 353.