Cenozoic epeirogeny of the Arabian Peninsula from drainage modeling

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 15, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 3723-3761

  Wilson, J W P ^a   Roberts, G G ^a,b   Hoggard, M J ^a   White, N J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EROSION; STRATIGRAPHY; SURFACE WAVES;

ADMITTANCE CALCULATIONS; EROSIONAL PROCESS; INVERSE ALGORITHM; LITHOSPHERIC THICKNESS; LOCAL MEASUREMENT; RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSIS; SUBCRUSTAL PROCESS; SURFACE-WAVE TOMOGRAPHY; ARABIA; DYNAMIC TOPOGRAPHY; ELASTIC THICKNESS; EPEIROGENIC UPLIFT;

SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; INVERSE PROBLEMS;

ASTHENOSPHERE; CENOZOIC; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MANTLE CONVECTION; OCEANIC CRUST; PALEOGEOGRAPHY; STRATIGRAPHY; TOPOGRAPHY; UPLIFT; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; DRAINAGE; SURFACE WAVE; TOMOGRAPHY;

ARABIAN PENINSULA; ARABIAN SEA; GULF OF ADEN; INDIAN OCEAN; RED SEA [INDIAN OCEAN];

EID: 84923319918     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014GC005283     Document Type: Article

References (204)

1. Abbate, E., M. L. Balestrieri, and G. Bigazzi (2002), Morphostructural development of the Eritrean rift flank (southern Red Sea) inferred from apatite fission track analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 2319, doi:10.1029/2001JB001009.
2. Abdulkader, M. A. (1979), Lower Jurassic Lateritic redbeds from central Arabia, Sediment. Geol., 24, 149-156.
3. Ahmed, A., C. Tiberi, S. Leroy, G. W. Stuart, D. Keir, J. Sholan, K. Khanbari, I. Al-Ganad, and C. Basuyay (2013), Crustal structure of the rifted volcanic margins and uplifted plateau of Western Yemen from receiver function analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 193, 1673-1690.
4. Al-Bassam, K. S. (2005), Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Hussainiyat karst bauxites and Zabira stratiform bauxite in northern Arabian Peninsula, Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., 1(2), 15-44.
5. Al-Damegh, K., E. Sandoval and M. Brazangi (2005), Crustal structure of the Arabian plate: New constraints from the analysis of teleseismic receiver functions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 231, 177-196.
6. Al-Hashmi, R. Gök, K. Al-Toubi, Y. Al-Shijbi, I. El-Hussain and A. J. Rodgers (2011), Seismic velocity structure at the southeastern margin of the Arabian Peninsula, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 782-792.
7. Al-Kwatil, M, A., P. Y. Gillot, H. Zeyen, A. Hildenbrand, and I. Al Gharib (2012), Volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabian plate in the light of new K-Ar ages and remote sensing: Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (Syria), Tectonophysics, 32(580), 192-207.
8. Almazouri, M., M. N. Islam, H. Athar, P. D. Jones, and M. A. Rahman (2012), Recent climate change in the Arabian Peninsula: Annual rainfall and temperature analysis of Saudi Arabia for 1978-2009, Int. J. Climatol., 32, 953-966.
9. Almond, D. C. (1986), Geological evolution of the Afro-Arabian dome, Tectonophysics, 131, 301-332.
10. Al-Qayim, B., J. Al-Sanabani, and A. K. Al-Subbary (2005), Paleoenvironmental implication of marine bioturbated horizons in the Majzir formation, Western Yemen, Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 30, 165-180.
11. Alsharhan, A. S., and S. J. Y. Nasir (1996), Sedimentological and geochemical interpretation of a transgressive sequence: The Late Cretaceous Qahlah Formation in the western Oman Mountains, United Arab Emirates, Sediment. Geol., 101, 227-242.
12. Al-Subbary, A. K., G. J. Nichols, D. W. J. Bosence, and M. Al-Kadasi (1998), Prerift doming, peneplanation or subsidence in the southern Red Sea? Evidence from the Medjzir Formation (Twailah Group) of western Yemen, in Sedimentation and Tectonics in Rift Basins, edited by B. H. Purser, and D. W. J. Bosence, pp. 119-133, Chapman and Hall, London, U. K.
13. Andrews, P., W. R. Hamilton, and P. J. Whybrow (1978), Dryopithecines from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia, Nature, 274, 249-251, doi: 10.1038/274249a0.
14. Arno, V., et al. (1980), Recent volcanism along the Red Sea coast: The Al Birk lava field in Saudi Arabia, in Geodynamic Evolution of the Afro-Arabian Rift System, pp. 645-654, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (Italy), Rome.
15. Avni, Y., A. Segev, and H. Ginat (2012), Oligocene regional denudation of the northern Afar dome: Pre- and syn-breakup stages of the Afro-Arabian plate, GSA Bull, 124(11/12), 1871-1879, doi:10.1130/B30634.1.
16. Babalola, L. O., M. Hussain, and M. H. Mustafa (2003), Origin of iron-rich beds in the basal Wajid sandstone, Abha-Khamis Mushayt area, southwest Saudi Arabia, Arabian J. Sci. Eng., 28, 3-24.
17. Bache, F., S. Leroy, C. Baurion, J. Robinet, C. Gorini, F. Lucazeau, P. Razin, E. d'Acremont, and K. Al-Toubi (2011), Postrift uplift of the Dofar margin (Gulf of Aden), Terra Nova, 23(1), 11-18.
