Update on inflammation in chronic kidney disease

Blood Purification

Volumn 39, Issue 1-3, 2015, Pages 84-92

  Akchurin, Oleh M ^a   Kaskel, Frederick ^b  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Cytokines; Dialysis; End stage renal disease; Inflammation; Malnutrition; Protein energy wasting

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ADIPONECTIN RECEPTOR 1; APELIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FIBRINOGEN; GAMMA TOCOPHEROL; HEPCIDIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PREALBUMIN; RESISTIN; TRANSFERRIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VITAMIN D; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CYTOKINE;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CELL COUNT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIALYSATE; ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEMODIAFILTRATION; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOCLAST ACTIVITY; OSTEOLYSIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENT INFECTION; RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE; T LYMPHOCYTE; UPREGULATION; ACIDOSIS; BIOSYNTHESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EXERCISE; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; SURVIVAL; WASTING SYNDROME;

ACIDOSIS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOKINES; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EXERCISE; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RENAL DIALYSIS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; WASTING SYNDROME;

EID: 84923104493     PISSN: 02535068     EISSN: 14219735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000368940     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (96)

1. Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Paultre F, Diczfalusy U, Wang T, Berglund L, Jogestrand T: Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1899-1911.
2. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, Metzger T, Wanner C: Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 648-658.
3. Gupta J, Mitra N, Kanetsky PA, Devaney J, Wing MR, Reilly M, Shah VO, Balakrishnan VS, Guzman NJ, Girndt M, Periera BG, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Joffe MM, Raj DS: Association between albuminuria, kidney function, and inflammatory biomarker profile in CKD in CRIC. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 1938-1946.
4. Goldstein SL, Leung JC, Silverstein DM: Proand anti-inflammatory cytokines in chronic pediatric dialysis patients: effect of aspirin. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 979-986.
5. Sundin PO, Udumyan R, Sjostrom P, Montgomery S: Predictors in adolescence of ESRD in middle-aged men. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64: 723-729.
6. Bazeley J, Bieber B, Li Y, Morgenstern H, de Sequera P, Combe C, Yamamoto H, Gallagher M, Port FK, Robinson BM: C-reactive protein and prediction of 1-year mortality in prevalent hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 2452-2461.
7. Honda H, Qureshi AR, Heimburger O, Barany P, Wang K, Pecoits-Filho R, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B: Serum albumin, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and fetuin a as predictors of malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: 139-148.
8. Tripepi G, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C: Inflammation markers, adhesion molecules, and allcause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with ESRD: searching for the best risk marker by multivariate modeling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:S83-S88.
9. Fallahzadeh MK, Roozbeh J, Geramizadeh B, Namazi MR: Interleukin-2 serum levels are elevated in patients with uremic pruritus: A novel finding with practical implications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 3338-3344.
10. Gotoh K, Inoue M, Masaki T, Chiba S, Shiraishi K, Shimasaki T, Matsuoka K, Ando H, Fujiwara K, Fukunaga N, Aoki K, Nawata T, Katsuragi I, Kakuma T, Seike M, Yoshimatsu H: Obesity-related chronic kidney disease is associated with spleen-derived IL-10. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 1120-1130.
11. Sanz AB, Izquierdo MC, Sanchez-Nino MD, Ucero AC, Egido J, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ramos AM, Putterman C, Ortiz A: TWEAK and the progression of renal disease: clinical translation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29(suppl 1):i54-i62.
12. Azak A, Akdogan MF, Denizli N, Huddam B, Kocak G, Gucun M, Tatlisu MA, Demirci R, Yilmaz B, Dikec M, Bakirtas M, Akdag I, Duranay M: Soluble TWEAK levels are independently associated with coronary artery disease severity in patients with stage 2-3 kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46: 411-415.
13. Cohen SD, Phillips TM, Khetpal P, Kimmel PL: Cytokine patterns and survival in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1239-1243.
14. Iglesias P, Diez JJ: Adipose tissue in renal disease: clinical significance and prognostic implications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 2066-2077.
15. Miyamoto S, Sharma K: Adipokines protecting CKD. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28(suppl 4):iv15-iv22.
16. Shankar A, Syamala S, Xiao J, Muntner P: Relationship between plasma leptin level and chronic kidney disease. Int J Nephrol 2012; 2012: 269532.
