Exposure therapy in OCD: Is there a need for adding cognitive elements?

Exposure Therapy: Rethinking the Model - Refining the Method

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 335-350

  Daflos, Susan ^a   Whittal, Maureen L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922851879     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_19     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Abramowitz, J. S. (1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 583-600.
2. Abramowitz, J. S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative Review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 44-52.
3. Abramowitz, J. S. (1998). Does cognitive-behavioral therapy cure obsessive-compulsive disorder? A meta-analytic evaluation of clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 29(2), 339-355.
4. Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytic review. Romanian Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2(2), 89-104.
5. Abramowitz, J. S., Khandker, M., Nelson, C. A., Deacon, B. J., & Rygwall, R. (2006). The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1361-1374.
6. Abramowitz, J. S., Nelson, C. A., Rygwall, R., & Khandker, M. (2007). The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A longitudinal study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 91-104.
7. Abramowitz, J. S., Taylor, S., & McKay, D. (2005). Potentials and limitations of cognitive treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34(3), 140-147.
8. Ball, S. G., Baer, L., & Otto, M. W. (1996). Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: A quantitative review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(1), 47-51.
9. Boersma, K., den Hengst, S., Dekker, J., & Emmelkamp, P. (1976). Exposure and response prevention in the natural environment: A comparison with obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(1), 19-24.
10. Bouton, M. E. (2004). Context and behavioral processes in extinction. Learning & Memory, 11(5), 485-494.
11. Clark, D. A. (2004a). Cognitive-behavioral theory and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Past contributions and current developments. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), Contemporary cognitive therapy: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 161-183). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Clark, D. A. (2004b). Cognitive-behavioral therapyfor OCD. New York: Guilford Press.
13. Clark, D. A. (2005). Focus on ‘cognition’ in cognitive behavior therapy for OCD: Is it really necessary? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34(3), 131-139.
14. Clark, D. A., & Rhyno, S. (2005). Unwanted intrusive thoughts in nonclinical individuals: Implications for clinical disorders. In D. A. Clark (Ed.), Intrusive thoughts in clinical disorders: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 1-29). New York: Guilford Press.
15. Cottraux, J., Bouvard, M. A., & Maud, M. (2005). Combining pharmacotherapy with cognitive- behavioral interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34(3), 185-192.
16. Cottraux, J., Note, I., Yao, S. N., Lafont, S., Note, B., Mollard, E., et al. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy versus intensive behavior therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy andPsychosomatics, 70(6), 288-297.
17. Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of learning, thinking, and culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Eddy, K., Dutra, L., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2004). A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(8).
19. Emmelkamp, P., & Foa, E. B. (1983). Failures are a challenge. In E. B. Foa & P. Emmelkamp (Eds.), Failures in behavior therapy. New York: Wiley.
20. Emmelkamp, P., Kloek, J., & Blaauw, E. (1992). Obsessive-compulsive disorders. In P. H. Wilson (Ed.), Principles and practice of relapse prevention (pp. 213-234). New York: Guilford Press.
21. Esman, A. (1989). Psychoanalysis in general psychiatry. Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a paradigm. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 37, 319-336.
22. Fals-Stewart, W., Marks, A. P., & Schafer, J. (1993). A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(3), 189-193.
23. Fisher, P. L., & Wells, A. (2005). Experimental modification of beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A test of the metacognitive model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 821-829.
24. Foa, E. B., Abramowitz, J. S., Franklin, M. E., & Kozak, M. J. (1999). Feared consequences, fixity of belief, and treatment outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 30(4), 717-724.
25. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20-35.
26. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1995). DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 90-96.
27. Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1996). Psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. In M. R. Mavissakalian & R. F. Prien (Eds.), Long-term treatments of anxiety disorders (pp. 285309). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
28. Foa, E. B., Liebowitz, M. R., Kozak, M. J., Davies, S., Campeas, R., Franklin, M. E., et al. (2005). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 151-161.
29. Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Ozarow, B. (1985). Behavior therapy with obsessive-compulsives: From theory to treatment. In M. Mavissakalian, S. Turner, & L. Michelson (Eds.), Obsessive- compulsive disorder: Psychological and pharmacological treatment (pp. 49-129). New York: Plenum Press.
30. Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., Rheaume, J., & Letarte, H. (1997). Cognitive—behavioral treatment of obsessive thoughts: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 405-413.
31. Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (1998). Hoarding: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies. In M. A. Jenike, L. Baer, & W. E. Minichiello (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Practical management (3rd ed., pp. 533-554). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Yearbook Medical.
32. Gabbard, G. O. (1994). Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice: The DSM-IV edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
33. Geffken, G. R., Storch, E. A., Gelfand, K. M., Adkins, J. W., & Goodman, W. K. (2004). Cognitive- behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Review of treatment techniques. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 42(12), 44-51.
34. Gunter, R. W., & Whittal, M. L. (2010). Dissemination of cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: Overcoming barriers and improving patient access. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 194-202.
35. Hiss, H., Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1994). Relapse prevention program for treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 801-808.