18. Baker, J., L. Snee, and M. Menzies (1996), A brief Oligocene period of flood volcanism in Yemen: Implications for the duration and rate of continental flood volcanism at the Afro-Arabian triple junction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 138, 39-55.
19. Barton, P. J., T. R. E. Owen, and R. S. White (1990), The deep structure of the east Oman continental margin: Preliminary results and interpretation, Tectonophysics, 173, 319-331.
20. Becker, J. J. (2009), Global Bathymetry and elevation data at 30 arc seconds resolution: SRTM30-PLUS, Mar. Geod., 32(4), 355-371.
21. Behairy, A. K. A. (1983), Marine transgressions in the west coast of Saudi Arabia (Red Sea) between Mid-Pleistocene and present, Mar. Geol., 52, M25-M31.
22. Ben-Avraham, Z., A. Ginzburg, J. Makris, and L. Eppelbaum (2002), Crustal structure of the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean, Tectonophysics, 346(4), 23-43.
23. Berlin, M. M., and R. S. Anderson (2007), Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau, western Colorado, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F03S06, doi:10.1029/2006JF000553.
24. Bertrand, H., G. Chazot, J. Blickert-Toft, and S. Thoral (2003), Implications of widespread high-l volcanism on the Arabian Plate for Afar mantle plume and lithospheric composition, Chem. Geol., 198, 47-61.
25. Bohannon, R. G. (1987), Tectonic configuration of the Western Arabian Continental Margin, Southern Red Sea, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 87(512), 32 pp.
26. Bohannon, R. G., C. W. Naeser, D. L. Schmidt and R. A. Zimmermann (1989), The timing of uplift, volcanism and rifting peripheral to the Red Sea: A case for passive rifting, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 1683-1701.
27. Bosworth, W., and M. Taviani (1996), Late Quaternary reorientation of stress field and extension direction in the southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Evidence from uplifted coral terraces, mesoscopic fault arrays, and borehole breakouts, Tectonics, 15(4), 791-802.
28. Brown, G. F. (1970), Margin of the Red Sea and the Coastal Structures in Saudi Arabia, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 267, 75-87.
29. Brown, G. F. (1972), Tectonic map of the Arabian Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula MapAP-2, Saudi Arabian Dir. Gen. Miner. Resour., Jiddah, Saudi Arabia.
30. Brown, G. F., and R. O. Jackson (1960), The Arabian Shield, Proc. Int. Geol. Congr., 21st, Sect. 9, 69-77.
31. Brown, G. F., D. C. Schmidt, and C. Huffman (1989), Geology of the Arabian Peninsula Shield area of western Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 32(560-A), 188 pp.
32. Buffler, R. T., J. H. Bruggemann, B. N. Ghebretensae, R. C. Walter, M. M. M. Guillaume, S. M. Berhe, W. McIntosh, and L. E. Park (2010), Geologic setting of the Abdur Archaeological site on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea Africa, Global Planet. Change, 72, 429-450.
33. Burke, K. (1996), The African plate, S. Afr. J. Geol., 56(99), 339-410.
34. Burke, K., and Y. Gunnell (2008), The African Erosion Surface: A continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics, and environmental change over the past 180 million years, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 201, 1-66.
35. Camp, V. E., and M.J. Roobol (1989), The Arabian continental alkali basalt province: Part I. Evolution of Harrat Rahat, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 56(101), 71-95.
36. Camp, V. E., and M. J. Roobol (1992), Upwelling Asthenosphere Beneath Western Arabia and Its Regional Implications, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15, 255-15, 271.
37. Camp, V. E., M. J. Roobol, and P. R. Hooper (1991), The Arabian continental basalt province: Part II. Evolution of Harrats Khaybar, Ithnayn, and Kura, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 363-391.
38. Camp, V. E., M. J. Roobol, and P. R. Hooper (1992), The Arabian continental basalt province: Part III. Evolution of Harrat Kishb, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 379-396.
39. Capaldi, G. P., G. Chiesa, G. Manetti, G. Orsi, and G. Poli (1987), Tertiary anorogenic granites of the western border of the Yemen Plateau, Lithos, 56(20), 433-444.
40. Carbone, F., R. Matteucci, and A. Angelucci (1998), Present-day sedimentation on the carbonate platform of the Dhalak Islands, Eritrea, in Sedimentation and Tectonics in Rift Basins, pp. 523-536, Chapman and Hall, London, U. K.
41. Cerling, T. E., J. M. Harris, B. J. MacFadden, M. G. Leakey, J. Q. Quade, V. Eisenmann, and J. R. Ehleringer (1997), Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocence boundary, Nature, 398, 153-158.
42. Chang, S.-J., and S. Van der Lee (2011), Mantle plumes and associated flow beneath Arabia and East Africa, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 302, 448-454.
43. Chang, S-J., M. Merino, S. Van der Lee, S. Stein, and C. A. Stein (2011), Mantle flow beneath Arabia offset from the opening Red Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04301, doi:10.1029/2010GL045852.
44. Chapman, R. W. (1978), General information on the Arabian Peninsula: Geomorphology, in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia, Vol. 1, edited by S. Al-Sayari, and J. G. Zotl, pp. 19-30, Springer, Vienna.