17. Adamczak M, Chudek J, Wiecek A: Adiponectin in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2009; 22: 391-395.
18. de Oliveira RB, Liabeuf S, Okazaki H, Lenglet A, Desjardins L, Lemke HD, Vanholder R, Choukroun G, Massy ZA: The clinical impact of plasma leptin levels in a cohort of chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6: 63-70.
19. Park JT, Yoo TH, Kim JK, Oh HJ, Kim SJ, Yoo DE, Lee MJ, Shin DH, Han SH, Han DS, Kang SW: Leptin/adiponectin ratio is an independent predictor of mortality in nondiabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2013; 33: 67-74.
20. Kalantar-Zadeh K: Recent advances in understanding the malnutrition-inflammation-cachexia syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients: what is next? Semin Dial 2005; 18: 365-369.
21. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kilpatrick RD, Kuwae N, McAllister CJ, Alcorn H Jr, Kopple JD, Greenland S: Revisiting mortality predictability of serum albumin in the dialysis population: time dependency, longitudinal changes and population-attributable fraction. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 1880-1888.
22. de Mutsert R, Grootendorst DC, Indemans F, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT, Dekker FW: Association between serum albumin and mortality in dialysis patients is partly explained by inflammation, and not by malnutrition. J Ren Nutr 2009; 19: 127-135.
23. Stenvinkel P: Can treating persistent inflammation limit protein energy wasting? Semin Dial 2013; 26: 16-19.
24. Taraz M, Taraz S, Dashti-Khavidaki S: Association between depression and inflammatory/ anti-inflammatory cytokines in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: A review of literature. Hemodial Int 2014, DOI: 10. 1111/hdi. 12200, Epub ahead of print.
25. Meuwese CL, Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P: Recent insights in inflammation-associated wasting in patients with chronic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol 2011; 171: 120-126.
26. Mahesh S, Kaskel F: Growth hormone axis in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2008; 23: 41-48.
27. Panuccio V, Enia G, Tripepi R, Aliotta R, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Zoccali C: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and bone fractures in CKD patients. An exploratory single centre study. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13: 134.
28. Munoz Mendoza J, Isakova T, Ricardo AC, Xie H, Navaneethan SD, Anderson AH, Bazzano LA, Xie D, Kretzler M, Nessel L, Hamm LL, Negrea L, Leonard MB, Raj D, Wolf M: Fibroblast growth factor 23 and Inflammation in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7: 1155-1162.
29. Feroze U, Molnar MZ, Dukkipati R, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K: Insights into nutritional and inflammatory aspects of low parathyroid hormone in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2011; 21: 100-104.
30. Shroff R, Egerton M, Bridel M, Shah V, Donald AE, Cole TJ, Hiorns MP, Deanfield JE, Rees L: A bimodal association of vitamin D levels and vascular disease in children on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1239-1246.
31. Kovesdy CP: How can erythropoeitin-stimulating agent use be reduced in chronic dialysis patients?: can reduction of inflammation improve ESA dose response? Semin Dial 2013; 26: 540-542.
32. Jelkmann W: Proinflammatory cytokines lowering erythropoietin production. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998; 18: 555-559.
33. Wagner M, Alam A, Zimmermann J, Rauh K, Koljaja-Batzner A, Raff U, Wanner C, Schramm L: Endogenous erythropoietin and the association with inflammation and mortality in diabetic chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 1573-1579.
34. Babitt JL, Lin HY: Molecular mechanisms of hepcidin regulation: implications for the anemia of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55: 726-741.
35. Crews DC, Sozio SM, Liu Y, Coresh J, Powe NR: Inflammation and the paradox of racial differences in dialysis survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 2279-2286.
36. Wing MR, Yang W, Teal V, Navaneethan S, Tao K, Ojo A, Guzman NN, Reilly M, Wolman M, Rosas SE, Cuevas M, Fischer M, Lustigova E, Master SR, Xie D, Appleby D, Joffe M, Kusek J, Feldman HI, Raj DS: Race modifies the association between adiposity and inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease: findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 1359-1366.
