Progress in integrating remote sensing data and hydrologic modeling

Progress in Physical Geography

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 464-498

  Xu, Xiaoyong ^a   Li, Jonathan ^a   Tolson, Bryan A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Data assimilation; Evapotranspiration; Land surface and hydrologic models; Leaf index area; Precipitation; Remote sensing; Snow cover; Snow water equivalent; Soil moisture

Indexed keywords

DATA ASSIMILATION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; LEAF AREA INDEX; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); REMOTE SENSING; SNOW COVER; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SOIL MOISTURE;

EID: 84923022592     PISSN: 03091333     EISSN: 14770296     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0309133314536583     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. Abbott MB, Bathurst JC, Cunge JA, et al. (1986) An introduction to the European hydrological system –systeme hydrologique Europeen, ‘SHE’, 2: Structure of a physically-based, distributed modeling system. Journal of Hydrology 87: 61–77.
2. Albergel C, Rudiger C, Carrer D, et al. (2009) An evaluation of ASCAT surface soil moisture products with in-situ observations in southwestern France. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13: 115–124.
3. Andersen FH (2008) Hydrological modeling in a semi-arid area using remote sensing data. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen
4. Andersen J, Dybkjaer G, Jensen KH, et al. (2002) Use of remotely sensed precipitation and leaf area index in a distributed hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology 264: 34–50.
5. Anderson EA (1973) National weather service river forecast system – snow accumulation and ablation model. Technical Memo NWS HYDRO-17. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 217 pp.
6. Andreadis KM and Lettenmaier DP (2006) Assimilating remotely sensed snow observations into a macroscale hydrology model. Advances in Water Resources 29: 872–886.
7. Arnold JG and Fohrer N (2005) SWAT2000: Current capabilities and research opportunities in applied watershed modeling. Hydrological Processes 19: 563–572.
8. Arulampalam MS, Maskell S, Gordon N, et al. (2002) A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 50: 174-188.
9. Bartalis Z, Wagner W, Naeimi V, et al. (2007) Initial soil moisture retrievals from the METOP-A Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). Geophysical Research Letters 34: L20401.
10. Bastiaanssen WGM, Menenti M, Feddes RA, et al. (1998) A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL). 1. Formulation. Journal of Hydrology 213: 198–212.
11. Bates BC, Kundzewicz ZW, Wu S, et al. (eds) (2008) Climate change and water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat.
12. Bengtsson T, Snyder C and Nychka D (2003) Toward a nonlinear ensemble filter for high-dimensional systems. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(D24): 8775-8785.
13. Biggs EM and Atkinson PM (2011) A comparison of gauge and radar precipitation data for simulating an extreme hydrological event in the Severn Uplands, UK. Hydrological Processes 25: 795–810.
14. Bindlish R, Crow WT and Jackson TJ (2009) Role of passive microwave remote sensing in improving flood forecasts. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 6: 112–116.
15. Bindlish R, Jackson TJ, Wood E, et al. (2003) Soil moisture estimates from TRMM microwave imager observations over the Southern United States. Remote Sensing of Environment 85: 507–515.
16. Boegh E, Poulsen RN, Butts M, et al. (2009) Remote sensing based evapotranspiration and runoff modeling of agricultural, forest and urban flux sites in Denmark: From field to macro-scale. Journal of Hydrology 377: 300–316.
17. Boegh E, Thorsen M, Butts MB, et al. (2004) Incorporating remote sensing data in physically based distributed agro-hydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology 287: 279–299.
18. Bonan K, Oleson W, Vertenstein M, et al. (2002) The land surface climatology of the community land model coupled to the NCAR community climate model. Journal of Climate 15: 3123–3149.
19. Borga M (2002) Accuracy of radar rainfall estimates for streamflowsimulation. Journal ofHydrology 267: 26–39.
20. Brasnett B (1999) A global analysis of snow depth for numerical weather prediction. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38: 726–740.
21. Brocca L, Melone F, Moramarco T, et al. (2010) Improving runoff prediction through the assimilation of the ASCAT soil moisture product. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 1881–1893.
22. Butts MB, Overgaard J, Viaene P, et al. (2005) Flexible process-based hydrological modeling framework for flood forecasting-MIKE SHE. Paper presented at the International Conference ‘Innovation, advances and implementation of flood forecasting technology’, 17–19 October, Tromsø, Norway.