45. Chappell, J., and N.J. Shackleton (1986), Oxygen isotopes and sea level, Nature, 324, 137-140.
46. Cheng, H., R. L. Edwards, W. S. Broecker, G. H. Denton, X. G. Kong, Y. J. Wang, R. Zhang, X. F. Wang (2009), Ice age terminations, Science, 326, 248-252.
47. Chisea, S., L. Civetta, M. De Fino, L. La Volpe, and G. Orsi (1988), The Yemen trap series: Genesis and evolution of a continental flood basalt province, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 56(36), 337-350.
48. Civetta, L., M. De Fino, L. La Volpe, and L. Lirer (1978), K-Ar ages of the Yemen Plateau, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 56(4), 307-314.
49. Clemens, S. C, and W. L. Prell (2003), A 350, 000 year summer-monsoon multi-proxy stack from the Owen Ridge, Northern Arabian Sea, Mar. Geol., 201, 35-51.
50. Coleman, R. G., R. T. Gregory, and G. F. Brown (1983), Cenozoic volcanic rocks of Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 56(03-93), 82 pp.
51. Collenette, P., and D. J. Grainger (1994), Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia Not Including Oil, Natural Gas, and Sulfur, Directorate, Jiddah, Saudi Arabia.
52. Coulie, E., X. Quidelleur, P.-Y. Gillot, V. Courtillot, J.-C. Lefevre, and S. Chiesa (2003), Comparative K-Ar and Ar/Ar dating of Ethiopian and Yemenite Oligocene volcanism: Implications for timing and duration of the Ethiopian traps, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 56(206), 477-492.
53. Craig, T. J., J. A. Jackson, K. Priestley, and D. McKenzie (2011), Earthquake distribution patterns in Africa: Their relationship to variations in lithospheric and geological structure, and their rheological implications, Geophys. J. Int., (185), 403-434.
54. Crassard, R., et al. (2013), Middle Palaeolithic and Neolithic Occupations around Mundafan Palaeolake, Saudi Arabia: Implications for Climate Change and Human Dispersals, PLoS ONE, 8(7), e69665, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069665.
55. Crosby, A. G., and K. Whipple (2006), Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 82(1-2), 16-38.
56. Crosby, A. G., D. McKenzie, and J. G. Sclater (2006), The relationship between depth, age and gravity in the oceans, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 553-573.
57. Czarnota. K., G. G. Roberts, N.J. White and S. Fishwick (2013), Spatial and temporal patterns of Australian dynamic topography from River Profile Modeling, 119, 1384-1424, doi:10.1002/2013JB010436.
58. Dabbagh, A. E., K. G. Al-Hinai, and M. Asif Khan (1997), Detection of sand-covered geologic features in the Arabian Peninsula using SIR-C/X-SAR data, Remote Sens. Environ., 59, 375-382.
59. Dabbagh, A. E., K. G. Al-Hinai, and M. Asif Khan (1998), Evaluation of the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data for mapping paleo-drainage systems in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change, edited by A. S. Alsharhan, et al., pp. 483-493, Taylor & Francis, USA.
60. Dawood, Y. H., M. A. Aref, M. H. Mandurah, A. Hakami, and M. Gameil (2013), Isotope geochemistry of the Miocene and Quaternary carbonate rocks in Rabigh area, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia, J. Asian Earth. Sci., 77, 151-162.
61. Debayle, E., J.-J. Leveque, and M. Cara (2001), Seismic evidence for a deeply rooted low-velocity anomaly in the upper mantle beneath the northeast Afro/Arabian continent, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 193, 423-436, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00509-X.
62. Demenocal, P. B. (2004), African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, southeast Turkey, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 220, 3-24, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00003-2.
63. Demir, T., A. Seyrek, R. Westaway, D. Bridgland, and A. Beck (2008), Late Cenozoic surface uplift revealed by incision by the River Euphrates at Birecik, southeast Turkey, J. Quat. Int., 186(1), 132-163, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.010.
64. Divins, D. L. (2008), Total sediment thickness of the World's Oceans and Marginal Seas, Natl. Geophys. Data Cent., Boulder, Colo. [Available at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sedthick.html.]
65. Drury, S. A., S. P. Kelly, S. M. Berhe, R. E. Ll. Collier, and M. Abraha (1994), Structures related to Red Sea evolution in northern Eritrea, Tectonics, 13, 1371-1380.
66. du Bray, E. A., D. B Stoeser, and E. H. McKee (1991), Age and petrology of the tertiary as Sarat volcanic field, southwest Saudi Arabia, Tecto-nophysics, 198(2-4), 155-180.
67. Dullo, W. C. (1990), Facies, fossil record and age of Pleistocene reefs from the Red Sea (Saudi Arabia), Facies, 22(1), 1-45.
68. Dullo, W. C., and L. Montaggioni (1998), Modern Red Sea coral reefs: A review of their morpologies and zonation, in Sedimentation and Tectonics in Rift Basins, edited by B. H. Purser, and D. W. J. Bosence, pp. 583-594, Chapman and Hall, London, U. K.
69. Dziewonski, A. M., T.-A. Chou, and J. H. Woodland (1981), Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 56, 2825-2852.
70. Ebinger, C. J., N. H. Sleep (1998), Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from the impact of a single plume, Nature, 395, 788-791.
