The American Catholic Revolution: How the Sixties Changed the Church Forever

The American Catholic Revolution: How the Sixties Changed the Church Forever

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-224

  Massa, Mark S ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

American catholic; Catholic americans; Long sixties; Reform; Second vatican council

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922728150     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734122.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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86. Phil Berrigan From Camelot to Kent State:The Sixties in the Words of Those Who Lived It, ed. Joan Morrison and Robert K. Morrison (New York: Times Books, 1987), 146.
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189. John Lynch, "Notes on Moral Theology," Theological Studies 25 (1964):223-53.
190. "The doctrine of natural law has no Roman Catholic presuppositions. Its only presupposition is threefold: that man is intelligent, that reality is intelligible, and that reality, as grasped by intelligence, imposes on the will the obligation that it be obeyed in its demands for action or abstention." We Hold These Truths:Catholic Reflections on the American Proposition (Kansas City, MO: Sheed and Ward, 1960), 109.
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195. Theodore Dwight Bozeman, Protestants in an Age of Science: The Baconian Ideal and Ante-Bellum Religious Thought (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977).
196. John T. McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (New York:Norton, 2003), 242-43.
197. John T. Noonan Jr., Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by Catholic Theologians and Canonists (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965), 532.
198. Germain Grisez, Contraception and the Natural Law (Milwaukee, WI: Bruce, 1965), 78-80, 81.
199. Richard McCormick, "Notes on Moral Theology," Theological Studies 26 (1965):640.
200. Grisez, Contraception and the Natural Law, 78.
201. Robert George Defense of Natural Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), chapter 3.
202. Richard McCormick, "The Encyclical Humanae Vitae," Theological Studies 29 (1968):728, 729.
203. Joseph A. Komonchak, "Humanae Vitae and Its Reception: Ecclesiological Reflections," Theological Studies 39 (1978):221-51.
204. Paul VI, Gratia domini, Acta Apostolicae Sedis 61 (1969):715.
205. Komonchak, "Humanae Vitae and Its Reception," 252.
206. Janet Smith, "Pope John Paul II and Humanae Vitae," in Why "Humanae Vitae" Was Right: A Reader, ed. Janet E. Smith (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993), 234.
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210. Smith, "Pope John Paul II and Humanae Vitae," 234.
211. Richard Hofstader, "The Paranoid Style in American Politics," Harper's, November 1964, 77-86.
212. Information Catholique Internationale 183 (January 1, 1963), 1.
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216. "The Response to Human Life," America, September 7, 1968, 162-65.
217. William H. Shannon The Lively Debate: The Response to "Humanae Vitae" (New York:Sheed and Ward, 1970), 147-48.
218. New York Times, July 31, 1968, 1.
219. "Text of the Statement by Theologians," New York Times, July 31, 1968, 16.
220. "Text of the Statement by Theologians," New York Times, July 31, 1968, 16.
221. "Text of the Statement by Theologians," New York Times, July 31, 1968, 16, paragraphs 3 and 4.
222. Mary McGrory, "Dilemmas of Pope and President," America, August 17, 1968, 91.
223. John T. Noonan, "On the Pope's New Encyclical," National Catholic Reporter, August 7, 1968, 1.
224. Patrick Crowley "On the Pope's New Encyclical," 1.
225. Michael Novak, "Frequent, Even Daily Communion," in The Catholic Case for Contraception, ed. Daniel Callahan (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 94.
226. Gregory Baum, "The Right to Dissent," Commonweal 88 (August 23, 1968):553-54.
227. John Haughey, "Conscience and the Bishops," America 119 (October 12, 1968):322.
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229. James Hitchcock, "The Church as Tradition and Institution," Continuum 6 (spring 1968):60-71.
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231. William Clancy, "The Troubling Spirit," Commonweal 88 (August 23, 1968):560-62.
232. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum's Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).
233. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 3, 6.
234. Bernard Haring, The Law of Christ, vol. 1: General Moral Theology, trans. Edwin G. Kaiser (Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1961).
235. Charles Curran, "Invincible Ignorance of the Natural Law According to St. Alphonsus: An Historical-Analytic Study from 1748 to 1765," STD dissertation, Academia Alfonsiana, Rome, 1961.
236. Haring, General Moral Theology, part 2:17-18.
237. Charles Curran, "Masturbation and Objectively Grave Matter: An Exploratory Discussion," Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Convention of the Catholic Theological Society of America (Yonkers, NY: St. Joseph's Seminary, 1967), 21:95-112.
