A critical review of protocols for moss biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition: Sampling and sample preparation

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 517, Issue , 2015, Pages 132-150

  Fernandez J A ^a   Boquete, M T ^a   Carballeira, A ^a   Aboal, J R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Methodology harmonization; Passive biomonitoring; Terrestrial mosses

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITION; HEAVY METALS; METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS; VEGETATION;

APPLICATION STUDIES; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITIONS; METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS; METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES; METHODOLOGY HARMONIZATION; MOSS BIOMONITORING; PASSIVE BIOMONITORING; TERRESTRIAL MOSSES;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY;

ALUMINUM; ARSENIC; BARIUM; CADMIUM; CHROMIUM; COBALT; COPPER; HEAVY METAL; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; MERCURY; NICKEL; POTASSIUM; SELENIUM; SULFUR; VANADIUM; ZINC; AIR POLLUTANT;

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; BIOMONITORING; GUIDELINE; HEAVY METAL; MOSS; NITROGEN; SAMPLING;

ABIETINELLA ABIETINA; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CANOPY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; HYLOCOMIUM SPLENDENS; HYPNUM CUPRESSIFORME; METHODOLOGY; MOSS; NONHUMAN; PLEUROZIUM PURUM; PLEUROZIUM SCHREBERI; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAMPLING; VEGETATION; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; ATMOSPHERE; CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; PROCEDURES;

EUROPE;

BRYOPHYTA;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ATMOSPHERE; BRYOPHYTA; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; METALS, HEAVY; SPECIMEN HANDLING;

EID: 84923383254     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.050     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Abad E., Caixach J., Rivera J., Real C., Aboal J., Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Study on the use of mosses as biomonitors to evaluate the environmental impact of PCDDs/PCDFs from combustion processes - preliminary results. Organohalogen Compounds 2003, 60:283-286. RPJ Associates, Natick, Massachusetts (ISBN 3-928379-14-3).
2. Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Sampling optimization, at site scale, in contamination monitoring with moss, pine and oak. Environ. Pollut. 2001, 115:313-316.
3. Aboal J.R., Jiménez M.S., Morales D., Hernández J.M. Net below canopy fluxes in Canarian Laurel Forest canopies. J. Hydrol. 2002, 264:207-218.
4. Aboal J.R., Real C., Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Mapping the results of extensive surveys: the case of atmospheric biomonitoring and terrestrial mosses. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 356:256-274.
5. Aboal J.R., Couto J.A., Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Definition and number of subsamples for using mosses as biomonitors of airborne trace elements. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50:88-96.
6. Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Couto J.A., Carballeira A. Testing differences in methods of preparing moss samples. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2008, 137:371-378.
7. Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Boquete M.T., Carballeira A. Is it possible to estimate atmospheric deposition of heavy metals by analysis of terrestrial mosses?. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:6291-6297.
8. Aboal J.R., Pérez-Llamazares A., Carballeira A., Giordano S., Fernández J.A. Should moss samples used as biomonitors of atmospheric contamination be washed?. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:6837-6840.
9. Aboal J.R., Saavedra S., Hernández-Moreno J.M. Edaphic heterogeneity related to below-canopy water and solute fluxes in a Canarian laurel forest. Plant Soil 2015, 387:177-188.
10. Allen-Gil S.M., Ford J., Lasorsa B.K., Monetti M., Vlasova T., Landers D.H. Heavy metal contamination in the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberian Arctic. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 301:119-138.
11. Ambe Y. Activities related to environmental specimen banking in Japan. Sci. Total Environ. 1993, 139(140):49-59.
12. Amblard-Gross G., Maul A., Férard J.F., Carrot F., Ayrault S. Spatial variability of sampling: grid size impact on atmospheric metals and trace elements deposition mapping with mosses. J. Atmos. Chem. 2004, 49:39-52.
13. Anicic M., Frontasyeva M.V., Tomasevic M., Popovic A. Assessment of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and other elements in Belgrade using the moss biomonitoring technique and neutron activation analysis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2007, 129:207-219.
14. Ashmore M., Bell S., Fowler D., Hill M., Jordan C., Nemitz E., Parry S., Pugh B., Reynolds B., Williams J. Survey of the UK metal content of mosses 2000. Part II of EPG 1/3/144 Final Contract Report: Development of a Critical Load Methodology for Toxic Metals in Soils and Surface Waters: Stage II 2000, University of Bradford, UK.