71. Edgell, H. S. (2005), Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution, Springer, N. Y.
72. Egloff, F., R. Rhim, J. Makris, Y. A. Izzeldin, M. Bobsien, K. Meier, P. Junge, T. Noman, and W. Warsi (1991), Contrasting structural styles of the eastern and western margins of the southern Red Sea: The 1988 SONNE experiment, Tectonophysics, 198, 329-353.
73. Ekström, G., M. Nettles, and A. M. Dziewonski (2012), The global CMT project 2004-2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13, 017 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 200-201, 1-9.
74. El Asmar, H. M. (1997), Quaternary isotope stratigrahpy and paleoclimate of coral reef terraces, Gulf of Aqaba, South Sinai, Egypt, Quat. Sci. Rev., 16, 911-924.
75. El Moursi, M., C. T. Hoang, I. F. El Fayoumy, O. Hegab, and H. Faure (1994), Pleistocene evolution of the Red Sea coastal plain, Egypt: Evidence from Uranium-series dating of emerged reef terraces, Quat. Sci. Rev., 13, 345-359.
76. Engdahl, E. R., R. D. Van de Hilst, and R. P. Buland (1998), Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 722-743.
77. Farouk, S., and M. Faris (2012), Late Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal bioevents of the shallow-marine carbonate platform in the Mitla Pass, west central Sinai, Egypt, Cretaceous Res., 33, 50-65.
78. Farr, T. G., et al. (2007), The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004, doi:10.1029/2005RG000183.
79. Feakins, S., and P. Demenocal (2008), Global and African regional climate during the Cenozoic, in Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, edited by L. Weredelin, and B. Sanders, pp. 45-55, Univ. of Calif. Press, USA.
80. Feinstein, S., M. Eyal, B. P. Kohn, M. S. Steckler, K. M. Ibrahim, B. K. Mod'd and Y. Tain (2013), Uplift and denudation history of the eastern Dead Sea rift flank, SW Jordan: Evidence from apatite fission track thermochronometry, Tectonics, 32, 1513-1528, doi:10.1002/tect.20082.
81. Fishwick, S. (2010), Surface wave tomography: Imaging of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath central and southern Africa?, Lithos, 12(1-2), 63-73.
82. Fleitmann, D., S. J. Burns, M. Pekala, A. Mangini, A. Al-Subbary, M. Al-Aowah, J. Kramers, and A. Matter (2011), Holocene and Pleistocene pluvial periods in Yemen, southern Arabia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 30(7-8), 783-787.
83. Förste, C., et al. (2013), EIGEN-6C3stat-the newest High Resolution Global Combined Gravity Field Model based on the 4th Release of the GOCE Direct Approach. [Available at http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/ICGEM/documents/Foerste-et-al-EIGEN-6C3stat.pdf.]
84. Garfunkel, Z. (1988), Relation between continental rifting and uplifting evidence from the Suez rift and northern Red Sea, Tectonophysics, 150, 33-49.
85. Garzanti, E., P. Vermeesch, S. Ando, G. Vezzoli, M. Valagussa, K. Allen, K. A. Kadi, and A. A. I. Al-Juboury (2013), Provenance and recycling of Arabian desert sand, Earth Sci. Rev., 120, 1-19.
86. Gettings, M. E. (1981), A heat flow profile across the Arabian Shield and Red Sea, Eos. Trans. AGU, 62, 407.
87. Gettings, M. E., H. R. Blank, W. D. Mooney, and J. H. Healey (1986), Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 6491-6521.
88. Glennie, K. W. (2010), Structural and stratigraphic evolution of Abu Dhabi in the context of Arabia, Arabian J. Geosci., 3, 331-349.
89. 234 ages of raised Pleistocene marine terraces on the Island of Tiran and the southeast coast of Sinai with some tectonic implications, Int. Cong. Sed., 1(9-14), 258-259.
90. Gök, R., H. Mahdi, H. Al-Shukri, and A. J. Rodgers (2008), Crustal structure of Iraq from receiver functions and surface wave dispersion; implications for understanding the deformation history of the Arabian-Eurasian collision, Geophys. J. Int., 172, 1179-1187.
91. Gow, N. N., and G. P. Lozej (1993), Bauxite, Geosci. Can., 20(1), 9-16.
92. Ghebreab, W. (1998), Tectonics of the Red Sea region reassessed, Earth Sci. Rev., 45. 1-44.
93. Greenwood, W. R. (1973), The Ha'il arch-A key to the deformation of the Arabian Shield during evolution of the Red Sea rift, Saudi Arabian Dir. Gen. Miner. Resour. Bull., 7(5), 1-4.
94. Gvirtzman, G., J. Kronfeld, and B. Buchbinder (1992), Dated coral reefs of southern Sinai (Red Sea) and their implication to late Quaternary sea levels, Mar. Geol., 108, 29-37.
95. Hack, J. T. (1957), Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland, US. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 294B, 45-80.
96. Hadiouche, O, and W. Zurn (1992), Structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Afro-Arabian region from surface wave dispersion, Tectonophysics, 209, 179-196, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90022X.
97. Hadley, D. G., and R. J. Fleck (1980), Reconnaissance geologic map of Jabal Afaf quadrangle, Geol. Map GM-33, 10p., sheet 20/40D, scale 1: 100, 000, Saudi Arabian Dir. Gen of Miner. Resour., Jiddah, Saudi Arabia.
98. Hamilton, W. R., P. J. Whybrow, and H. A. McClure (1978), Fauna of fossil mammals from the Miocene of Saudi Arabia, Nature, 274, 248-249, doi:10.1038/274248a0.