23. Chen JM and Cihlar J (1996) Retrieving leaf area index of boreal conifer forests using Landsat TM images. Remote Sensing of Environment 55: 153–162.
24. Chen JM, Chen XY, Ju WM, et al. (2005) Distributed hydrological model for mapping evapotranspiration using remote sensing inputs. Journal of Hydrology 305: 15–39.
25. Clark MP, Slater AG, Barrett AP, et al. (2006) Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models. Advances in Water Resources 29: 1209–1221.
26. Cline DWand Carroll TR (1999) Inference of snow cover beneath obscuring clouds using optical remote sensing and a distributed snow energy and mass balance model. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(D16): 19631–19644.
27. Cole SJ and Moore RJ (2008) Hydrological modeling using raingauge- and radar-based estimators of areal rainfall. Journal of Hydrology 358: 159–181.
28. Cole SJ and Moore RJ (2009) Distributed hydrological modeling using weather radar in gauged and ungauged basins. Advances in Water Resources 32: 1107–1120.
29. Collier CG (2009) On the propagation of uncertainty in weather radar estimates of rainfall through hydrological models. Meteorological Applications 16: 35–40.
30. Crosson WL, Laymon CA, Inguva R, et al. (2002) Assimilating remote sensing data in a surface flux-soil moisture model. Hydrological Processes 16: 1645–1662.
31. Crow WT and Ryu D (2009) A new data assimilation approach for improving runoff prediction using remotely-sensed soil moisture retrievals. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13: 1–16.
32. Crow WT and Wood EF (2003) The assimilation of remotely sensed soil brightness temperature imagery into a land surface model using Ensemble Kalman filtering: A case study based on ESTAR measurements during SGP97. Advances in Water Resources 26: 137–149.
33. Crow W and Zhan X (2007) Continental-scale evaluation of remotely sensed soil moisture products. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 4: 451–455.
34. Crow WT, Bindlish R and Jackson TJ (2005) The added value of spaceborne passive microwave soil moisture retrievals for forecasting rainfall-runoff ratio partitioning. Geophysical Research Letters 32: L18401.
35. Crow WT, Huffman GH, Bindlish R, et al. (2009) Improving satellite-based rainfall accumulation estimates using spaceborne surface soil moisture retrievals. Journal of Hydrometeorology 10: 199–212.
36. Dechant C and Moradkhani H (2011) Radiance data assimilation for operational snow and streamflow forecasting. Advances in Water Resources 34: 351–364.
37. De Lannoy GJM, Reichle RH, Arsenault KR, et al. (2012) Multiscale assimilation of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS snow water equivalent and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer snow cover fraction observations in northern Colorado. Water Resources Research 48: W01522.
38. De Lannoy GJM, Reichle RH, Draper C, et al. (2011) Assimilation of SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals into the Catchment land surface model. Invited presentation at the AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco.
39. De Lannoy GJM, Reichle RH, Houser PR, et al. (2010) Satellite-scale snow water equivalent assimilation into a high-resolution land surface model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 11: 352–369.
40. Derksen C (2008) The contribution of AMSR-E 18.7 and 10.7 GHz measurements to improved boreal forest snow water equivalent retrievals. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 2701–2710.
41. Derksen C, Walker A, Ledrew E, et al. (2003) Combining SMMR and SSM/I data for time series analysis of central North American snow water equivalent. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 304–316.
42. Dietz AJ, Kuenzer C, Gessner U, et al. (2012) Remote sensing of snow – a review of available methods. International Journal of Remote Sensing 33(13): 4094–4134.
43. Dong J, Walker JP, Houser PR, et al. (2007) Scanning multichannel microwave radiometer snow water equivalent assimilation. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: D07108.
44. Dorigo WA, Zurita-Milla R, de Wit AJW, et al. (2007) A review on reflective remote sensing and data assimilation techniques for enhanced agroecosystem modeling. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 9: 165–193.
45. Draper CS, Mahfouf J-F and Walker JP (2009) An EKF assimilation of AMSR-E soil moisture into the ISBA land surface scheme. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D20104
46. Draper CS, Reichle RH, De Lannoy GJM, et al. (2012) Assimilation of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L04401.
