An Internal Mechanism Driving the Alternation of the Eastern Mediterranean Dense/Deep Water Sources

The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns

Volumn 9781118847343, Issue , 2014, Pages 113-137

  Theocharis, Alexander ^a   Krokos, George ^a   Velaoras, Dimitris ^a   Korres, Gerasimos ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Adriatic sea; Aegean Sea; Atmospheric forcing; Deep water formation (DWF) sources; Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed)

Indexed keywords

EARTH SCIENCES;

ADRIATIC SEA; AEGEAN SEA; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; DEEP WATER FORMATION SOURCE; DEEP-WATER FORMATION; EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA; LONG-TERM VARIABILITY; THERMOHALINE; WATER SOURCE;

GEOPHYSICS;

EID: 84922988184     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118847572.ch8     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Beşiktepe, Ş, H. I. Sur, E. Ozsoy, M. A. Latif, T. Oguz, and U. Unluata (1994), Circulation and hydrography of the Sea of Marmara, Progress in Oceanography, 34, 285-334.
2. Bethoux, J. P. (1979), Budgets of the Mediterranean Sea: Their dependence on the local climate and on the characteristics of the Atlantic waters, Oceanologica Acta, 2, 157-163.
3. Beuvier, J., F. Sevault, M. Herrmann, H. Kontoyiannis, W. Ludwig, M. Rixen, E. Stanev, K. Béranger, and S. Somot (2010), Modeling the Mediterranean Sea interannual variability during 1961-2000: Focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, C08017, 27, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005950.
4. Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor (1987), A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model, pp. 1-16, in Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Circulation Models, ed. N. S. Heaps, AGU, Washington, D.C.
5. Borzelli, G. L. E., M. Gačić, V. Cardin, and G. Civitarese (2009), Eastern Mediterranean transient and reversal of the Ionian Sea circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L15108, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039261.
6. Cardin V., M. Bensi, and M. Pacciaroni (2011), Variability of water mass properties in the last two decades in the South Adriatic Sea with emphasis on the period 2006-2009, Continental Shelf Research, 31, 9, 951-965, doi: /10.1016/j.csr.2011.03.002.
7. Chu, P. C. (1991), Geophysics of deep convection and deep water formation in oceans, pp. 3-16 in Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans, ed. P. C. Chu and J. C. Gascard, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
8. Demirov, E., and N. Pinardi (2002), Simulation of the Mediterranean Sea circulation from 1979 to 1993: Part I, The interannual variability, Journal of Marine Systems, 33-34, 23-50, doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00051-9.
9. Déqué M., C. Dreveton, A. Braun, and D. Cariolle (1994), The ARPEGE/IFS atmosphere model: A contribution to the French community climate modeling, Climate Dynamics, 10, 4-5, 249-266, doi: 10.1007/BF00208992.
10. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson (2003), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, Journal of Climate, 16, 571-591, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2.
11. Flather, R. A. (1976), A tidal model of the northwest European continental shelf, Memo. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, 6, (10), 141-164.
12. Gačić, M., G. Civitarese, G. L. Eusebi Borzelli, V. Kovacevic, P.-M. Poulain, A. Theocharis, M. Menna, A. Catucci, and N. Zarokanellos (2011), On the relationship between the decadal oscillations of the northern Ionian Sea and the salinity distributions in the eastern Mediterranean, Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, C12002, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007280.
13. Gačić M., G. L. Eusebi Borzelli, G. Civitarese, V. Cardin, and S. Yari (2010), Can internal processes sustain reversals of the ocean upper circulation? The Ionian Sea example, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L09608, doi: 10.1029/2010GL043216.
14. Georgopoulos, D., A. Theocharis, and G. Zodiatis (1989), Intermediate water formation in the Cretan Sea (South Aegean Sea), Oceanologica Acta, 12, 4, 353-359.
15. Gertman, I., N. Pinardi, Y. Popov, and A. Hecht (2006), Aegean sea water masses during the early stages of the eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (1988-90), Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36, 1841-1859, doi: 10.1175/JPO2940.1.
16. Gill, A. (1982), Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamic, International Geophysics Series, vol. 30, Academic Press, London, p. 662.
17. Herrmann, M. J., and S. Somot (2008), Relevance of ERA40 dynamical downscaling for modeling deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L04607, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032442.