15. 2 area in northern Finland, Norway and Russia. J. Geochem. Explor. 1997, 58:269-281.
16. Barandovski L., Cekova M., Frontasyeva M.V., Pavlov S.S., Stafilov T., Steinnes E., Urumov V. Atmospheric deposition of trace element pollutants in Macedonia studied by the moss biomonitoring technique. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2008, 138:107-118.
17. Barclay-Estrup P., Rinne R.J.K. Lead and zinc accumulation in two feather mosses in northwestern Ontario, Canada 1978, 30:106-108. OIKOS.
18. Bargagli R. The elemental composition of vegetation and the possible incidence of soil contamination of samples. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 176:121-128.
19. Bargagli R. The emission and dispersal of atmospheric trace elements. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Plants. An Ecophysiological Approach to Biomonitoring and Biorecovery 1998, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Environmental Intelligence Unit. R. Bargagli (Ed.).
20. Bargagli R., Brown D.H., Nelli L. Metal biomonitoring with mosses: procedures for correcting for soil contamination. Environ. Pollut. 1995, 89:169-175.
21. Bealey W.J., Long S., Spurgeon D.J., Leith I., Cape J.N. Review and Implementation Study of Biomonitoring for Assessment of Air Quality Outcomes 2008, Science Report of the Environmental Agency.
22. Beckett P.J., Boileau L.J.R., Padovan D. Lichens and mosses as monitors of industrial activity associated with uranium mining in northern Ontario, Canada - part 2. Distance dependent uranium and lead accumulation patterns. Environ. Pollut. Ser. B Chem. Phys. 1982, 4:91-107.
23. Berg T., Steinnes E. Use of mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) as biomonitors of heavy metal deposition: from relative to absolute deposition values. Environ. Pollut. 1997, 98:61-71.
24. Bignal K.L., Ashmore M.R., Headley A.D., Stewart K., Weigert K. Ecological impacts of air pollution from road transport on local vegetation. Appl. Geochem. 2007, 22:1265-1271.
25. Boquete M.T., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. Spatial structure of trace elements in extensive biomonitoring surveys with terrestrial mosses. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 408:153-162.
26. Boquete M.T., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. Analysis of temporal variability in the concentrations of some elements in the terrestrial moss Pseudoscleropodium purum. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2011, 72:210-216.
27. Boquete M.T., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. Are terrestrial mosses good biomonitors of atmospheric deposition of Mn?. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:2704-2710.
28. Boquete M.T., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A., Fernández J.A. Effect of age on the heavy metal concentration in segments of Pseudoscleropodium purum and the biomonitoring of atmospheric deposition of metals. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 86:28-34.
29. Boquete M.T. A critical evaluation of the use of the moss technique to monitor air pollution 2015, 254-260. (Doctoral Thesis), University of Santiago de Compostela, (Chapter 7).
30. Brown D.H., Brown R.M. Reproducibility of sampling for element analysis using bryophytes. Element Concentration Cadaster Ecosystems 1989, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, D-6940 Weinheim, Workshop.
31. Brown D.H., Brümelis G. A biomonitoring method using the cellular distribution of metals in moss. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 187:153-161.
32. Brumelis G., Brown D.H., Nikodemus O., Tjarve D. The monitoring and risk assessment of Zn deposition around a metal smelter in Latvia. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1999, 58:201-212.
33. Bykowszczenko N., Baranowska-Bosiacka I., Bosiacka B., Kaczmarek A., Chlubek D. Determination of heavy metal concentration in mosses of Słowiński National Park using atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis methods. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2006, 15:41-46.
34. Carballeira C.B., Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Comparison of the accumulation of elements in two terrestrial moss species. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:4904-4917.
35. Carvajal B., Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Real C., Carballeira A. Influence of roads and inhabited areas on metal concentrations in terrestrial mosses. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44:3432-3441.
36. Ceburnis D., Steinnes E. Conifer needles as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal deposition: comparison with mosses and precipitation, role of the canopy. Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34:4265-4271.
37. Ceburnis D., Rühling A., Kvietkus K. Extended study of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Lithuania based on moss analysis. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1997, 47:135-152.
38. Cenci R.M. Methodology for using mosses. Workshop "Biomonitoraggio della qualità dell'aria sul territorio nazionale" 1998, (26-27 November 1998, Rome).