47. Droogers P and Kite G (2002) Remotely sensed data used for modeling at different hydrological scales. Hydrological Processes 16: 1543–1556.
48. Ek M, Mitchell K, Yin L, et al. (2003) Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 8851.
49. Evensen G and van Leeuwen PJ (2000) An Ensemble Kalman Smoother for nonlinear dynamics. Monthly Weather Review 128: 1852–1867.
50. Fensholt R, Sandholt I and Rasmussen MS (2004) Evaluation of MODIS LAI, fAPAR and the relation between fAPAR and NDVI in a semi-arid environment using in situ measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 91: 490–507.
51. Foster JL, Sun C, Walker JP, et al. (2005) Quantifying the uncertainty in passive microwave snow water equivalent observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 94: 187–203.
52. Francois C, Quesney A and Ottle C (2003) Sequential assimilation of ERS-1 SAR data into a coupled land surface–hydrological model using an extended Kalman filter. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 473–487.
53. Gao Y, Xie H, Yao T, et al. (2010) Integrated assessment on multi-temporal and multi-sensor combinations for reducing cloud obscuration of MODIS snow cover products of the Pacific Northwest USA. Remote Sensing of Environment 114: 1662–1675.
54. Germann U, Berenguer M, Sempere-Torres D, et al. (2009) REAL-Ensemble radar precipitation estimation for hydrology in a mountainous region. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135: 445–456.
55. Gillijns S and De Moor B (2007) Model error estimation in ensemble data assimilation. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 14: 59–71.
56. Gordon NJ, Salmond DJ and Smith AFM (1993) Novel approach to nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian state estimation. IEEE Proceedings on Radar and Signal Processing 140: 107–113.
57. Grimes DIF and Diop M (2003) Satellite-based rainfall estimation for river flow forecasting in Africa. I: Rainfall estimates and hydrological forecasts. Hydrological Sciences Journal (Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques) 48: 567–584.
58. Guo J, Liang X and Leung LR (2004) Impacts of different precipitation data sources on water budgets. Journal of Hydrology 298: 311–334.
59. Habib E, Aduvala AV and Meselhe EA (2008a) Analysis of radar-rainfall error characteristics and implications for streamflow simulation uncertainty. Hydrological Sciences Journal (Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques) 53: 568–587.
60. Habib E, Malakpet CG, Tokay A, et al. (2008b) Sensitivity of streamflow simulations to temporal variability and estimation of Z-R relationships. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13: 1177–1186.
61. Hall DK, Riggs GA, Salomonson VV, et al. (2002) MODIS snow-cover products. Remote Sensing of Environment 83: 181–194.
62. Han X and Li X (2008) An evaluation of the nonlinear/ non-Gaussian filters for the sequential data assimilation. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 1434–1449.
63. He X, Vejen F, Stisen S, et al. (2011) An operational weather radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation and its application in catchment water resources modeling. Soil Science Society of America 10: 8–24.
64. Houser PR, Shuttleworth WJ, Famiglietti JS, et al. (1998) Integration of soil moisture remote sensing and hydrologic modeling using data assimilation. Water Resources Research 34: 3405–3420.
65. Huete A, Didan K, Miura T, et al. (2002) Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment 83: 195–213.
66. Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Bolvin DT, et al. (2007) The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasi-global, multiyear, combined sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. Journal of Hydrometeorology 8: 38–55.
67. Immerzeel WW and Droogers P (2008) Calibration of a distributed hydrological model based on satellite evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology 349: 411–424.
68. Jackson TJ (1997) Soil moisture estimation using special satellite microwave/imager satellite data over a grassland region. Water Resources Research 33: 1475–1484.
69. Jackson TJ (2005) Estimation of surface soil moisture using microwave sensors. Encyclopedia of Hydrology 54: 799–809.
70. Jacobs JM, Meyers DA and Whitfield BM (2003) Improved rainfall/runoff estimates using remotelysensed soil moisture. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39: 313–324.
71. Jiang L and Islam S (2001) Estimation of surface evaporation map over southern Great Plains using remote sensing data. Water Resources Research 37: 329–340.
72. Joyce RJ, Janowiak JE, Arkin PA, et al. (2004) CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5: 487–503.
73. Kalinga OA and Gan TY (2010) Estimation of rainfall from infrared-microwave satellite data for basin-scale hydrologic modelling. Hydrological Processes 24: 2068–2086.