37. Okada R, Wakai K, Naito M, Morita E, Kawai S, Hamajima N, Hara M, Takashima N, Suzuki S, Takezaki T, Ohnaka K, Arisawa K, Hirohata H, Matsuo K, Mikami H, Kubo M, Tanaka H: Pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms and chronic kidney disease: A crosssectional study. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13: 2.
38. Girndt M, Kaul H, Sester U, Ulrich C, Sester M, Georg T, Kohler H: Anti-inflammatory interleukin-genotype protects dialysis patients from cardiovascular events. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 949-955.
39. Holtzman S, Abbey SE, Chan C, Bargman JM, Stewart DE: A genetic predisposition to produce low levels of IL-10 is related to depressive symptoms: A pilot study of patients with end stage renal disease. Psychosomatics 2012; 53: 155-161.
40. Rosengren BI, Sagstad SJ, Karlsen TV, Wiig H: Isolation of interstitial fluid and demonstration of local proinflammatory cytokine production and increased absorptive gradient in chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F198-F206.
41. Kim HJ, Vaziri ND: Contribution of impaired Nrf2-Keap1 pathway to oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F662-F671.
42. Aveles PR, Criminacio CR, Goncalves S, Bignelli AT, Claro LM, Siqueira SS, Nakao LS, Pecoits-Filho R: Association between biomarkers of carbonyl stress with increased systemic inflammatory response in different stages of chronic kidney disease and after renal transplantation. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 116:c294-c299.
43. Prats M, Font R, Garcia C, Munoz-Cortes M, Cabre C, Jariod M, Romeu M, Giralt M, Martinez-Vea A: Oxidative stress markers in predicting response to treatment with ferric carboxymaltose in nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nephrol 2014; 81: 419-426.
44. Ori Y, Bergman M, Bessler H, Zingerman B, Levy-Drummer RS, Gafter U, Salman H: Cytokine secretion and markers of inflammation in relation to acidosis among chronic hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif 2013; 35: 181-186.
45. Nassar GM: Preventing and treating inflammation: role of dialysis access management. Semin Dial 2013; 26: 28-30.
46. Ruospo M, Palmer SC, Craig JC, Gentile G, Johnson DW, Ford PJ, Tonelli M, Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Strippoli GF: Prevalence and severity of oral disease in adults with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review of observational studies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29: 364-375.
47. Buhlin K, Barany P, Heimburger O, Stenvinkel P, Gustafsson A: Oral health and pro-inflammatory status in end-stage renal disease patients. Oral Health Prev Dent 2007; 5: 235-244.
48. Kshirsagar AV, Craig RG, Moss KL, Beck JD, Offenbacher S, Kotanko P, Klemmer PJ, Yoshino M, Levin NW, Yip JK, Almas K, Lupovici EM, Usvyat LA, Falk RJ: Periodontal disease adversely affects the survival of patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2009; 75: 746-751.
49. Anders HJ, Andersen K, Stecher B: The intestinal microbiota, a leaky gut, and abnormal immunity in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013; 83: 1010-1016.
50. Shi K, Wang F, Jiang H, Liu H, Wei M, Wang Z, Xie L: Gut bacterial translocation may aggravate microinflammation in hemodialysis patients. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59: 2109-2117.
51. Natarajan R, Pechenyak B, Vyas U, Ranganathan P, Weinberg A, Liang P, Mallappallil MC, Norin AJ, Friedman EA, Saggi SJ: Randomized controlled trial of strain-specific probiotic formulation (Renadyl) in dialysis patients. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 568571.
52. Rossi M, Campbell KL, Johnson DW, Stanton T, Vesey DA, Coombes JS, Weston KS, Hawley CM, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JP, Isbel N: Protein-bound uremic toxins, inflammation and oxidative stress: A cross-sectional study in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease. Arch Med Res 2014; 45: 309-317.
53. Icardi A, Paoletti E, De Nicola L, Mazzaferro S, Russo R, Cozzolino M: Renal anaemia and EPO hyporesponsiveness associated with vitamin D deficiency: the potential role of inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 1672-1679.
54. Sterling KA, Eftekhari P, Girndt M, Kimmel PL, Raj DS: The immunoregulatory function of vitamin D: implications in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012; 8: 403-412.