18. Josey, S. A. (2003), Changes in the heat and freshwater forcing of the Eastern Mediterranean and their influence on deep water formation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, C7, 3237, doi: 10.1029/2003JC001778.
19. Josey, S. A., S. Somot, and M. Tsimplis (2011), Impacts of atmospheric modes of variability on Mediterranean Sea surface heat exchange, Journal Geophysical Research, 116, C02032, doi:10.1029/2010JC006685.
20. Kanarska, Y., and V. Maderich (2008), Modeling of seasonal exchange flows through the Dardanelles Strait, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 79, 3, 449-458, doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2008.04.019
21. Klein, B., W. Roether, B. Manca, and A. Theocharis (2000), The evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient during the last decade: The tracer viewpoint, pp. 21-26 in The Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient: Its Origin, Evolution and Impact on the Ecosystem, CIESM Workshop Series., vol. 10, ed. F. Briand, Mediterranean Science Committee, Trieste.
22. Klein, B., W. Roether, B. Manca, D. Bregant, V. Beitzel, V. Kovacevic, and A. Luchetta (1999), The large deep water transient in the Eastern Mediterranean, Deep-Sea Research Part I, 46, 371-414.
23. Kondo, J. (1975), Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 9, 91-112.
24. Kontoyiannis, H., A. Theocharis, E. Balopoulos, S. Kioroglou, V. Papadopoulos, M. Collins, A. F. Velegrakis, and A. Iona, (1999), Water fluxes through the Cretan Arc Straits, Eastern Mediterranean Sea: March 1994 to June 1995, ProgressinOceanography, 44,511-529, doi: 10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00044-0.
25. Korres, G., A. Lascaratos, E. Hatziapostolou, and P. Katsafados (2002), Towards an ocean forecasting system for the Aegean Sea, The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, 8, 2-3, 191-218, doi: 10.1080/1023673029000003534.
26. Kourafalou, V., and K. Tsiaras (2007), A nested circulation model for the North Aegean Sea. Ocean Science, 3, 1, 1-16., doi: 10.5194/os-3-1-2007.
27. Larnicol, G., N. Ayoub, and P. Y. Le Traon (2002), Major changes in Mediterranean Sea level variability from 7 years of TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2 data, Journal of Marine Systems, 33-34, 63-89, doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00053-2.
28. Lascaratos, A., and K. Nittis (1998), A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, C9, 18497-18511.
29. Lascaratos, A., W. Roether, K. Nittis, and B. Klein (1999), Recent changes in the deep water formation and spreading in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Progress in Oceanography, 44, 1-3, 5-36.
30. Lykoussis, V., G. Chronis, A. Tselepides, N. B. Price, A. Theocharis, I. Siokou-Frangou, F. Van Wambeke, R. Danovaro, S. Stavrakakis, G. Duineveld, D. Georgopoulos, L. Ignatiades, A. Souvermezoglou, and F. Voutsinou-Taliadouri (2002), Major outputs of the recent multidisciplinary biogeochemical researches undertaken in the Aegean Sea, Journal of Marine Systems, 33-34, 313-334, doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00064-7.
31. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., B. B. Manca, M. Ribera D'Alcala, A. Theocharis, A. Bergamasco, D. Bregant, G. Budillon, G. Civitarese, D. Georgopoulos, A. Michelato, E. Sansone, P. Scarazzato, and E. Souvermezoglou (1997), A synthesis of the Ionian hydrography, circulation and water mass pathways during POEM-Phase I, Progress in Oceanography, 39, 153-204.
32. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., B. B. Manca, M. Ribera D'Alcala, A. Theocharis, S. Brenner, G. Budillon, and E. Ozsoy (1999), The eastern Mediterranean in the 80s and in the 90s: The big transition in the intermediate and deep circulations, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 29, 365-395.
33. Manca, B. B. (2000), Recent changes in dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean affecting the water characteristics of the adjacent basins, pp. 21-26, in The Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient: Its Origin, Evolution and Impact on the Ecosystem, CIESM Workshop Series, vol. 10, ed. F. Briand, Mediterranean Science Committee, Trieste.
34. Manca, B. B., L. Ursella, and P. Scarazzato (2002), New development of eastern Mediterranean circulation based on hydrological observations and current measurements, Marine Ecology, 23, Supp. 1, 237-257, doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2002.tb00023.x.
35. Mantziafou, A., and A. Lascaratos (2004), An eddy resolving numerical study of the general circulation and deep-water formation in the Adriatic Sea, Deep-Sea Research: Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 51, 7, 921-952, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.006.
36. Marshall, J., and F. Schott (1999), Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models, Reviews in Geophysics, 37, 1-64.
37. Maxworthy, T. (1997), A frictionally and hydraulically constrained model of the convectively driven mean flow in partially enclosed seas, Deep Sea Research, 44, 8, 1339-1354.