39. Cenci R.M. Guidelines for the use of native mosses, transplanted mosses, and soils in assessing organic and inorganic fallout. Joint Research Centre Scientific and Technical Reports 2008, European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability.
40. Chen Y.E., Yuan S., Su Y.Q., Wang L. Comparison of heavy metal accumulation capacity of some indigenous mosses in Southwest China cities: a case study in Chengdu city. Plant Soil Environ. 2010, 56:60-66.
41. Cini R., Prodi F., Santachiara G., Porcù F., Bellandi S., Stortini A.M., Oppo C., Udisti R., Pantani F. Chemical characterization of cloud episodes at a ridge site in Tuscan Apennines, Italy. Atmos. Res. 2002, 61:311-334.
42. Couto J.A., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira C. Annual variability in heavy metal bioconcentration in moss: sampling protocol optimization. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:3517-3527.
43. Davis D.D., McClenahen J.-R., Hutnik R.J. Use of the moss Dicranum montanum to evaluate recent temporal trends of mercury accumulation in oak forests of Pennsylvania. Northeast. Nat. 2007, 14:27-34.
44. Dmowski K., Badurek M. Thallium contamination of selected plants and fungi in the vicinity of the Bolesław zinc smelter in Bukowno (S. Poland). Preliminary study. Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Bot. 2002, 44:57-61.
45. Ducceschi L., Legittimo P.C., BOnzi L.M. Heavy metals in moss and bark from urban area of Florence: A new cleaning procedure for removing superficial particulate matter. Chem. Ecol. 1999, 16:119-141.
46. EN 16414:2014 Ambient Air. Biomonitoring with Mosses. Accumulation of Atmospheric Contaminants in Mosses Collected in situ: from the Collection to the Preparation of Samples 2014, British Standards Institution.
47. EPA Respiratory health effects of passive smoking. Report 1992.
48. Ermakova E.V., Frontasyeva M.V., Pavlov S.S., Povtoreiko E.A., Steinnes E., Cheremisina Y.N. Air pollution studies in Central Russia (Tula Region) using the moss biomonitoring technique, INAA and AAS. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 259:51-58.
49. Farmer J.G., Eades L.J., Graham M.C., Cloy J.M., Bacon J.R. A comparison of the isotopic composition of lead in rainwater, surface vegetation and tree bark at the long-term monitoring site, Glensaugh, Scotland, in 2007. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:3704-3710.
50. Faus-Kessler T., Dietl C., Tritschler J., Peichl L. Correlation patterns of metals in the epiphytic moss Hypnum cupressiforme in Bavaria. Atmos. Environ. 2001, 35:427-439.
51. Fernández J.A., Carballeira A. Biomonitoring heavy metal deposition in Galicia (NW Spain) with mosses: factors affecting bioconcentration. Chemosphere 2002, 46:535-542.
52. Fernández J.A., Ederra A., Núñez E., Martínez-Abaigar J., Infante M., Heras P., Elías M.J., Mazimpaka V., Carballeira A. Biomonitoring of metal deposition in northern Spain by moss analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 300:115-127.
53. Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Couto J.A., Carballeira A. Sampling optimization at the sampling-site scale for monitoring atmospheric deposition using moss chemistry. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:1163-1172.
54. Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Couto J.A., Carballeira A. Moss bioconcentration of trace elements around an FeSi smelter: modelling and cellular distribution. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38:4319-4329.
55. Fernández J.A., Real C., Couto J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. The effect of sampling design on extensive bryomonitoring surveys of air pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 337(1-3):11-12.
56. Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Real C., Carballeira A. A new moss biomonitoring method for detecting sources of small scale pollution. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41:357-371.
57. Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. Testing differences in methods of preparing moss samples. Effect of washing on Pseudoscleropodium purum. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2010, 163:669-684.
58. Folkeson L. Interspecies calibration of heavy-metal concentrations in nine mosses and lichens:-applicability to deposition measurements. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1979, 11:253-260.
59. Frontasyeva M.V., Galinskaya T.Ye., Krmar M., Matavuly M., Pavlov S.S., Povtoreyko E.A., Radnovic D., Steinnes E. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in northern Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina studied by the moss biomonitoring, neutron activation analysis and GIS technology. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2004, 259:141-147.