74. Kamble B and Irmak A (2008) Assimilating remote sensing-based ET into SWAP model for improved estimation of hydrological predictions. IGARSS 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 3: 1036–1039.
75. Kelly R (2009) The AMSR-E snow depth algorithm: Description and initial results. Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan 29: 307–317.
76. Kelly RE, Chang AT, Tsang L, et al. (2003) A prototype AMSR-E global snow area and snow depth algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41: 230–242.
77. Kerr YH, Waldteufel P, Richaume P, et al. (2012) The SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 50: 1384–1403.
78. Kidder SQ and Vonder Haar TH (1995) Satellite Meteorology: An Introduction. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
79. Kite GW and Pietroniro A (1996) Remote sensing applications in hydrological modeling. Hydrological Sciences Journal (Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques) 41: 563–591.
80. Kitzmiller D, Van Cooten S, Ding F, et al. (2011) Evolving multisensor precipitation estimation methods: Their impacts on flow prediction using a distributed hydrologic model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12: 1414–1431.
81. Kolberg S, Rue H and Gottschalk L (2006) A Bayesian spatial assimilation scheme for snow coverage observations in a gridded snow model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10: 369–381.
82. Kongoli C, Dean CA, Helfrich SR, et al. (2007) Evaluating the potential of a blended passive microwaveinteractive multi-sensor product for improved mapping of snow cover and estimations of snow water equivalent. Hydrological Processes 21: 1597–1607.
83. Koster RD, Suarez MJ, Ducharne A, et al. (2000) A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a general circulation model: 1. Model structure. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 24809–24822.
84. Kuchment LS, Romanov P, Gelfan AN, et al. (2010) Use of satellite-derived data for characterization of snow cover and simulation of snowmelt runoff through a distributed physically based model of runoff generation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 339–350.
85. Kumar SV, Reichle RH, Harrison KW, et al. (2012) A comparison of methods for a priori bias correction in soil moisture data assimilation. Water Resources Research 48: W03515.
86. Kummerow C, OlsonWand Giglio K (1996) A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 34: 1213–1232.
87. Leuning R, Zhang Y, Rajaud A, et al. (2008) A simple surface conductance model to estimate evaporation using MODIS leaf area index and the Penman- Monteith equation. Water Resources Research 44: W10419.
88. Li Z-L, Tang R, Wan Z, et al. (2009) A review of current methodologies for regional evapotranspiration estimation from remotely sensed data. Sensors 9: 3801–3853.
89. Liang T, Zhang X, Xie H, et al. (2008) Toward improved daily snow cover mapping with advanced combination of MODIS and AMSR-E measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 3750–3761.
90. Liston G and Hiemstra CA (2008) A simple data assimilation system for complex snow distributions (SnowAssim). Journal of Hydrometeorology 9: 989–1004.
91. Liu T, Willems P, Feng XW, et al. (2012) On the usefulness of remote sensing input data for spatially distributed hydrological modeling: Case of the Tarim River basin in China. Hydrological Processes 26: 335–344.
92. Liu Y and Gupta HV (2007) Uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: Toward an integrated data assimilation framework. Water Resources Research 43: W07401.
93. Liu Y, Weerts AH, Clark M, et al. (2012) Advancing data assimilation in operational hydrologic forecasting: Progresses, challenges, and emerging opportunities. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16: 3863–3887.
94. Loheide SP and Gorelick SM (2005) A local-scale, highresolution evapotranspiration mapping algorithm (ETMA) with hydroecological applications at riparian meadow restoration sites. Remote Sensing of Environment 98: 182–200.
95. Loumagne C, Normand M, Riffard M, et al. (2001) Integration of remote sensing data into hydrological models for reservoir management. Hydrological Sciences Journal (Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques) 46: 89–102.
96. Makkink GF (1957) Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers 11: 277–288.
97. Malakoff DM (1999) Bayes offers ‘new’ way to make sense of numbers. Science 286: 1460–1464.
98. Manninen T, Stenberg P, Rautiainen M, et al. (2005) Leaf area index estimation of boreal forest using ENVISAT ASAR. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43: 2627–2635.
99. Margulis SA, McLaughlin D, Entekhabi D, et al. (2002) Land data assimilation and estimation of soil moisture using measurements from the Southern Great Plains 1997 field experiment. Water Resources Research 38: 1299.