38. MEDAR Group (2002), MEDAR/MEDATLAS 2002 Database, Cruise inventory, observed and analyzed data of temperature and bio-chemical parameters, 4 CDROM.
39. Miller, A. R. (1963), Physical oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea: A discourse, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Med., 17, 3, 857-871.
40. Miller, A. R. (1974), Deep convection in the Aegean, in, Processus de formation des eaux oceaniques profondes, Colloques Internationaux du CNRS, 215, 156-163.
41. Miller, A. R., P. Tchernia, H. Charnock, and D. A. McGill (1970), Mediterranean Sea Atlas of Temperature, Salinity, Oxygen Profiles and Data from Cruises R/V Atlantis and R/N Chain with Distribution of Nutrient Chemical Properties, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Atlas Series, vol. 3, pp. 190.
42. Nielsen, J. (1912), Hydrology of the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, in Report of the Danish Oceanographic Expedition 1908-1910 to the Mediterranean and Adjacent Waters, ed. J. Schmidt, pp. 77-192, Andr. Fred. Host & Son, Copenhagen.
43. Nittis, K., A. Lascaratos, and A. Theocharis (2003), Dense water formation in the Aegean Sea: Numerical simulations during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, C9, 8120, doi:10.1029/2002JC001352.
44. Ovchinnikov, I., and Y. Plakhin (1965), Formation of Mediterranean deep water masses, Oceanology, 5, (4), 40-47.
45. Pinardi, N., and A. Navarra (1993), Baroclinic wind adjustment processes in the Mediterranean Sea, Deep Sea Research II, 40, 6, 1299-1326.
46. Pinardi N., G. Korres, A. Lascaratos, V. Roussenov, and E. Stanev (1997), Numerical simulation of the interannual variability of the Mediterranean Sea upper ocean circulation, Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 425-428.
47. Pisacane G., V. Artale, S. Calmanti, and V. Rupolo (2006), Decadal oscillations in the Mediterranean Sea: A result of the overturning circulation variability in the eastern basin?, Climate Research, 31, 257-271.
48. POEM Group (Robinson, A.R., P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, A. Hecht, A. Michelato, W. Roether, A. Theocharis, U. Unluata, N. Pinardi, A. Artegiani, A. Bergamasco, J. Bishop, S. Brenner, S. Christianidis, M. Gačić, D. Georgopoulos, M. Golnaraghi, M. Hausmann, H.-G. Junghaus, A. Lascaratos, M. A. Latif, W. G. Leslie, C. J. Lozano, T. Oguz, E. Ozsoy, E. Papageorgiou, E. Paschini, Z. Rozentroub, E. Sansone, P. Scarazzato, R. Schlitzer, G.-C. Spezie, E. Tziperman, G. Zodiatis, L. Athanassiadou, M. Gerges , and M. Osman) (1992), General circulation of the eastern Mediterranean, Earth-Science Review, 32, 285-309.
49. Pujol, M. I., and G. Larnicol (2005), Mediterranean Sea eddy kinetic energy variability from 11 years of altimetric data, Journal of Marine Systems, 58, 121-142, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.005.
50. Rixen M., J. Beckers, S. Levitus, J. Antonov, T. Boyer, C. Maillard, M. Fichaut, E. Balopoulos, S. Iona, H. Dooley, M. Garcia, B. Manca, A. Giorgetti, G. Manzella, N. Mikhailov, N. Pinardi, and M. Zavatarelli (2005), The western Mediterranean deep water: A proxy for climate change- art. no. L12608, Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L12608, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022702.
51. Roether, W., and R. Schlitzer (1991), Eastern Mediterranean deep water renewal on the basis of chlorofluoromethane and tritium, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 15, 3-5, 333-354.
52. Roether, W., and R. Well (2001), Oxygen consumption in the Eastern Mediterranean. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 48, 6, 1535-1551, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00102-3.
53. Roether, W., B. B. Manca, B. Klein, D. Bregant, D. Georgopoulos, V. Beitzel, V. Kovacevic, and A. Luchetta (1996), Recent changes in eastern Mediterranean deep waters, Science, 271, 333-335.
54. Roether, W., B. Klein, B. B. Manca, A. Theocharis, and S. Kioroglou (2007), Transient eastern Mediterranean deep waters in response to the massive dense-water output of the Aegean Sea in the 1990s, Progress in Oceanography, 74, 540-571, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2007.03.001.
55. Romanski, J., A. Romanou, M. Bauer, and G. Tselioudis (2012), Atmospheric forcing of the eastern Mediterranean transient by mid-latitude cyclones, Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L03703, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050298.
56. Sayi{dotless}n E., C. Eronat, Ş. Uçkaç, and Ş. T. Beşiktepe (2011), Hydrography of the eastern part of the Aegean Sea during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), Journal of Marine Systems, 88, 502-515, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.06.005
57. Schlitzer, R., W. Roether, H. Oster, H-G. Junghans, M. Hausman, H. Johannsen, and A. Michelato (1991), Chloro fluoromethane and oxygen in the eastern Mediterranean, Deep-Sea Research Part , Oceanographic Research Papers, 38, 12, 1531-1551.