60. Frontasyeva M., Harmens H., the participants of the ICP Vegetation Heavy metals, nitrogen and POPs in European mosses: 2015 survey. Monitoring Manual 2014.
61. Gasparon M., Matschullat J. Trace metals in Antarctic ecosystems: results from the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica. Appl. Geochem. 2006, 21:1593-1612.
62. Gerdol R., Bragazza L. Effects of altitude on element accumulation in alpine moss. Chemosphere 2006, 64:810-816.
63. Gerdol R., Bragazza L., Marchesini R. Element concentrations in the forest moss Hylocomium splendens: variation associated with altitude, net primary production and soil chemistry. Environ. Pollut. 2002, 116:129-135.
64. Gerdol R., Bragazza L., Marchesini R., Medici A., Pedrini P., Benedetti S., Bovolenta A., Coppi S. Use of moss (Tortula muralis Hedw.) for monitoring organic and inorganic air pollution in urban and rural sites in Northern Italy. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:4069-4075.
65. Germer S., Zimmermann A., Neill C., Krusche A.V., Elsenbeer H. Disproportionate single-species contribution to canopy-soil nutrient flux in an Amazonian rainforest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2012, 267:40-49.
66. Giordano S., Adamo P., Sorbo S., Vingiani S. Biodiversity and trace element content of epiphytic bryophytes in urban and extraurban sites of southern Italy. Plant Ecol. 2004, 170:1-14.
67. Gjengedal E., Steinnes E. Uptake of metal ions in moss from artificial precipitation. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1990, 14:77-87.
68. Glime J.M. Bryophyte ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists 2007, vol. 1. (Accessed on 5th October 2014 at http://www.bryoecol.mtu.edu/).
69. González-Miqueo L., Elustondo D., Lasheras E., Santamaría J.M. Use of native mosses as biomonitors of heavy metals and nitrogen deposition in the surroundings of two steel works. Chemosphere 2010, 78:965-971.
70. Gooaverts P. Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation 1997, Oxford University Press, New York, (483 pp.).
71. Gramatica P., Battaini F., Giani E., Papa E., Jones R.J.A., Preatoni D., Cenci R.M. Analysis of mosses and soils for quantifying heavy metal concentrations in Sicily: a multivariate and spatial analytical approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2006, 13:28-36.
72. Halleraker J.H., Reimann C., De Caritat P., Finne T.E., Kashulina G., Niskavaara H., Bogatyrev I. Reliability of moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) as a bioindicator of atmospheric chemistry in the Barents region: interspecies and field duplicate variability. Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 218:123-139.
73. Harmens H., Mills G., Hayes F., Norris D., The participants of the ICP Vegetation Air pollution and vegetation. ICP Vegetation Annual Report 2012/2013 2013.
74. Herckes P., Mirabel P., Wortham H. Cloud water deposition at a high-elevation site in the Vosges Mountains (France). Sci. Total Environ. 2002, 296:59-75.
75. Herrmann R., Hübner D. Concentrations of micropollutants (PAH, chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metals) in the moss Hypnum cupressiforme in and around a small industrial town in southern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 1984, 21:337-342.
76. Holmberg J.P. Competitive adsorption and displacement behavior of heavy metals on peat 2006, (Master Thesis from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering), Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
77. Holy M., Leblond S., Pesch R., Schröder W. Assessing spatial patterns of metal bioaccumulation in French mosses by means of an exposure index. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2009, 16:499-507.
78. International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC Monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Tobacco Smoking 1985, vol. 38. World Health Organization, Lyon.
79. Kaasik M., Liiv S. Spatial and temporal variability of trace metals in mosses in Estonia. For. Stud. 2007, 46:35-44.
80. Kleppin L., Pesch R., Schröder W. CHAID models on boundary conditions of metal accumulation in mosses collected in Germany in 1990, 1995 and 2000. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:5220-5231.
81. Koch I., Wang L., Ollson C.A., Cullen W.R., Reimen K.J. The predominance of inorganic arsenic species in plants from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34:22-26.
82. Körner C. The use of 'altitude' in ecological research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22:569-574.
83. Krebs C.J. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance 2001, Benjamin Cummings. 5th ed.
84. Krommer V., Zechmeister H.G., Roder I., Scharf S., Hanus-Illnar A. Monitoring atmospheric pollutants in the biosphere reserve Wienerwald by a combined approach of biomonitoring methods and technical measurements. Chemosphere 2007, 67:1956-1966.