99. Hancock, G. R., C. Martinez, K. G. Evans, and D. R. Moliere (2006), A comparison of SRTM and high-resolution digital elevation models and their use in catchment geomorphology and hydrology: Australian examples, Earth. Surf. Processes Landforms, (31), 1394-1412.
100. Hansen, S., S. Schwartz, A. Al-Amri, and A. Rodgers (2007a), Combined plate motion and density-driven flow in the asthenosphere beneath Saudi Arabia: Evidence from shear-wave splitting and seismic anisotropy, Geology, 34, 869-872, doi:10.1130/G22713.1.
101. Hansen, S., A. J. Rodgers S. Y. Schwartz, and A. M. S. Al-Amri (2007b), Imaging ruptured lithosphere beneath the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 259, 256-265.
102. Hartley, R. A., G. G. Roberts, N. White, and C. Richardson (2011), Transient convective uplift of an ancient buried landscape, Nat. Geosci., 4, 562-565. doi:10.1038/ngeo1191.
103. Henjes-Kunst, F., R. Altherr, and A. Baumann (1990), Evolution and composition of the lithospheric mantle underneath the western Arabian peninsula: Constraints from Sr-Nd isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 105, 460-472.
104. Hoang, C. T., and M. Taviani (1991), Stratigraphic and tectonic implication of Uranium-series-dated coral reefs from uplifted Red Sea islands, Quat. Res., 35, 264-273.
105. Hoang, C. T., R. Dalongeville, and P. Sanlaville (1996), Stratigraphy, tectonics and palaeoclimatic implications of Uranuium-series dated coral reefs from the sudanese coast of the Red Sea, Quat. Int., 31, 47-51.
106. Holmes, A. (1944), Principals of Physical Geology, Thomas Nelson, Edinburgh, U. K.
107. Höltz, H., V. Maurin, and J. G. Zölt (1978), Geologic history of the Al Hasa area since the Pliocene, in Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia, edited by S. S. Al-Sayari, and J. G. Zölt, pp. 230-239, Springer, Vienna, Austria.
108. Hoorn, C., and M. Cremaschi (2004), Late Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of Khawr Rawri and Khawr Al Balid (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 213, 1-36.
109. Hopson, C. A., R. G. Coleman, R. T. Gregory, J. S. Pallister, and E. H. Bailey (1981), Geologic section through the Samail Ophiolite and associated rocks along a Muscat-Ibra Transect, Southeastern Oman Mountains, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2527-2544.
110. Hussain, A. G., and A. R. Bakor (1989), Petrography and palaeomagnetism of the basalts, southwest Harrat Rahat, Saudi Arabia, Geophys. J. Int., 56(99), 687-698.
111. Izzeldin, A. Y. (1987), Seismic, gravity and magnetic surveys in the central part of the Red Sea: Their interpretation and implications for the structure and evolution of the Red Sea, Tectonophysics, 143(4), 269-306.
112. Kluyver, H. M., V. B. Bege, G. H. Smith, J. M. Ryder, M. Van Eck (1981), Sirhan-Turayf phosphate project: Results of work carried out under the phosphate agreement, Tech. Record RF-TR-01-05, 77 pp., Saudi Arabian Deputy Minist. for Miner. Resour., Saudi Arabia.
113. Kohn, B. P., and M. Eyal (1981), History of uplift of the crystalline basement of Sinai and its relation to opening of the Red Sea as revealed by fission track dating of apatites, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 52, 129-141.
114. Kraus, M. J., and T. M. Brown (1986), Paleosols and time resolution in fluvial stratigraphy, in Paleosols, Their Recognition and Interpretation, edited by V. P. Weight, pp. 180-207, Blackwell, Oxford, U. K.
115. Krienitz, M.-S., K. M. Hasse, K. Mezger, P. van den Bogaard, V. Thiemann, and M. A. Shaikh-Mashail (2009), Tectonic events, continental intra-plate volcanism, and mantle plume activity in northern Arabia: Constraints from geochemistry and Ar-Ar dating of Syrian lavas, Geo-chem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q04008, doi:10.1029/2008GC002254.
116. Lambeck, K., and J. Chappell (2001), Sea level change through the last glacial cycle, Science., 292, 697-686.
117. Lambeck, K., A. Purcell, N. C. Flemming, C. Vita-Finzi, A. M. Alsharekh, and G. N. Bailey (2011), Sea level and shoreline reconstructions for the Red Sea: Isostatic and tectonic considerations and implications for hominid migration out of Africa, Quat. Sci. Rev., 30, 3542-3574.
118. Laughton, A. S., and C. Tramontini (1969), Recent studies of the crustal structure in the Gulf of Aden, Tectonophysics, 8, 359-375.
119. Leroy, S., et al. (2010), Contrasted styles of rifting in the eastern Gulf of Aden: A combined wide-angle, multichannel seismic, and heat flow survey, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q07004, doi:10.1029/2009GC002963.
120. Leroy, S., et al. (2012), From rifting to oceanic spreading in the Gulf of Aden: A synthesis, Arabian J. Geosci., 5, 859-901, doi:10.1007/s12517-011-0475-4.
121. Ligi, M., E. Bonatti, G. Bortoluzzi, A. Cipriani, L. Cocchi, F. C. Tontini, E. Carminati, L. Ottolini, A. Schettino (2012), Birth of an ocean in the Red Sea: Initial pangs, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q08009, doi:10.1029/2012GC004155.