100. Mattia F, Satalino G, Pauwels VRN, et al. (2009) Soil moisture retrieval through a merging of multi-temporal L-band SAR data and hydrologic modeling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13: 343–356.
101. Merlin O, Chehbouni A, Boulet G, et al. (2006) Assimilation of disaggregated microwave soil moisture into a hydrologic model using coarse-scale meteorological data. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7: 1308–1322.
102. Merzouki A, McNairn H and Pacheco A (2011) Mapping soil moisture using RADARSAT-2 data and local autocorrelation statistics. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 4: 128–137.
103. Miller RN, Carter EF and Blue ST (1999) Data assimilation into nonlinear stochastic models. Tellus Series A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 51: 167–194.
104. Moradkhani H (2008) Hydrologic remote sensing and land surface data assimilation. Sensors 8: 2986–3004.
105. Moradkhani H, DeChant CM and Sorooshian S (2012) Evolution of ensemble data assimilation for uncertainty quantification using the particle filter-Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Water Resources Research 48: W12520.
106. Moradkhani H, Hsu K, Hong Y, et al. (2006) Investigating the impact of remotely sensed precipitation and hydrologic model uncertainties on the ensemble streamflow forecasting. Geophysical Research Letters 33: L12107.
107. Moradkhani H, Sorooshian S, Gupta HV, et al. (2005) Dual state-parameter estimation of hydrologic models using ensemble Kalman filter. Advances in Water Resources 28: 135–147.
108. Morsdorf F, Kötz B, Meier E, et al. (2006) Estimation of LAI and fractional cover from small footprint airborne laser scanning data based on gap fraction. Remote Sensing of Environment 104: 50–61.
109. Myneni RB, Hoffman S, Knyazikhin Y, et al. (2002) Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 83: 214–231.
110. Ni-Meister W, Houser PR and Walker JP (2006) Soil moisture initialization for climate prediction: Assimilation of scanning multifrequency microwave radiometer soil moisture data into a land surface model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 111: D20102.
111. Njoku EG, Jackson TJ, Lakshmi V, et al. (2003) Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41: 215–229.
112. Painter TH, Rittger K, McKenzie C, et al. (2009) Retrieval of subpixel snow covered area, grain size, and albedo from MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment 113: 868–879.
113. Parajka J and Blöschl G (2008) The value of MODIS snow cover data in validating and calibrating conceptual hydrologic models. Journal of Hydrology 358: 240–258.
114. Parajka J, Naemi V, Blöschl G, et al. (2009) Matching ERS scatterometer based soil moisture patterns with simulations of a conceptual dual layer hydrologic model over Austria. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13: 259–271.
115. Parajka J, Naemi V, Blöschl G, et al. (2006) Assimilating scatterometer soil moisture data into conceptual hydrologic models at the regional scale. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10: 353–368.
116. Pauwels VRN, Hoeben R, Verhoest NEC, et al. (2002) Improvements of TOPLATS-based discharge predictions through assimilation of ERS-based remotelysensed soil moisture values. Hydrological Processes 16: 995–1013.
117. Pereira-Cardenal SJ, Riegels ND, Berry PAM, et al. (2011) Real-time remote sensing driven river basin modeling using radar altimetry. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15: 241–254.
118. Pham DT (2001) Stochastic methods for sequential data assimilation in strongly nonlinear systems. Monthly Weather Review 129: 1194–1207.
119. Pomeroy JW, Gray DM, Brown T, et al. (2007) The Cold Regions Hydrological Model, a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence. Hydrological Processes 21: 2650–2667.
120. Qin C, Jia Y, Su Z, et al. (2008) Integrating remote sensing information into a distributed hydrological model for improving water budget predictions in large-scale basins through data assimilation. Sensors 8: 4441–4465.
121. Rango A (1994) Application of remote sensing methods to hydrology and water resources. Hydrological Sciences Journal 39: 309–320.
122. Reichle RH (2008) Data assimilation methods in the Earth sciences. Advances in Water Resources 31: 1411–1418.
123. Reichle RH and Koster RD (2004) Bias reduction in short records of satellite soil moisture. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L19501.
