A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 729-740

  Sathe, A ^a   Mann, J ^a   Vasiljevic, N ^a   Lea, G ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOTION; ERROR CORRECTION; LIDAR; OPTIMIZATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TURBULENCE; WIND FIELD; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 84922792953     PISSN: 18671381     EISSN: 18678548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/amt-8-729-2015     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Banakh, V. A. and Smalikho, I. N.: Determination of the turbulent energy dissipation rate from lidar sensing data, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 10, 295-302, 1997 a.
2. Banakh, V. A. and Smalikho, I. N.: Estimation of the turbulence energy dissipation rate from the pulsed Doppler lidar data, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 10, 957-965, 1997 b.
3. Banakh, V. A. and Werner, C.: Com puter simulation of coherent Doppler lidar measurement of wind velocity and retrieval of turbulent wind statistics, Opt. Eng., 44, 071205, doi:10.1117/1.1955167, 2005.
4. Banakh, V. A., Smalikho, I. N., Köpp, F., and Werner, C.: Representativeness of wind measurements with a CW Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Appl. Opt., 34, 2055-2067, doi:10.1364/AO.34.002055, 1995 a.
5. Banakh, V. A., Werner, C., Kerkis , N. N., Köpp, F., and Smalikho, I. N.: Turbulence measurements with a CW Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 8, 955-959, 1995 b.
6. Banakh, V. A., Werner, C., K öpp, F., and Smalikho, I. N.: Measurement of turbulent energy dissipation rate with a scanning Doppler lidar, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 9, 849-853, 1996.
7. Banakh, V. A., Smalikho, I. N., Köpp, F., and Werner, C.: Measurements of turbulent energy dissipation rate with a CW Doppler lidar in the atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 16, 1044-1061, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1999)0162.0.CO;2, 1999.
8. Banakh, V. A., Smalikho, I. N., Pichugina, Y. L., and Brewer,W. A.: Representativeness of measurements of the dissipation rate of turbulence energy by scanning Doppler lidar, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 23, 48-54, doi:10.1134/S1024856010010100, 2010.
9. Branlard, E., Pedersen, A. T., Mann, J., Angelou, N., Fischer, A., Mikkelsen, T., Harris, M., Slinger, C., and Montes, B. F.: Retrieving wind statistics from average spectrum of continuouswave lidar, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1673-1683, doi:10.5194/amt-6-1673-2013, 2013.
10. Browning K. A. Wexler, R.: The determination of kinematic properties of a wind field using a Doppler radar, J. Appl. Meteorol. 7 105-113 10.1175/1520-0450(1968)0072.0.CO;2 1968.
11. Clifton, A., Elliott, D., and Courtney, M.: Ground-Based vertically profiling remote sensing for wind resource assessment, Tech. Rep. 15, Internation Energy Agency, 2013.
12. Eberhard, W. L., Cupp, R. E., and Healy, K. R.: Doppler lidar measurements of profiles of turbulence and momentum flux, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 6, 809-819, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1989)0062.0.CO;2, 1989.
13. Frehlich, R.: Coherent Doppler lidar signal covariance including wind shear and wind turbulence, Appl. Opt., 33, 6472-6481, doi:10.1364/AO.33.006472, 1994.
14. Frehlich, R.: Effects of wind turbulence on coherent Doppler lidar performance, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 14, 54-75, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1997)0142.0.CO;2, 1997.
15. Frehlich, R. and Cornman, L.: Estimating spatial velocity statistics with coherent Doppler lidar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Techno., 19, 355-366, doi:10.1175/1520-0426-19.3.355, 2002.
16. Frehlich, R. and Kelley, N.: Measurements of wind and turbulence profiles with scanning Doppler lidar for wind energy applications, IEEE J. Selected Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 1, 42-47, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2008.2001758, 2008.
17. Frehlich, R., Hannon, S. M., and Henderson, S. W.: Performance of a 2-m coherent Doppler lidar for wind measurements, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 11, 1517-1528, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1994)0112.0.CO; 2, 1994.
18. Frehlich, R., Hannon, S. M., and Henderson, S. W.: Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind field statistics, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 86, 233-256, doi:10.1023/A:1000676021745, 1998.
19. Frehlich, R., Meillier, Y., Jensen, M. L., Balsley, B., and Sharman, R.: Measurements of boundary layer profiles in urban environment, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 821-837, doi:10.1175/JAM2368.1, 2006.
20. Frehlich, R., Meillier, Y., and Jensen, M. L.: Measurements of boundary layer profiles with in situ sensors and Doppler lidar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25, 1328-1340, doi:10.1175/2007JTECHA963.1, 2008.
21. Gal-Chen, T., Xu, M., and Eberhard, W. L.: Estimation of atmospheric boundary layer fluxes and other turbulence parameters from Doppler lidar data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18409-18423, doi:10.1029/91JD03174, 1992.