36. Kobak, K. A., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Katzelnick, D. J., & Henk, H. J. (1998). Behavioral versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology, 136(3), 205-216.
37. Kozak, M. J. (1999). Evaluating treatment efficacy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Caveat practitioner. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 6(4), 422-426. doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(99)80061-3.
38. Kozak, M. J., Liebowitz, M. R., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. In W. K. Goodman, M. V. Rudorfer, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment. Personality and clinical psychology series (pp. 501-530). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
39. Lindsay, M., Crino, R., & Andrews, G. (1997). Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 135-139.
40. McLean, P. D., Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S., Taylor, S., Sochting, I., Koch, W. J., et al. (2001). Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 205-214.
41. McMillan, D., & Lee, R. (2010). A systematic review of behavioral experiments vs. exposure alone in the treatment of anxiety disorders: A case of exposure while wearing the emperor’s new clothes? Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 467-478.
42. Meyer, V. (1966). Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4(4), 273-280.
43. Meyer, V., Levy, R., & Schnurer, A. (1974). The behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. In H. R. Beech (Ed.), Obsessional states. Methuen & Co: Oxford England.
44. Mineka, S., & Zinbarg, R. (2006). A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It’s not what you thought it was. American Psychologist, 61(1), 10-26.
45. Moscovitch, D. A., Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2009). Exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders: Theory and process. In M. M. Antony & M. B. Stein (Eds.), Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders. Oxford library of psychology (pp. 461-475). New York: Oxford University Press.
46. Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
47. O’Sullivan, G., & Marks, I. (1991). Follow-up studies of behavioral treatment of phobic and obsessive compulsive neuroses. Psychiatric Annals, 21(6), 368-373.
48. Rabavilas, A. D., Boulougouris, J. C., & Stefanis, C. (1976). Duration of flooding sessions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(5), 349-355.
49. Rachman, S. J. (1983). Obstacles in the successful treatment of obsessions. In E. B. Foa & P. Emmelkamp (Eds.), Failures in behavior therapy (pp. 35-57). New York: Wiley.
50. Rachman, S. J. (1985). An overview of clinical and research issues in obsessional-compulsive disorders. In M. Mavissakalian, S. Turner, & L. Michelson (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsivedisorder: Psychological and pharmacological treatment. New York: Plenum.
51. Rachman, S. J. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(9), 793-802.
52. Rachman, S. J. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions. In E. Sanavio (Ed.), Behavior and cognitive therapy today: Essays in honor of Hans J. Eysenck (pp. 209-222). Oxford England: Elsevier Science Ltd.
53. Rachman, S. J. (2003). The treatment ofobsessions. New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Rachman, S. J., Hodgson, R., & Marks, I. M. (1971). The treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9(3), 237-247.
55. Rasmussen, S. A., & Tsuang, M. T. (1986). Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(3), 317-322.
56. Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23(5), 571-583.
57. Salkovskis, P. M. (1999). Understanding and treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy: Evolution and prospects. A festschrift in honour of Dr S. Rachman Editor of Behavior Research and Therapy, 37(Suppl 1), S29-S52.
58. Salkovskis, P. M., & Kirk, J. (1997). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In D. M. Clark & C. G. Fairburn (Eds.), Science and practice of cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford medical publications (pp. 179-208). New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Salkovskis, P. M., & Westbrook, D. (1989). Behaviour therapy and obsessional ruminations: Can failure be turned into success? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(2), 149-160.
60. Solem, S., Haland, A. T., Vogel, P. A., Hansen, B., & Wells, A. (2009). Change in metacognitions predicts outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients undergoing treatment with exposure and response prevention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(4), 301-307.
61. Stanley, M. A., & Turner, S. M. (1995). Current status of pharmacological and behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 163-186.
62. Steketee, G., Henninger, N. J., & Pollard, C. A. (2000). Predicting treatment outcomes for obsessive- compulsive disorder: Effects of comorbidity. In W. K. Goodman, M. V. Rudorfer, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment. Personality and clinical psychology series (pp. 257-274). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
63. Teasdale, J. D., & Barnard, P. J. (1993). Affect, cognition, and change: Re-modelling depressive thought. Essays in cognitive psychology; 0959-4779. Hillsdale, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
64. Van Oppen, P., De Haan, E., Van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K., & Van Dyck, R. (1995). Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(4), 379-390.
65. van Oppen, P., & Emmelkamp, P. (2000). Issues in cognitive treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In W. K. Goodman, M. V. Rudorfer, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment. Personality and clinical psychology series (pp. 117-132). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
66. Vogel, P. A., Stiles, T. C., & Gotestam, K. G. (2004). Adding cognitive therapy elements to exposure therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A controlled study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 32(3), 275-290.
67. Whittal, M. L., Robichaud, M., Thordarson, D. S., & McLean, P. D. (2008). Group and individual treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using cognitive therapy and exposure plus response prevention: A 2-year follow-up of two randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 1003-1014.
68. Whittal, M. L., Thordarson, D. S., & McLean, P. D. (2005). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(12), 1559-1576.
69. Whittal, M. L., Woody, S. R., McLean, P. D., Rachman, S. J., & Robichaud, M. (2010). Treatment of obsessions: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(4), 295-303.
70. Wilhelm, S., Steketee, G., & Yovel, I. (2004). Multi-site study of predictors of treatment outcome for OCD. Presented at the annual conference of the obsessive compulsive foundation, Chicago, IL.