238. Charles Curran, Christian Morality Today: The Renewal of Moral Theology (Notre Dame, IN: Fides Press, 1966), 13-26, 67-76, 107-19, 121.
239. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 32.
240. B. Olmstead, "Father Curran in, out as Theological Society Officer," National Catholic Reporter 3 (June 28, 1967), 1.
241. Charles E. Curran, "Dialogue with Joseph Fletcher," Homiletic and Pastoral Review 67 (July 1967):821-29.
242. "The Ethical Teaching of Jesus," Commonweal 87 (November 24, 1967):248-50.
243. "Sexuality and Sin: A Current Appraisal I," Homiletic and Pastoral Review 68 (September 1968):1005-14.
244. "Sexuality and Sin: A Current Appraisal II," Homiletic and Pastoral Review 69 (October 1968):27-34.
245. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 34.
246. Robert B. Townsend, "Culture, Conflict, and Change: The '67 Strike at Catholic University," at http://mason.gmu.edu/-rtownsend/67strike.Intro.
247. Albert C. Pierce, Beyond One Man: Catholic University, April 17-24, 1967 (Washington, DC: Anawim Press, 1967).
248. Samuel J. Thomas, "A Final Disposition ... One Way or Another: The Real End of the First Curran Affair," Catholic Historical Review 91 (October 2005):714-42.
249. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 34-35.
250. Jean R. Hailey, "Groups Protest Priest's Ouster: Contract Expires August 31. Liberal vs. Conservative," Washington Post, April 19, 1967.
251. William R. MacKaye, "Father Curran's Hazardous Theological Specialty: No Specifics-Three Negatives," Washington Post, April 20, 1967.
252. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 37.
253. Jean R. Haley, "Full Boycott Called at CU after Ouster:Boycott to Protest CU Dismissal," Washington Post, April 20, 1967.
254. Gerald Grant and William R. MacKaye, "Bishops Voted to Fire Curran with 1 Dissent: Only 1 of 24 Bishops Opposed Firing of Curran at Secret Session. Previous Firings Cited 'Heretical Teachings.' Ouster Recommended. 2 Bishops Present," Washington Post, April 21, 1967.
255. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 38.
256. Jean R. Haley, "Faculty Backs Ouster Protest: Student Protest Closes Catholic U.," Washington Post, April 21, 1967.
257. William R. MacKaye, "Impact of Vatican II Is Seen in Walkout: News Analysis," Washington Post, April 22, 1967.
258. Jean R. Haley, "Catholic U Rebellion Laid to Faculty: They Made Mistake," Washington Post, April 22, 1967.
259. John Carmody, "O'Boyle Summons CU Faculty," Washington Post, April 24, 1967.
260. Jim Hoagland, "Catholic University Boycott Goes on without Break," Washington Post, April 23, 1967.
261. Jean R. Haley, "Catholic U Reinstates Fr. Curran: Priest Promoted. Classes for 6600 to Resume Today," Washington Post, April 25, 1967.
262. Gerald Grant, "Fight for Academic Freedom Still Wide Open at Catholic U: News Analysis," Washington Post, April 26, 1967.
263. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 56, 58.
264. "News Release by Carroll A. Hochwalt, Chairman of the Board of Trustees," in John F. Hunt et al., The Responsibility of Dissent: The Church and Academic Freedom (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1969), 206-7.
265. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 62.
266. Charles Curran, Robert E. Hunt, et al., Dissent in and for the Church: Theologians and "Humanae Vitae" (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1969), 221.
267. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 63.
268. Curran, Loyal Dissent, 66.
269. Joseph Byron, "The Case of the Washington Nineteen: A Search for Justice," in Judgment in the Church, ed. William Bassett and Peter Huizing (New York: Seabury, 1971), 104-12.
270. Andrew Greeley, The Catholic Myth: The Behavior and Beliefs of American Catholics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990), 91, 92.
271. Andrew Greeley, Crisis in the Church: A Study of Religion in America (Chicago:Thomas More Press, 1979), 13.
272. Greeley, Catholic Myth, 95.
273. Dan L. Thrapp, "Order of Nuns Here Plans to Modernize Dress and Ideas," Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1967.
274. "Reforms Planned by Nuns on Coast," New York Times, October 27, 1967.
275. Harvey Cox, "Corita: Celebration and Creativity," in Sister Corita, ed. Corita Kent and Harvey Cox (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1968), 17.
276. "California Order Tests Liberal Rules That Would Let Sisters Pick Their Jobs," National Catholic Reporter 4 (October 25, 1967):7.