122. Lucazeau, F., et al. (2008), Persistent thermal activity at the Eastern Gulf of Aden after continental break-up, Nat. Geosci., 1, 854-858, doi: 10.1038/ngeo359.
123. Madden, C. T., I. M. Naqvi, F. C. Whitmore, D. L. Schmidt and R. C. Wood (1980), Paleocene vertebrates from coastal deposits in Harrat Hadan area, at Taif region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 80-0227, 1-29.
124. Madden, C. T., F. C. Whitmore, D. L. Schmidt, and I. M. Naqvi (1995), The Umm Himar formation (Paleocene) of Saudi Arabia and associated strata: Stratigraphy, vertebrate fauna, and paleoenvironment, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 2093-A.
125. Maley, J. (1996), The African rain forest-Main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary, Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 104B, 31-73.
126. McClure, H. A., and C. Vita-Finzi (1982), Holocene shorelines and tectonic movements in eastern Saudi Arabia, Tectonophysics, 85, T37-T43.
127. McGuire, A. V. (1988), Mantle xenoliths from Harrat al Kishb: The mantle beneath western Saudi Arabia, J. Petrol., 29, 73-92.
128. McGuire, A. V., and R. G. Bohannon (1989), Timing of mantle upwelling. Evidence for a passive margin for the Red Sea Rift, J. Geophys. Res, 94, 1677-1682.
129. McKenzie, D. (1977), Surface deformation, gravity anomalies and convection, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 48, 211-238.
130. McKenzie, D. (1994), The Relationship between Topography and Gravity on Earth and Venus, Icarus, 112(1), 55-88.
131. e in the presence of internal loads, J. Geophys. Res., 109(B9), 2348, doi:10.1029/2002JB001766.
132. McKenzie, D., and D. Fairhead (1997), Estimates of the elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere from Bouger and free air gravity anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27, 523-27, 552.
133. McKenzie, D., and R. K. O'Nions (1991), Partial melt distribution from inversion of rare earth element concentrations, J. Petrol., 32, 1021-1091.
134. Menzies, M., G. Gallagher, A. Yelland, and A. J. Hurford (1997), Volcanic and nonvolcanic rifted margins of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: Crustal cooling and margin evolution in Yemen, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, (61), 2511-2527.
135. Milliman, J. D., and K. Farnsworth (2011), River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean: A Global Synthesis, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
136. 39Ar geochronology of the Neogene-Quaternary Harrat Al-Madinah intercontinental volcanic field, Saudi Arabia: Implications for duration and migration of volcanic activity, J. Asian Earth. Sci., 62, 253-268.
137. Muller, R. D., M. Sdrolias, C. Gaina, and W. R. Roest (2008), Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geo-chem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q04006, doi:10.1029/2007GC001743.
138. Nasir, S. (1992), The lithosphere beneath the northwestern part of the Arabian plate (Jordan): Evidence from xenoliths and geophysics, Tec-tonophysics, 418, 167-188.
139. Netzeband, G. L., K. Gohl, C. P. Hübscher, Z. Ben-Avraham, G. A. Dehghani, D. Gajewski, P. Liersch (2006), The Levantine basin-crustal structure and origin, Tectonophysics, 201, 357-370.
140. Omar, G. I., and M. S. Steckler (1995), Fission track evidence on the initial rifting of the Red Sea: Two pulses, no propagation, Science, 270, 1341-1344.
141. Pallister, J. S. (1987), Magmatic history of Red Sea rifting: Perspective from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 98, 400-417.
142. Parish, J. T., A. M. Ziegler, and C. R. Scotese (1982), Rainfall patterns and the distribution of coals and evaporites in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeocol., 40, 67-101.
143. Park, Y., A. A. Nyblade, A. J. Rodgers, and A. Al-Almri (2007), Upper mantle structure beneath the Arabian Peninsula and northern Red Sea from teleseismic body wave tomography: Implications for the origin of Cenozoic uplift and volcanism in the Arabian Shield, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q06021, doi:10.1029/2006GC001566.
144. Pasyanos, M. E., and A. A. Nyblade (2007), A top to bottom lithospheric study of Africa and Arabia, Tectonophysics, 444, 27-44, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2007.07.008.
145. Paul, J. D. P., G. G. Roberts, and N. White (2014), The African landscape through space and time, Tectonics, 32, 898-935, doi:10.1002/2013TC003479.
146. Pik, R., N. Bellahsen, S. Leroy, Y. Denele, P. Razin, A. Ahmed, and K. Khanbari (2013), Structural control of basement denudation during rifting revealed by low-temperature (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronology of the Socotra Island basement-Southern Gulf of Aden margin, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 607, 17-31.
147. Pirazzoli, P. A., J. L. Reyss, M. Fontugne, A. Haghipour, A. Hilgers, H. U. Kasper, H. Nazari, F. Preusser, and U. Radtke (2004), Quaternary coral-reef terraces from Kish and Qeshm Islands, Persian Gulf: New radiometric ages and tectonic implications, Quat. Int., 120, 15-27.
148. Plaziat, J. P., F. Baltzer, A. Choukri, O. Conchon, P. Freytet, F. Orszag-Sperber, B. Purser, A. Raguideau, and J. L. Reyss (1995), Quaternary changes in the Egyptian shoreline of the northwestern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez, Quat. Int., 29/30, 11-22.