55. Roubicek T, Bartlova M, Krajickova J, Haluzikova D, Mraz M, Lacinova Z, Kudla M, Teplan V, Haluzik M: Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue of patients with end-stage renal disease. Nutrition 2009; 25: 762-768.
56. Kerr JD, Holden RM, Morton AR, Nolan RL, Hopman WM, Pruss CM, Garland JS: Associations of epicardial fat with coronary calcification, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibroblast growth factor-23 in stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14: 26.
57. Nehus E, Furth S, Warady B, Mitsnefes M: Correlates of leptin in children with chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr 2014; 165: 825-829.
58. Martinez Cantarin MP, Keith SW, Waldman SA, Falkner B: Adiponectin receptor and adiponectin signaling in human tissue among patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;pii:gfu249, Epub ahead of print.
59. Friedrich B, Alexander D, Janessa A, Haring HU, Lang F, Risler T: Acute effects of hemodialysis on cytokine transcription profiles: evidence for C-reactive protein-dependency of mediator induction. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 2124-2130.
60. Santoro A, Mancini E: Is hemodiafiltration the technical solution to chronic inflammation affecting hemodialysis patients? Kidney Int 2014; 86: 235-237.
61. Panichi V, Paoletti S, Consani C: Inflammatory pattern in hemodiafiltration. Contrib Nephrol 2008; 161: 185-190.
62. Carrero JJ, Yilmaz MI, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P: Cytokine dysregulation in chronic kidney disease: how can we treat it? Blood Purif 2008; 26: 291-299.
63. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Cano NJ, Budde K, Chazot C, Kovesdy CP, Mak RH, Mehrotra R, Raj DS, Sehgal AR, Stenvinkel P, Ikizler TA: Diets and enteral supplements for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011; 7: 369-384.
64. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, Fouque D, Himmelfarb J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuhlmann MK, Stenvinkel P, TerWee P, Teta D, Wang AY, Wanner C: Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: A consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int 2013; 84: 1096-1107.
65. Eustace JA, Coresh J, Kutchey C, Te PL, Gimenez LF, Scheel PJ, Walser M: Randomized double-blind trial of oral essential amino acids for dialysis-associated hypoalbuminemia. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 2527-2538.
66. Hsu SP, Wu MS, Yang CC, Huang KC, Liou SY, Hsu SM, Chien CT: Chronic green tea extract supplementation reduces hemodialysisenhanced production of hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, atherosclerotic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 1539-1547.
67. Vertolli U, Davis PA, Maso LD, Maiolino G, Naso A, Plebani M, Calo LA: Daily green tea extract supplementation reduces prothrombotic and inflammatory states in dialysis patients. J Funct Foods 2013; 5: 1366-1371.
68. Fanti P, Asmis R, Stephenson TJ, Sawaya BP, Franke AA: Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation-correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 2239-2246.
69. Guebre-Egziabher F, Debard C, Drai J, Denis L, Pesenti S, Bienvenu J, Vidal H, Laville M, Fouque D: Differential dose effect of fish oil on inflammation and adipose tissue gene expression in chronic kidney disease patients. Nutrition 2013; 29: 730-736.
70. Himmelfarb J, Phinney S, Ikizler TA, Kane J, McMonagle E, Miller G: Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2007; 17: 296-304.
71. Li K, Huang T, Zheng J, Wu K, Li D: Effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88103.
72. Shema-Didi L, Sela S, Ore L, Shapiro G, Geron R, Moshe G, Kristal B: One year of pomegranate juice intake decreases oxidative stress, inflammation, and incidence of infections in hemodialysis patients: A randomized placebocontrolled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53: 297-304.
73. Shema-Didi L, Kristal B, Ore L, Shapiro G, Geron R, Sela S: Pomegranate juice intake attenuates the increase in oxidative stress induced by intravenous iron during hemodialysis. Nutr Res 2013; 33: 442-446.
74. Miraghajani MS, Esmaillzadeh A, Najafabadi MM, Mirlohi M, Azadbakht L: Soy milk consumption, inflammation, coagulation, and oxidative stress among type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1981-1985.
75. Krishnamurthy VM, Wei G, Baird BC, Murtaugh M, Chonchol MB, Raphael KL, Greene T, Beddhu S: High dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased inflammation and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2012; 81: 300-306.