85. Leblond S., Gombert S., Colin J.L., Losno R., Rausch de Traunbenberg C. Biological and temporal variations of trace elements concentration in the moss species Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr. J. Atmos. Chem. 2004, 49:95-110.
86. Lee C.S.L., Li X., Zhang G., Peng X., Zhang L. Biomonitoring of trace metals in the atmosphere using moss (Hypnum plumaeforme) in the Nanling Mountains and the Pearl River Delta, Southern China. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39(3):397-407.
87. Lodenius M., Tulisalo E., Soltanpour-Gargari A. Exchange of mercury between atmosphere and vegetation under contaminated conditions. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 304:169-174.
88. Markert B., Weckert V. Use of Polytrichum formosum (moss) as a passive biomonitor for heavy metal pollution (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc). Sci. Total Environ. 1989, 86:289-294.
89. Markert B., Weckert V. Fluctuations of element concentrations during the growing season of Polytrichum formosum (Hedw.). Water Air Soil Pollut. 1989, 43:177-189.
90. Markert B., Weckert V. Time-and-site integrated long-term biomonitoring of chemical elements by means of mosses. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 1993, 40:43-56.
91. Markert B., Wappelhorst O., Weckert V., Herpin U., Siewers U., Friese K., Breulmann G. The use of bioindicators for monitoring the heavy-metal status of the environment. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1999, 240:425-429.
92. Mendil D., Tuzen M., Sari H., Hasdemir E. Trace metal levels in moss samples collected from the roadside in Tokat, Turkey. Trace Elem. Electrolytes 2005, 22:6-10.
93. Migaszewski Z.M., Galuszka A., Paslawski P. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and trace metals in selected soil profiles and plant bioindicators in the Holy Cross Mountains, south-central Poland. Environ. Int. 2002, 28(4):303-313.
94. Minger A., Krähenbühl U. Moss and lichen as biomonitors for heavy metals. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1997, 67:41-48.
95. Napier F., D'Arcy B., Jefferies C. A review of vehicle related metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK environment. Desalination 2008, 226:143-150.
96. Naszradi T., Badacsonyi A., Németh N., Tuba Z., Batic F. Zinc, lead and cadmium content in meadow plants and mosses along the M3 motorway (Hungary). J. Atmos. Chem. 2004, 49:593-603.
97. Nickel S., Hertel A., Pesch R., Schröder W., Steinnes E., Uggerud H.T. Modelling and mapping spatio-temporal trends of heavy meta accumulation in moss and natural surface soil monitored 1990-2010 throughout Norway by multivariate generalized linear models and geostatistics. Atmos. Environ. 2014, 99:85-93.
98. Nieboer E., Richardson D.H.S. The replacement of the nondescript term "heavy metals" by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions. Environ. Pollut. (Ser. B) 1980, 1:3-26.
99. Okland R.H., Steinnes E., Økland T. Element concentrations in the boreal forest moss, Hylocomium splendens: variation due to segment size, branching patterns and pigmentation. J. Bryol. 1997, 19:671-684.
100. Okland T., Okland R.H., Steinnes E. Element concentrations in the boreal forest moss Hylocomium splendens: variation related to gradients in vegetation and local environmental factors. Plant Soil 1999, 209:71-83.
101. Olajire A.A. A survey of heavy metal deposition in Nigeria using the moss monitoring method. Environ. Int. 1998, 24:951-958.
102. Olsson M., Bignert A. Specimen banking - a planning in advance. Chemosphere 1997, 34:1961-1974.
103. Pesch R., Schröder W. Spatiotemporal variability of metal accumulation in mosses. Analysis of measurement data and metadata by statistics and GIS. Nova Hedwigia 2006, 82:447-466.
104. Pesch R., Schröder W., Mohr K., Matter Y., Kleppin L., Holy M., Goeritz A., Genßler L. Moss-monitoring 2005/2006: Schwermetalle IV und Gesamtstickstoff. R&D Project 205 64 200. Final Report, on Behalf of the Federal Environment Agency, Dessau 2007.
105. Pesch R., Schröder W., Dieffenbach-Fries H., Genbler L., Kleppin L. Improving the design of environmental monitoring networks. Case study on the heavy metals in mosses survey in Germany. Ecol. Inform. 2008, 3:111-121.