277. Thrapp, "Order of Nuns Here," 1.
278. "Decree on the Appropriate Renewal of Religious Life" (Perfectae Caritatis), in The Documents of Vatican II, ed. Walter Abbott (New York: Herder and Herder, 1966), 466-85.
279. Mary Augusta Neal, Catholic Sisters in Transition: From the 1960s to the 1980s (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazer, 1984), 18, 20.
280. Mary Ewens, "Women in the Convent," in American Catholic Women: A Historical Exploration, ed. Karen Kennelly (New York:Macmillan, 1989), 25-35.
281. Mary Schneider, "The Transformation of American Women Religious: The Sister Formation Movement as Catalyst, 1954-64" (Working Paper Series 17, no. 1, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, University of Notre Dame, 1986).
282. "Decree on the Renewal of Religious Life" (Vatican II), no. 17 (478), no. 20 (479-80).
283. "Decree on the Renewal," 478, italics added.
284. Anita M. Caspary, Witness to Integrity: The Crisis of the Immaculate Heart Community of California (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2003), 21-23.
285. Thrapp, "Order of Nuns Here," 1, 8.
286. "Told to Quit Schools, L.A. Nuns Say," National Catholic Reporter, January 17, 1968, 1, 7.
287. "Archdiocese Silent on Report Nun Teachers Will Be Fired," Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1967, section 2, p. 1.
288. "Nuns Debate with Cardinal Explained by Head of Order," Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1967, 1, 14.
289. "McIntyre Looks to Rome in Nun Dispute," Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1967, 3.
290. "New L.A. Lay Association Sides with Nuns in Dispute," National Catholic Reporter, January 24, 1968, 5.
291. "13 Jesuits Praise L.A. Nuns' Renewal," National Catholic Reporter, January 31, 1968, 10.
292. "Nuns Appeal to Pope to Press Liberal Practices," New York Times, March 12, 1968, 37.
293. "Fighting Nuns," Newsweek, April 1, 1968, 100.
294. "What to Wear?" Newsweek, February 16, 1968, 73.
295. "Vatican Is Entering Dispute over Nuns on Coast," New York Times, April 17, 1968, 53.
296. "Answer to Petition," New York Times, April 17, 1968, 53.
297. "Vatican Rules against IHM Nuns on Changes Opposed by McIntyre," National Catholic Reporter, March 13, 1968, 1, 12.
298. "IHM Nuns Put Off Compliance; Other Sisters Organize Support," National Catholic Reporter, March 20, 1968, 1, 6.
299. "3000 Sisters Support IHMs," National Catholic Reporter, March 27, 1968, 1, 12.
300. "IHM Split Authorized, Sisters to Pick Group," National Catholic Reporter, June 19, 1968, 3.
301. "Ultimatum to Nuns," Newsweek, June 21, 1968, 61.
302. "Whatever Happened to the IHMs?" National Catholic Reporter, April 7, 1971, 1, 8.
303. Ewens, "Women in the Convent," 24-25.
304. Marian Sharples, All Things Remain in God (Los Angeles: privately printed, 1963), 48.
305. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 15-16.
306. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 16.
307. Sharples, All Things Remain in God, 180-210.
308. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 17.
309. Sharples, All Things Remain, 105, 205, 208, 213-14.
310. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 17-18.
311. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 19.
312. "Decree on the Up-to-Date Renewal of Religious Life" (Perfectae Caritatis), in Vatican II: The Conciliar and Post-Conciliar Documents, ed. Austin Flannery (Northport, NY: Costello, 1981), no. 4, 613, italics added.
313. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 24.
314. Michael V. Gannon, "Before and after Modernism: The Intellectual Isolation of the American Priest," in The Catholic Priest in the United States: Historical Investigations, ed. John Tracy Ellis (Collegeville, MN: St. John's University Press, 1971).
315. Thomas J. Shelley, Dunwoodie: The History of St. Joseph's Seminary (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1993), 213.
316. John Cooney, The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman (New York: Times Books, 1984), 78.
317. Cooney, American Pope, 88-90.
318. George Barry Ford, A Degree of Difference (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1969), 105, 108-13.
319. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 59.
320. Cooney, American Pope, 78.
321. Ford, A Degree of Difference, 158.
322. Vincent Yzermans, ed., American Participation in the Second Vatican Council (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967), 11.
323. Weber, His Eminence of Los Angeles, 1:11.
324. Shelley, Dunwoodie, 393, n. 26.
325. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 62.
326. Weber, His Eminence, 2:571.
327. "Pope Sees Cardinal McIntyre," New York Times, October 1, 1964, 25.
328. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 51-52.