124. Reichle RH and Koster RD (2005) Global assimilation of satellite surface soil moisture retrievals into the NASA Catchment land surface model. Geophysical Research Letters 32: L02404.
125. Reichle RH, Entekhabi D and McLaughlin DB (2001a) Downscaling of radio brightness measurements for soil moisture estimation: A four-dimensional variational data assimilation approach. Water Resources Research 37: 2353–2364.
126. Reichle RH, Koster RD, Dong J, et al. (2004) Global soil moisture from satellite observations, land surface models, and ground data: Implications for data assimilation. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5: 430–442.
127. Reichle RH, Koster RD, Liu P, et al. (2007) Comparison and assimilation of global soil moisture retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). Journal of Geophysical Research 112: D09108.
128. Reichle RH, McLaughlin DB and Entekhabi D (2001b) Variational data assimilation of microwave radio brightness observations for land surface hydrology applications. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39: 1708–1718.
129. Reichle RH, McLaughlin DB and Entekhabi D (2002) Hydrologic data assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter. Monthly Weather Review 130: 103–114.
130. Rodell M and Houser PR (2004) Updating a land surface model with MODIS-derived snow cover. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5: 1064–1075.
131. Rodríguez E, Navascués B, Ayuso JJ, et al. (2003) Analysis of surface variables and parameterization of surface processes in HIRLAM. Part I: Approach and verification by parallel runs. HIRLAM Technical Report 58, 52 pp.
132. Rosenthal W and Dozier J (1996) Automated mapping of montane snow cover at subpixel resolution from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. Water Resources Research 32: 115–130.
133. Roy A, Royer A and Turcotte R (2010) Improvement of springtime streamflow simulations in a boreal environment by incorporating snow-covered area derived from remote sensing data. Journal of Hydrology 390: 35–44.
134. Ryzhkov AV, Schuur TJ, Burgess DW, et al. (2005) The Joint Polarization Experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86: 809–824.
135. Safari A and De Smedt F (2008) Streamflow simulation using radar-based precipitation applied to the Illinois River basin in Oklahoma, USA. Paper presented at the Third International Scientific Conference BALWOIS 2008: Water Observation and Information Systems for Decision Support, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 27–31 May.
136. Salvucci GD and Entekhabi D (2011) An alternate and robust approach to calibration for the estimation of land surface model parameters based on remotely sensed observations. Geophysical Research Letters 38: L16404.
137. Seo D, Koren V and Cajina N (2003a) Real-time variational assimilation of hydrologic and hydrometeorological data into operational hydrologic forecasting. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4: 627–641.
138. Seo D, Koren V and Cajina N (2003b) Real-time assimilation of radar-based precipitation data and streamflow observations into a distributed hydrological model. In: Tachikawa Y, Vieux BE and Georgakakos KP (eds) Weather Radar Information and Distributed Hydrological Modelling. IAHS Publication No. 282. Wallingford: IAHS, 138–142.
139. Shu Y (2010) Integrating remote sensing and hydrological modeling for groundwater resources assessment and sustainable use in the North China Plain. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen.
140. Slater AG and Clark MP (2006) Snow data assimilation via an ensemble Kalman filter. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7: 478–493.
141. Stephens GL and Kummerow CD (2007) The remote sensing of clouds and precipitation from space: A review. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64: 3742–3765.
142. Stisen S and Sandholt I (2010) Evaluation of remotesensing-based rainfall products through predictive capability in hydrological runoff modeling. Hydrological Processes 24: 879–891.
143. Stisen S, Jensen KH, Sandholt I, et al. (2008) A remote sensing driven distributed hydrological model of the Senegal River basin. Journal of Hydrology 354: 131–148.
144. Su H, Yang Z-L, Dickinson RE, et al. (2010) Multisensor snow data assimilation at continental scale: The value of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage information. Journal of Geophysical Research 115: D10104.
145. Su H, Yang Z-L, Niu G, et al. (2008) Enhancing the estimation of continental-scale snow water equivalent by assimilating MODIS snow cover with the ensemble Kalman filter. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D08120.
146. Su Z (2002) The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6: 85–99.
147. Sun C, Walker JP and Houser PR (2004) A methodology for snow data assimilation in land surface model. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D08108.
148. Sun X, Mein RG, Keenan TD, et al. (2000) Flood estimation using radar and raingauge data. Journal of Hydrology 239: 4–18.