106. Ratcliffe J.M. An evaluation of the use of biological indicators in an atmospheric lead survey. Atmos. Environ. 1975, 9:623-629.
107. Real C., Aboal J.R., Fernández J.A., Real C., Carballeira A. The use of native mosses to monitor fluorine levels - and associated temporal variations - in the vicinity of an aluminium smelter. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37:3091-3102.
108. Real C., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Carballeira A. Detection of pulses of atmospheric mercury deposition with extensive surveys and frequently sampled stations: a comparison. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2008, 70:392-399.
109. 2 area in the European Arctic as displayed by terrestrial moss samples - long-range atmospheric transport vs local impact. Atmos. Environ. 1997, 31:3887-3901.
110. Reimann C., Niskavaara H., Kashulina G., Filzmoser P., Boyd R., Volden T., Tomilina O., Bogatyrev I. Critical remarks on the use of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) for monitoring of airborne pollution. Environ. Pollut. 2001, 113:41-57.
111. Reimann C., Arnoldussen A., Boyd R., Finne T.E., Nordgulen O., Volden T., Engmaier P. The influence of a city on element contents of a terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens). Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 369:419-432.
112. Rinne R.J.K., Makinen A.I. Regional and species variations in metal content of two woodland mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens in Finland and northern Norway. Silva Fenn. 1988, 22:89-97.
113. Rühling Å., 1989. Survey of the Heavy-metal Deposition in Europe using Bryophytes as Bioindicators. Proposal for an international programme. IVL/Dept. of Plant Ecology, University of Lund (mimeo).
114. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Europe - estimation based on moss analysis. NORD 1994 1994, 9. AKA-PRINT A/S, Arhus, Denmark. T. Rühling (Ed.).
115. Rühling Å., 1994b. Monitoring of Atmospheric Heavy-metal Deposition in Europe using Bryophytes and Humus Samples as Indicators. Proposal for international programme 1995. University of Lund, Dept. of Plant Ecology (mimeo 1994-11-21).
116. Rutter A.J., Kershaw K., Robins P., Morton A.J. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forest. 1. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agric. Meteorol. 1971, 9:367-374.
117. Samecka-Cymerman A., Stankiewicz A., Kolon K., Kempers A.J. Bioindication of trace metals in Brachythecium rutabulum around a copper smelter in Legnica (Southwest Poland): use of a new form of data presentation in the form of a self-organizing feature map. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 56:717-722.
118. Santelman M.W., Gorham E. The influence of airborne road dust on the chemistry of Sphagnum mosses. J. Ecol. 1988, 76:1219-1231.
119. Sardans J., Peñuelas J. Trace element accumulation in the moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. and the trees Quercus ilex L. and Pinus halepensis Mill. in Catalonia. Chemosphere 2005, 60:1293-1307.
120. Schilling J.S., Lehman M.E. Bioindication of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Southeastern US using the moss Thuidium delicatulum. Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36:1611-1618.
121. Schintu M., Cogoni A., Durante L., Cantaluppi C., Contu A. Moss (Bryum radiculosum) as a bioindicator of trace metal deposition around an industrialised area in Sardinia (Italy). Chemosphere 2005, 60:610-618.
122. Schröder W., Pesch R., Englert C., Harmens H., Suchara I., Zechmeister H.G., Thöni L., Maňkovskà B., Jeran Z., Grodzinska K., Alber R. Metal accumulation in mosses across national boundaries: uncovering and ranking causes of spatial variation. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 151:77-388.
123. Šoltés R. Correlation between altitude and heavy metal deposition in the Tatra Mts (Slovakia). Biologia Bratislava 1998, 53:85-90.
124. Spagnuolo V., Giordano S., Pérez-Llamazares A., Ares A., Carballeira A., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R. Distinguishing metal bioconcentration from PM in moss tissue: testing methods of removing particles attached to the moss surface. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463-464:727-733.
125. Steinnes E. A critical evaluation of the use of naturally growing moss to monitor the deposition of atmospheric metals. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 161:243-249.
126. Steinnes E., Berg T., Uggerud H.T. Three decades of atmospheric metal deposition in Norway as evident from analysis of moss samples. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 412:351-358.
127. Stryjewska E., Kranodebska H., Biala H., Teperek J., Rubio R. Heavy metal determination in moss samples from the Kampinos National Park. Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 1994, 39:483-490.