22. Ingber, L.: Simulated Annealing: Practice versus Theory, Math. Comput. Model., 18, 29-57, 1993.
23. Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J.: Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows-Their Structure and Measurement, chap. Acquisition and processing of atmospheric boundary layer data, 254-281, 7, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
24. Kindler, D., Oldroyd, A., Macaskill, A., and Finch, D.: An eight month test campaign of the QinetiQ ZephIR system: Preliminary results, Meteorol. Z., 16, 479-489, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2007/0226, 2007.
25. Kropfli, R. A.: Single Doppler radar measurement of turbulence profiles in the convective boundary layer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 3, 305-314, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1986)0032.0.CO;2, 1986.
26. Lenschow, D. H., Mann, J., and Kristensen, L.: How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 11, 661-673, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1994)0112.0.CO;2, 1994.
27. Lhermitte, R. M.: Note on wind variability with Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 343-346, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1962)0192.0.CO;2, 1962.
28. Lhermitte, R. M.: Note on the observation of small-scale atmospheric turbulence by Doppler radar techniques, Radio Sci., 4, 1241-1246, doi:10.1029/RS004i012p01241, 1969.
29. Mann, J., Cariou, J., Courtney , M., Parmentier, R., Mikkelsen, T., Wagner, R., Lindelow, P., Sjöholm, M., and Enevoldsen, K.: Comparison of 3D turbulence measurements using three staring wind lidars and a sonic anemometer, Meteorol. Z., 18, 135-140, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0370, 2009.
30. Mann, J., Peñ a, A., Bingöl, F., Wagner, R., and Courtney, M. S.: Lidar scanning of momentum flux in and above the surface layer, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 27, 792-806, doi:10.1175/2010JTECHA1389.1, 2010.
31. Nelder J. A. Mead, R. A Simplex Method for Function Minimization. Computer J. 7 308-313 1965.
32. Panofsky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A.: Atmospheric Turbulence, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
33. Peñ a, A., Hasager, C. B., Gryning, S.-E., Courtney, M., Antoniou, I., and Mikkelsen, T.: Offshore Wind Profiling Using Light Detection and Ranging Measurements, Wind Energy, 12, 105-124, doi:10.1002/we.283, 2009.
34. Rao, S.: Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice, John Wiley and Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 4th Edn., 2009.
35. Sathe, A. and Mann, J.: Measurement of turbulence spectra using scanning pulsed wind lidars, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01201, doi:10.1029/2011JD016786, 2012.
36. Sathe, A. and Mann, J.: A review o f turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3147-3167, doi:10.5194/amt-6-3147-2013, 2013.
37. Sathe, A., Gryning, S.-E., and Peña, A.: Comparison of the atmosphe ric stability and wind profiles at two wind farm sites over a long marine fetch in the North Sea, Wind Energy, 14, 767-780, doi:10.1002/we.456, 2011a.
38. Sathe, A., Mann, J., Gottschall, J., and Courtney, M. S.: Can wind lidars measure turbulence?, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 28, 853-868, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-10-05004.1, 2011b.
39. Sathe, A., Mann, J., Barlas, T., Bierbooms, W. A. A. M., and Van Bussel, G. J. W.: Influence of atmospheric stability on wind turbine loads, Wind Energy, 16, 1013-1032, doi:10.1002/we.1528, 2013.
40. Sjö holm, M., Mikkelsen, T., Mann, J., Enevoldsen, K., and Courtney, M.: Spatia l averaging-effects on turbulence measured by a continuous-wave coherent lidar, Meteorol. Z., 18, 281-287, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0379, 2009.
41. Smalikho, I., Kopp, F., and Rahm, S.: Measurement of atmosph eric turbulence by 2-m Doppler lidar, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 22, 1733-1747, doi:10.1175/JTECH1815.1, 2005.
42. Smalikho, I. N.: On measurement of dissipation rate of the turbulent energy with a CW Doppler lidar, Atmos. Ocean. Opt., 8, 788-793, 1995.
43. Smith, D. A., Harris, M., Coffey, A. S., Mikkelsen, T., Jørgensen, H. E., Mann, J., and Danielian, R.: Wind Lidar Evaluation at the Danish Wind Test Site in Høvsø re, Wind Energy, 9, 87-93, doi:10.1002/we.193, 2006.
44. Vasiljevic, N.: A time-space synchro nization of coherent Doppler scanning lidars for 3D measurements of wind fields, Ph.D. Thesis PhD-0027 (EN), Technical University of Denmark, 2014.
45. Wagner, R., Courtney, M., Gottschall, J., and Lindelöw-Marsden, P.: Accounting for the speed shear in wind turbine power performance measurement, Wind Energy, 14, 993-1004, doi:10.1002/we.509, 2011.
46. Wilson, D. A.: Doppler Radar Studies of Boundary LayerWind Profiles and Turbulence in Snow Conditions, in: Proc. 14th Conference on Radar Meteorology, 191-196, Tucson, USA, 1970.