149. Tang Q and Lettenmaier DP (2010) Use of satellite snowcover data for streamflow prediction in the Feather River Basin, California. International Journal of Remote Sensing 31: 3745–3762.
150. Tang Q, Gao H, Lu H, et al. (2009) Remote sensing: Hydrology. Progress in Physical Geography 33: 490–509.
151. Tekeli AE, Akyurek Z, Sorman AA, et al. (2005) Using MODIS snow cover maps in modeling snowmelt runoff process in the eastern part of Turkey. Remote Sensing of Environment 97: 216–230.
152. Tucker CJ, Pinzon JE, Brown ME, et al. (2005) An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26: 4485–4498.
153. van Leeuwen PJ and Evensen G (1996) Data assimilation and inverse methods in terms of a probabilistic formulation. Monthly Weather Review 124: 2898–2913.
154. Vazifedoust M, van Dam JC, Bastiaanssen WGM, et al. (2009) Assimilation of satellite data into agrohydrological models to improve crop yield forecasts. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30: 2523–2545.
155. Vereecken H, Huisman JA, Bogena H, et al. (2008) On the value of soil moisture measurements in vadose zone hydrology: A review. Water Resources Research 44: W00D06.
156. Verseghy DL (2000) The Canadian Sand Surface Scheme (CLASS): Its history and future. Atmosphere – Ocean 38: 1–13.
157. Verstraeten WW, Veroustraete F and Feyen J (2005) Estimating evapotranspiration of European forests from NOAA-imagery at satellite overpass time: Towards an operational processing chain for integrated optical and thermal sensor data products. Remote Sensing of Environment 96: 256–276.
158. Wagner W, Verhoest NEC, Ludwig R, et al. (2009) Remote sensing in hydrological sciences. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13: 813–817.
159. Walker JP and Houser PR (2001) A methodology for initializing soil moisture in a global climate model: Assimilation of near-surface soil moisture observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(D11): 11761–11774.
160. Wang L and Qu JJ (2009) Satellite remote sensing applications for surface soil moisture monitoring: A review. Frontiers of Earth Science in China 3: 237–247.
161. Xu X, Howard K and Zhang J (2008) An automated radar technique for the identification of tropical precipitation. Journal of Hydrometeorology 9: 885–902.
162. Yang D, Koike T and Tanizawa H (2004) Application of a distributed hydrological model and weather radar observations for flood management in the upper Tone River of Japan. Hydrological Processes 18: 3119–3132.
163. Yang X and Delsole T (2009) Using the ensemble Kalman filter to estimate multiplicative model parameters. Tellus 61A: 601–609.
164. Zaitchik BF and Rodell M (2009) Forward-looking assimilation of MODIS-derived snow-covered area into a land surface model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 10: 130–148.
165. Zhan X, Zheng W, Meng J, et al. (2012) Impact of SMOS soil moisture data assimilation on NCEP-GFS forecasts. EGU General Assembly 2012, 22–27 April, Vienna, p. 12724.
166. Zhang J, Howard K, Langston C, et al. (2011) National Mosaic and multi-sensor QPE (NMQ) system: Description, results and future plans. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92: 1321–1338.
167. Zhang Y and Wegehenkel M (2006) Integration of MODIS data into a simple model for the spatial distributed simulation of soil water content and evapotranspiration. Remote Sensing of Environment 104: 393–408.
168. Zhang YQ, Chiew FHS, Zhang L, et al. (2009) Use of remotely sensed actual evapotranspiration to improve rainfall-runoff modeling in Southeast Australia. Journal of Hydrometeorology 10: 969–980.
169. Zhao H and Fernandes R (2009) Daily snow cover estimation from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder data over Northern Hemisphere land surfaces during 1982–2004. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D05113.
170. Zheng G and Moskal LM (2009) Retrieving leaf area index (LAI) using remote sensing: Theories, methods and sensors. Sensors 9: 2719–2745.
171. Zhou MC, Ishidaira H, Hapuarachchi HP, et al. (2006) Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth–Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River basin. Journal of Hydrology 327: 151–173.
172. Zhou S, Liang X, Chen J, et al. (2004) An assessment of the VIC-3 L hydrological model for the Yangtze River basin based on remote sensing: A case study of the Baohe River basin. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 30: 840–853.