76. Di Cerbo A, Pezzuto F, Palmieri L, Rottigni V, Iannitti T, Palmieri B: Clinical and experimental use of probiotic formulations for management of end-stage renal disease: an update. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 45: 1569-1576.
77. Ramezani A, Raj DS: The gut microbiome, kidney disease, and targeted interventions. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25: 657-670.
78. Wei M, Wang Z, Liu H, Jiang H, Wang M, Liang S, Shi K, Feng J: Probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 alleviates bacterial translocation and ameliorates microinflammation in experimental uraemia. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014; 19: 500-506.
79. Stubbs JR, Idiculla A, Slusser J, Menard R, Quarles LD: Cholecalciferol supplementation alters calcitriol-responsive monocyte proteins and decreases inflammatory cytokines in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 353-361.
80. Hansen D, Rasmussen K, Rasmussen LM, Bruunsgaard H, Brandi L: The influence of vitamin D analogs on calcification modulators, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A randomized crossover study. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15: 130.
81. Lohr J, Grotevendt A, Nauck M, Volzke H, Wallaschofski H, Friedrich N: Relation of insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding protein 3 with markers of inflammation: results of a population-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80: 148-154.
82. Carney EF: Chronic kidney disease. Walking reduces inflammation in predialysis CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10: 300.
83. Viana JL, Kosmadakis GC, Watson EL, Bevington A, Feehally J, Bishop NC, Smith AC: Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25: 2121-2130.
84. Gould DW, Graham-Brown MP, Watson EL, Viana JL, Smith AC: Physiological benefits of exercise in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014;19:519-527.
85. Deng J, Wu Q, Liao Y, Huo D, Yang Z: Effect of statins on chronic inflammation and nutrition status in renal dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrology (Carlton) 2012; 17: 545-551.
86. de Vinuesa SG, Goicoechea M, Kanter J, Puerta M, Cachofeiro V, Lahera V, Gomez-Campdera F, Luno J: Insulin resistance, inflammatory biomarkers, and adipokines in patients with chronic kidney disease: effects of angiotensin II blockade. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:S206-S212.
87. Oparil S: Low sodium intake-cardiovascular health benefit or risk? N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 677-679.
88. Campbell KL, Johnson DW, Bauer JD, Hawley CM, Isbel NM, Stowasser M, Whitehead JP, Dimeski G, McMahon E: A randomized trial of sodium-restriction on kidney function, fluid volume and adipokines in CKD patients. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15: 57.
89. Yang SK, Xiao L, Xu B, Xu XX, Liu FY, Sun L: Effects of vitamin E-coated dialyzer on oxidative stress and inflammation status in hemodialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail 2014; 36: 722-731.
90. Hung AM, Ellis CD, Shintani A, Booker C, Ikizler TA: IL-1beta receptor antagonist reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 437-442.
91. Hung AM, Limkunakul C, Placido JS, Siew ED, Ellis CD, Shintani A, Ikizler TA: Administration of IL-1ra improves adiponectin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 2014, Epub ahead of print.
92. Susantitaphong P, Riella C, Jaber BL: Effect of ultrapure dialysate on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, nutrition and anemia parameters: A meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28: 438-446.
93. Ayus JC, Mizani MR, Achinger SG, Thadhani R, Go AS, Lee S: Effects of short daily versus conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy and inflammatory markers: A prospective, controlled study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 2778-2788.
94. Susantitaphong P, Koulouridis I, Balk EM, Madias NE, Jaber BL: Effect of frequent or extended hemodialysis on cardiovascular parameters: A meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 59: 689-699.
95. den Hoedt CH, Bots ML, Grooteman MP, van der Weerd NC, Mazairac AH, Penne EL, Levesque R, ter Wee PM, Nube MJ, Blankestijn PJ, van den Dorpel MA: Online hemodiafiltration reduces systemic inflammation compared to low-flux hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2014; 86: 423-432.
96. Panichi V, Rizza GM, Paoletti S, Bigazzi R, Aloisi M, Barsotti G, Rindi P, Donati G, Antonelli A, Panicucci E, Tripepi G, Tetta C, Palla R: Chronic inflammation and mortality in haemodialysis: effect of different renal replacement therapies. Results from the RISCAVID study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 2337-2343.