128. Suchara I., Sucharová J. Current atmospheric deposition loads and their trends in the Czech Republic determined by mapping the distribution of moss element contents. J. Atmos. Chem. 2004, 49:503-519.
129. Sucharová J., Suchara I. Atmospheric deposition levels of chosen elements in the Czech Republic determined in the framework of the International Bryomonitoring Program 1995. Sci. Total Environ. 1998, 223:37-52.
130. Tanaka T. Effects of the canopy hydrologic flux on groundwater. Synthesis of Past Research and Future Directions 2011, Springer, London. D.F. Levia, D. Callyle-Moses, T. Tanaka (Eds.).
131. Thöni L., Schnyder N., Krieg F. Comparison of metal concentrations in three species of mosses and metal freights in bulk precipitations. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1996, 354:703-708.
132. Thöni L., Yurukova L., Bergamini A., Ilyin I., Matthaei D. Temporal trends and spatial patterns of heavy metal concentrations in mosses in Bulgaria and Switzerland: 1990-2005. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45:1899-1912.
133. Tropicos database Missouri Botanical Garden http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx.
134. Türkan I., Henden E., Celik U., Kivilcim S. Comparison of moss and bark samples as biomonitors of heavy metals in a highly industrialised area in Izmir, Turkey. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 166:61-67.
135. US Department of Health and Human Services Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25years of progress. A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1989 1989, 89-8411. (DHHS Publication No (CDC)).
136. Uyar G., Ören M., Ince M. Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Duzce province by using mosses as biomonitors. Fressenius Environ. Bull. 2007, 16:145-153.
137. Varela Z., Fernández J.A., Aboal J.R., Real C., Carballeira A. Determination of the optimal size of area to be sampled by use of the moss biomonitoring technique. J. Atmos. Chem. 2010, 65:37-48.
138. Wagner G. Basic approaches and methods for quality assurance and quality control in sample collection and storage for environmental monitoring. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 176:63-71.
139. Wells J.M., Brown D.H. Ionic control of intracellular and extracellular Cd uptake by the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) Warnst. New Phytol. 1990, 116:541-553.
140. Whipkey C.E., Capo R.C., Chadwick O.A., Stewart B.W. The importance of sea spray to the cation budget of a coastal Hawaiian soil: a strontium isotope approach. Chem. Geol. 2000, 168:37-48.
141. Wolterbeek H.Th., Bode P. Strategies in sampling and sample handling in the context of large-scale plant biomonitoring surveys of trace element air pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 176:33-43.
142. Wolterbeek H.Th., Verburg T.G. Judging survey quality: local variances. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2002, 73:7-16.
143. Wolterbeek H.Th., Kuik P., Verburg T.G., Herpin U., Markert B., Thöni L. Moss interspecies comparisons in trace element concentrations. Environ. Monit. Assess. 1995, 35:263-286.
144. Wolterbeek H.Th., Bode P., Verburg T.G. Assessing the quality of biomonitoring via signal-to-noise ratio analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 1996, 180:107-116.
145. World Meteorological Organization Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, No. 8, 1983.
146. Yurukova L., Tsakiri E., Çayir A. Cross-border response of moss, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., to atmospheric deposition in southern Bulgaria and northeastern Greece. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 83:174-179.
147. Zechmeister H.G. Growth rates of five pleurocarpous moss species under various climatic conditions. J. Bryol. 1995, 18:455-468.
148. Zechmeister H.G. Correlation between altitude and heavy metal deposition in the alps. Environ. Pollut. 1995, 89:73-80.
149. Zechmeister H.G., Hohenwallner D., Riss A., Hanus-Illnar A. Variations in heavy metal concentrations in the moss species Abietinella abietina according to sampling time, within site variability and increasing biomass. Sci. Total Environ. 2003, 301:55-65.
150. Zechmeister H.G., Hohenwallner D., Riss A., Hanus-Illnar A. Estimation of element deposition derived from road traffic sources by using mosses. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 138:238-249.
151. Zechmeister H.G., Hagendorfer H., Hohenwallner D., Hanus-Illnar A., Riss A. Analyses of platinum group elements in mosses as indicators of road traffic emissions in Austria. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40:7720-7732.
152. Zechmeister H.G., Hohenwallner D., Hanus-Illnar A., Hagendorfer H., Roder I., Riss A. Temporal patterns of metal deposition at various scales in Austria during the last two decades. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42:1301-1309.