329. "Minutes of the IHM General Council, November 12, 1965," Archives of the Immaculate Heart Community, Los Angeles.
330. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 67-68.
331. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 69-70.
332. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 71-72.
333. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 75.
334. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 78-79.
335. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 80.
336. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 104.
337. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 113.
338. Caspary, Witness to Integrity, 119-22.
339. Helen Rose Ebaugh, Women in the Vanishing Cloister (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 139.
340. Jo Ann McNamara, Sisters in Arms (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 640.
341. John Seidler and Katherine Meyer, Conflict and Change in the Catholic Church (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989), 80.
342. James P. Shannon, Reluctant Dissenter (New York: Crossroads, 1998), 130.
343. "To Be Beautiful, Human and Christian: The IHMs and the Routinization of Charisma," in Catholics and American Culture: Fulton Sheen, Dorothy Day, and the Notre Dame Football Team (New York:Crossroads, 1999), 172.
344. John W. O'Malley, What Happened at Vatican II? (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), 36-43, 299-302.
345. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition, 100-600, vol. 1 of The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Christian Doctrine (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1971), 16-21.
346. Robert Hannah, Greek and Roman Calendars: The Construction of Time in the Classical World (London: Gerald Duckworth, 2005).
347. Roger T. Beckwith, Calendar, Chronology, and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity (Boston: Brill, 2005).
348. Terrence Tilley's History, Theology, and Faith:Dissolving the Modern Problematic (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2004).
349. "Gnosticism" in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
350. Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
351. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom, 600-1700 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 13.
352. Van A. Harvey, Handbook of Theological Terms (New York: Macmillan, 1964).
353. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Viking, 2003), 3-50.
354. Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform, 1250-1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 22-72.
355. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), part 1, "The Work of Reform," especially 61-89.
356. Hubert Jedin, History of the Council of Trent, 2 vols., trans. Ernest Graf (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1957-61).
357. John W. O'Malley, Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
358. Klaus Schultz, Papal Primacy from Its Origins to the Present (Collegeville, MN:Liturgical Press, 1996), 128-74.
359. Jeffrey von Arx, Varieties of Ultramontanism (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1997).
360. Alex Vidler, The Modernist Movement in the Roman Church (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1934).
361. Bernard Reardon, Roman Catholic Modernism (London: A&C Black, 1970).
362. Gabriel Daly, Transcendence and Immanence: A Study of Catholic Modernism and Integralism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).
363. Thomas Loome, Liberal Catholicism, Reform Catholicism, Modernism: A Contribution to a New Orientation in Modernist Research, at www.findarticles.com/articles/mi_hb050/is_200203.
364. Pius X, "Syllabus Condemning the Errors of the Modernists" Lamentabili Sane, issued on July 3, 1907, at www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10.
365. James C. Livingston and Francis Schussler Fiorenza, eds., Modern Christian Thought (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000), 2:198-205.
366. Gerald McCool, Catholic Theology in the Nineteenth Century: The Search for a Unitary Method (New York: Seabury Press, 1977), 216-40.
367. James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 12.
368. Donald H. Meyer, "American Intellectuals and the Victorian Crisis of Faith," American Quarterly 27 (1975):585-602.
369. Paul Carter, The Spiritual Crises of the Gilded Age (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971), 14.
370. Sheila Greeve Davaney, Historicism: The Once and Future Challenge for Theology (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2006).
371. Ernst Cassirer, The Problem of Knowledge (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), 170.
372. R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 302.
373. Charles Beard and Alfred Vaghts, "Currents of Thought in Historiography," American Historical Review 42 (1937):460-87.
374. Friedrich Meinecke, Historism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook (London:Routledge, 1972), 295.
375. Carl Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), 18.
376. Frederick M. Barnard, Herder on Nationality, Humanity, and History (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2003), 105-30.
377. Hans Meyerhoff, The Philosophy of History in Our times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959), 10.
378. Georg Iggers, The German Conception of History (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), 30.
379. Ludwig Feuerbach, Sämtliche Werke, 2 vols. (Leipzig: O Wigand, 1848-66), 2:143-44.
380. Georg Iggers, "Historicism," in Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973), 2:457.
381. Meyerhoff, Philosophy of History, 12.
382. Karl Marx, "Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law," in Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Science, ed. Lloyd D. Easton and Kurt Guddut (Garden City, NY:Doubleday, 1967), 96-105.
383. Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971), 5-23.
384. Willis Glover, Evangelical Nonconformists and Higher Criticism in the Nineteenth Century (London: Independent Press, 1954), 12-13.
385. Moore, Post-Darwinian Controversies, 15.