149. Plaziat, J. P., J. L. Reyss, A. Choukri, and C. Cazala (2008), Diagenetic rejuvenation of raised coral reefs and precision of dating. The contribution of Red Sea reefs to the question of reliability of the Uranium-series datings of middle to late Pleistocene key reef-terraces of the world, Notebooks Geol., 04, 1-35.
150. Pollastro, R. M., A. S. Karshbaum, and R. J. Viger (1998), Maps showing geology, oil and gas fields and geologic provinces of the Arabian Peninsula, U. S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 97-470A, 1-14.
151. Priestley, K., D. McKenzie, J. Barron, M. Tatar, and E. Debayle (2012), The Zagros core: Deformation of the continental lithospheric mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q11014, doi:10.1029/2012GC004435.
152. Pritchard, D., G. G. Roberts, N. J. White, and C. N. Richardson (2009), Uplift histories from river profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24301, doi: 10.1029/2009GL040928.
153. Purser, B. H., and H. Holtz (1988), The sedimentary evolution of the Red Sea rift: A comparison of the northwest (Egyptian) and northeast (Saudi Arabian) margins, Tectonophysics, 153, 193-208.
154. Quennell, A. M. (1959), The structure and geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea rift, Q. J. Geol. Soc. London, 114, 1-24, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.114.1.0001.
155. Ridley, A. P., and M. W. Seeley (1979), Evidence for recent coastal uplift near Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia, Tectonophysics, 52, 319-327.
156. 39Ar Geo-chronology of Yemeni Oligocene volcan ics: Implications for timing and duration of Afro-Arabian traps and geometry of the Oligocene paleomagnetic field, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 647-672.
157. Roberts, G., and N. White (2010), Estimating uplift rate histories from river profiles using African examples, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B02406, doi:10.1029/2 009JB006692.
158. Roberts, G., J. D. Paul, N. White, and J. Winterbourne (2012a), Temporal and spatial evolution of dynamic support from river profiles: A framework for Madagascar, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 13, Q04004, doi:10.1029/2012GC004040.
159. Roberts, G., N. White, G. L. Martin-Brandis, and A. G. Crosby (2012b), An uplift history of the Colorado Plateau and its surroundings from inverse modeling of longitudinal river profiles, Tectonics, 31, TC4022, doi:10.1029/2012TC003107.
160. Roe, G., D. Montgomery, and B. Hallet (2002), Effects of orographic precipitation variations on the concavity of steady-state river profiles, Geology, 30, 143-146.
161. Roger, J., J-P. Platel, C. Cavelier, and C. Bourdillon-De-Grissac (1989), New data on the stratigraphy and geological history of Dhofar (Sultanate of Oman), Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 8(2), 265-277.
162. Rosenbloom, N. A., and R. S. Anderson (1994), Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14, 013-14, 029.
163. Salpeteur, I., and H. Sebir (1989), Orientation studies for gold in the central pediplain of the Saudi Arabian shield, J. Geochem. Exp., 34, 189-215.
164. Sarnthein (1972), Sediments and history of the postglacial transgression in the Persian Gulf and northwest Gulf of Oman, Mar. Geol., 12, 245-266.
165. Schmidt, D. L, D. G. Hadley, and G. F. Brown (1983), Middle Tertiary continental rift and evolution of the Red Sea in southwestern Saudi Arabia, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep, 83-641, 1-60.
166. Schoenbohm, L. M., K. X. Whipple, B. C. Burchfiel, and L. Chen (2004), Geomorphic constraints on surface uplift, exhumation, and plateau growth in the Red River region, Yunnan Province, China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116(7-8), 895-909.
167. Schwarz, T., and K. Germann (1999), Weathering surfaces, laterite-derived sediments and associated mineral deposits in north-east Africa, Spec. Publ. Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 27, 367-390.
168. Searle, M. P., A. G. Cherry, M. Y. Ali, and D. J. W. Cooper (2014), Tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula and northern Oman Mountains: From ophiolite obduction to continental collision, GeoArabia, 19, 135-174.
169. 39Ar dating of alkaline and tholeiitic magmatism of Saudi Arabia related to early Red Sea Rifting, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, 473-487.
170. Şengor, A. M. (2001), Elevation as an indicator of mantle-plume activity, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 352, 183-225.
171. Sepulchre, P., G. Ramstein, F. Fluteau, M. Schuster, J-J. Tiercelin, and M. Brunet (2006), Tectonic uplift and eastern Africa aridification, Science, 313, 1419-1423.
172. Shackleton, N. J., M. F. Sanchez-Goni, D. Pallierm, and Y. Lancelot (2003), Marine isotope substage 5e and the Eemian interglacial, Global Planet. Change, 36, 151-155.
173. Shaw, J. E., J. A. Baker, M. A. Menzies, M. F. Thirwall and K. M. Ibrahim (2003), Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian Plate (Jordan): A mixed lithosphere-asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension, J. Petrol., 44, 1657-1679.
174. Sicilia, D., et al. (2008), Upper mantle structure of shear-waves velocities and stratification of anisotropy in the Afar hotspot region, Tectonophysics, 462, 164-177, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.02.016.
175. Sklar, L. S., and W. E. Dietrich (2001), Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29(12), 1087-1090.
176. Smith, W. H. F., and P. Wessel (1990), Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension, Geophysics, 55, 293-305.