58. Somot S., and J. Colin (2008), First step towards a multi-decadal high-resolution Mediterranean sea reanalysis using dynamical downscaling of ERA40, Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, CAS/JSC Working group on numerical experimentation, Report 38, http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/wgne/index.html.
59. Somot, S., F. Sevault, and M. Déqué (2006), Transient climate change scenario simulation of the Mediterranean Sea for the twenty-first century using a high-resolution ocean circulation model. Climate Dynamics, 27, 851-879, doi: 10.1007/s00382-006-0167-z.
60. Spall M. A. (2004), Boundary currents and water mass transformation in marginal seas, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1197-1213.
61. Spall, M. A. (2010), Dynamics of downwelling in an eddyresolving convective basin, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 40, 2341-2347, doi: 10.1175/2010JPO4465.1.
62. Theocharis, A., A. Lascaratos, and S. Sofianos (2002a), Variability in the sea water properties in the Ionian, Cretan and Levantine Seas during the last century, pp. 71-74, in Tracking Long Term Hydrological Changes in the Mediterranean Sea, CIESM Workshop Series., vol. 16, ed. F. Briand, Mediterranean Science Committee, Monaco.
63. Theocharis, A., and D. Georgopoulos (1993), Dense water formation over the Samothraki and Limnos Plateaux in the north Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean Sea), Continental Shelf Research, 13, (8/9), 919-939.
64. Theocharis, A., B. Klein, K. Nittis, and W. Roether (2002b), Evolution and status of the eastern Mediterranean transient (1997-1999), Journal of Marine Systems, 33-34, 91-116, doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00054-4
65. Theocharis, A., D. Georgopoulos, A. Lascaratos, and K. Nittis (1993a), Water masses and circulation in the central region of the eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Ionian, south Aegean, and northwest Levantine, 1986-1987, Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 40, (6), 1121-1142.
66. Theocharis, A., E. Balopoulos, S. Kioroglou, H. Kontoyiannis, and A. Iona (1999a), A synthesis of the circulation and hydrography of the south Aegean Sea and the Straits of the Cretan Arc (March 1994-January 1995), Progress in Oceanography, 44, 469-509.
67. Theocharis, A., K. Nittis, H. Kontoyiannis, E. Papageorgiou, and S. Balopoulos (1999b), Climatic changes in the Aegean Sea influence the eastern Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (1986-1987), Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (11), 1617-1620.
68. Tsimplis, M. N., A. G. P. Shaw, A. Pascual, M. Marcos, M. Pasaric, and L. Fenoglio-Marc (2008), Can we reconstruct the 20th century sea level variability in the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of recent altimetric measurements? in Remote Sensing of the European Seas, ed. V. Barale, and M. Gade, pp. 307-318, Springer, Berlin.
69. Tsimplis, M. N., M. Marcos, B. Pérez, P. Challenor, M. J. Garcia-Fernandez, and F. Raicich (2009), On the effect of the sampling frequency of sea level measurements on return period estimate of extremes-Southern European examples, Continental Shelf Research, 29, 18, 2214-2221, doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.015.
70. Velaoras D., and A. Lascaratos (2010), North-central Aegean Sea surface and intermediate water masses and their role in triggering the eastern Mediterranean Transient, Journal of Marine Systems, 83, 58-66, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.07.001.
71. Vervatis D. V., S. S. Sofianos, and A. Theocharis (2011), Distribution of the thermohaline characteristics in the Aegean Sea related to water mass formation processes (2005-2006 winter surveys), Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, C09034, doi:10.1029/2010JC006868.
72. Vigo, I., D. Garcia, and B. F. Chao (2005), Change of sea level trend in the Mediterranean and Black seas, Journal of Marine Research, 63, 6, 1085-1100, doi: 10.1357/002224005775247607.
73. Vilibić I., and M. Orlić (2002), Adriatic water masses, their rates of formation and transport through the Otranto Strait, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49, 8, 1321-1340, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00028-6.
74. Wüst, G. (1961), On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, 66, 3261-3271.
75. Zavatarelli, M., and G. L. Mellor (1995), A numerical study of the Mediterranean Sea circulation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25, 1384-1414.
76. Zervakis, V., D. Georgopoulos, and P. Drakopoulos (2000), The role of the North Aegean in triggering the recent eastern Mediterranean climatic changes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, C11, 26103-26116.
77. Zore-Armanda, M. (1963), Les masse d'eau de la Mer Adriatique, Acta Adriatica, 10/3, 5-88.
78. Zore-Armanda, M. (1969), Water exchanges between the Adriatic Sea and the eastern Mediterranean, Deep Sea Research, 16, 171-178.