177. Steinberg, J., Z. Gvirtzman, Y. Folkman, and Z. Garfunkel (2011), Origin and nature of the rapid late Tertiary filling of the Levant Basin, Geology, 39(4), 355-358, doi:10.1130/G31615.1.
178. Tabor, R. W., R. K. Mark, and R. H. Wilson (1985), Reproducibility of the K-Ar ages of rocks and minerals: An empirical approach, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1654, 5.
179. Tainton, K. M., and McKenzie (1994), The generation of kimberlites, lamproites and their source rocks, J. Petrol., 35, 787-817.
180. Taj, R.J. (2013), Microfacies, diagenesis and depositional environments of the Tertiary carbonates of Usfan Formation in Haddat As Sham area, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia, Arabian J. Geosci., 6, 1011-1031.
181. Tapley, B. (2005), GGM02-An improved Earth gravity field model from GRACE, J. Geodyn., 79(8), 467-478.
182. Tarboton, D. A. (1997), A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models, Water Resour. Res., 32, 309-319.
183. Tardy, Y., B. Kobilisek, and H. Paquet (1991), Mineralogical composition and geographical distribution of African and Brazilian periatlantic laterites. The influence of continental drift and tropical paleoclimates during the last 150 million years and implications for India and Australia, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 12, 283-295.
184. Thornber, C. R., and J. S. Pallister (1985), Mantle xenoliths from northern Saudi Arabia, Eos Trans. AGU, 66, 393.
185. Tiberi, C., S. Leroy, E. d'Acremont, N. Bellahsen, C. Ebinger, A. Al-Lazik, and A. Pointu (2007), Crustal geometry of the northeastern Gulf of Aden passive margin: Localization of the deformation inferred from receiver function analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 168, 1247-1260.
186. Trifonov, V. G., et al. (2010), New data on the Late Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in Syria, applied to its origin, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 85, 173-210.
187. Tucker, G. E., and K. X. Whipple (2002), Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: Sensitivity analysis and intermodal comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B9), 2179, doi:10.1029/2001JB000162.
188. Uchupi, E., S. A. Swift, and D. A. Ross (1999), Late Quaternary stratigraphy, paleoclimate and neotectonism of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf region, Mar. Geol., 160, 1-23.
189. Vita-Finzi, C. (2001), Neotectonics at the Arabian plate margins, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 521-530.
190. Walter, C. R., et al. (2000), Early human occupation of the Red Sea coast of Eritrea during the last interglacial, Nature, 405, 65-69.
191. Watremez, L., S. Leroy, S. Rouzo. E. d'Acremont, P. Unternehr, C. Ebinger, F. Lucazeau, and A. Al-Lazki (2011), The crustal structure of the north-eastern Gulf of Aden continental margin: Insights from wide-angle seismic data, Geophys. J. Int., 184, 575-594, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04881.x.
192. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker (1999), Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17, 661-17, 674.
193. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker (2002), Implications of sediment-flux-dependent river incision models for landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B2), 2039, doi:10.1029/2000JB000044.
194. Whybrow, P. J. (1987), Miocene geology and palaeontology of Ad Dabtiyah, Saudi Arabia, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41(4), 365-457.
195. Whybrow, P. J., and A. P. Hill (1999), Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia, With Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Conn.
196. Whybrow, P. J., and H. A. McClure (1981), Fossil mangrove roots and palaeoenvironments of the Miocene of the eastern Arabian Peninsula, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 32, 213-225.
197. Winterbourne, J., A. G. Crosby, and N. White (2009), Depth, age and dynamic topography of oceanic lithosphere beneath heavily sedimen-ted Atlantic margins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 287, 137-151.
198. Winterbourne, J., N. White and A. G. Crosby (2014), Accurate measurements of residual topography from the oceanic realm, Tectonics, 33, 982-1015, doi:10.1002/2013TC003372.
199. Wood, W. W., R. M. Bailey, B. A. Hampton, T. F. Kraemer, Z. Lu, D. W. Clark, R. H. R. James, and K. Al Ramadan (2012), Rapid late Pleistocene/Holocene uplift and coastal evolution of the southern Arabian (Persian) Gulf, Quat. Res., 77, 215-220.
200. Wright, V. P. (1994), Losses and gains in weathering profiles and duripans, in Quantitative Diagenesis: Recent Developments and Applications to Reservoir Geology, edited by A. Parker and B. W. Sellwood, pp. 95-123, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
201. Wu, S., R. Bras, and A. Barros (2006), Sensitivity of channel profiles to precipitation properties in mountain ranges, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F01024, doi:10.1029/2004JF000164.
202. Zhu, L., K. H. Wyrwoll, L. B. Collins, J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg, and A. Eisenhauer (1993), High-precision U-series dating of Last Interglacial events by mass spectrometry: Houtman Abrolhos Islands, western Australia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 118, 281-293.
203. Zilberman, E., and R. Calvo (2013), Remnants of Miocene fluvial sediments in the Negev Desert, Israel, and the Jordanian Plateau: Evidence for an extensive subsiding basin in the northwest margins of the Arabian plate, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 82, 33-53.
204. Zor, E., E. Sandvol, C. Gürbüz, N. Türkelli, D. Seber, and M. Barazangi (2003), The crustal structure of the East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) from receiver functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(24), 8044, doi:10.1029/2003GL018192.