A Framework for Studying the Learning Outcomes of Chinese Outbound Group Tourists

Journal of China Tourism Research

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 445-458

  Philip, L Pearce ^a   Huan, Lu ^a  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chinese group tourists; facts; learning; memory; values

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922686033     PISSN: 19388160     EISSN: 19388179     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19388160.2011.627027     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Ajzen, I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179-211.
2. Arita, S., Edmonds, C., La Croix, S. and Mak, J. 2009. The impact of approved destination status on Chinese travel abroad: An economic analysis, Manoa, HI: University of Hawaii at Manoa.
3. Aughton, P. 2007. Voyages that changed the world, London, England: Quercus.
4. Biggs, J. B. 2003. Teaching for quality learning at university, 2nd, Phildelphia, PA: Society for Research into Higher Education.
5. Blainey, G. 2004. A very short history of the world, Camberwell, Australia: Penguin.
6. Boring, E. G. 1950. A history of experimental psychology, 2nd, New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts.
7. Bowen, D. and Clarke, J. 2009. Contemporary tourist behaviour, Wallingford, Oxon, England: CABI.
8. Brodsky-Porges, E. 1981. The grand tour travel as an educational device 1600-1800. Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2): 171-186.
9. Cai, L., Li, M. and Knutson, B. 2007. Research on China outbound market: A metareview. Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 16(1/2): 5-20.
10. Chaucer, G. 1951. The Canterbury Tales, London, UK: Penguin Classics.
11. Clarke, I. F. 1986. Travellers and tourists: The grand tour. Tourism Management, 7(2): 135-138.
12. Cleermans, A. 1993. Mechanisms of implicit learning, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Creel, H. G. 1960. Confucius and the Chinese way, New York, NY: Harper.
14. deBotton, A. 2009. A week at the airport: A Heathrow diary, London, England: Profile.
15. Diamond, J. 1998. Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody in the last 13,000 years, London, England: Vintage.
16. Etzion, D. 2003. Annual vacation: Duration of relief from job stressors and burnout. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 16(2): 213-226.
17. Falk, J. H. 2009. "The learning tourist: The role of identity-related visit motivations". In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Coastal and Marine Tourism, Edited by: Myles, P. 35-45. Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa: CMT 2009.
18. Falk, J. H. and Dierking, L. D. 2000. Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
19. Falk, J. H. and Storksdieck, M. 2005. Using the contextual model of learning to understand visitor learning from a science center exhibition. Science Education, 89(5): 744
20. Fan, Y., Zhang, X. and Wang, Y. 2008. Confucian tourism thoughts: A study review and reexamination. Tourism Tribune, 12: 77-81.
21. Farsides, T. and Woodfield, R. 2003. Individual differences and undergraduate academic success: The roles of personality, intelligence and application. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(7): 1225-1243.
22. Gmelch, G. 1997. Crossing cultures: Student travel and personal development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(4): 475-490.
23. Goeldner, C. R. and Ritchie, J. R. B. 2003. Tourism, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
24. Gump, B. and Matthews, K. 2000. Are vacations good for your health? The 9-year mortality experience after the multiple risk intervention trial. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(5): 608-612.
25. Gunn, C. 2004. Western tourism: Can paradise be reclaimed?, New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
26. Hansel, B. 1998. Developing an international perspective in youth through exchange programs. Education and Urban Society, 20(2): 177-195.
27. Hibbert, C. 1969. The grand tour, London, England: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Limited.
28. Hsu, C. H. C., Huang, J. and Huang, S. 2010. "Tourism and hospitality research in Mainland China: Trends from 2000 to 2008". In Tourism reserach: A 20-20 vision, Edited by: Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R. W. 145-160. Oxford, England: Goodfellow Publisher Limited.
29. Jafari, J. 2005. Bridging out, nesting afield: Powering a new platform. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 16(2): 1-5.
30. Kozak, M. 2001. "A critical review of approaches to measure satisfaction with tourist destinations". In Consumer psychology of tourism hospitality and leisure, Edited by: Mazanec, J. A., Crouch, G., Ritchie, J.R. B. and Woodside, A. Vol. 2, 303-320. Wallingford, Oxon, England: CABI Publishing.
31. Langer, E. J. 1989. Mindfulness, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman.
32. Langer, E. J. 2009. Counterclockwise: Mindfulhealth and the power of possibility, NewYork, NY: Ballantine Books.
33. Li, Q. 2007. Travel following a right principle-Confucius'tour thought. Yinshan Academic Journal (Social Science Edition), 4: 39-42.
34. Li, S. 2008. Culture as a major determinant in tourism development in china. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(6): 492-513.
35. Li, X., Harrill, R., Uysal, M., Burnett, T. and Zhan, X. 2010. Estimating the size of the Chinese outbound travel market: A demand-side approach. Tourism Management, 31(2): 250-259.
36. Martin, G. N., Carlson, N. R. and Buskist, W. 2007. Psychology, 3rd, Harlow, England: Pearson.
37. Menzies, G. 2002. 1421 The year China discovered the world, London, England: Bantam.
38. Menzies, G. 2008. 1434 The year a magnificent Chinese fleet sailed to Italy and ignited the Renaissance, London, England: Harper.
39. Mok, C. and Defranco, A. 2000. Chinese cultural values: Their implications for travel and tourism marketing. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 8(2): 99-114.
40. Pearce, P. L. 1981. Route maps: A study of travellers' perception of a section of countryside. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1: 141-155.
41. Pearce, P. L. 1990. The backpacker phenomenon: Preliminary answers to basic questions, Townsville, Australia: James Cook University of North Queensland.
42. Pearce, P. L. 1999. Touring for pleasure: Studies of the senior self-drive travel market. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(1): 35-42.
43. Pearce, P. L. 2005. Tourist behaviour: Themes and conceptual schemes, Clevedon, England: Channel View.
44. Pearce, P. L. 2008. "In search of the Chinese people: Cross-cultural vignettes". In Experiencing China: Travel stories by tourism experts, Edited by: Song, H. and Chon, K. 215-235. Hong Kong, China: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
45. Pearce, P. L., Filep, S. and Ross, G. 2011. Tourists, tourism and the good life, New York, NY: Routledge.
46. Pearce, P. L. and Foster, F. 2007. A "university of travel": Backpacker learning. Tourism Management, 28(5): 1285-1298.
47. Pearce, P. L., Murphy, L. and Brymer, E. 2009. Evolution of the backpacker market and the potential for Australian Tourism, Brisbane, Australia: CRC Sustainable Tourism.
48. Pudney, J. 1954. The Thomas cook story, London, England: Michael Joseph.
49. Reisinger, Y. and Turner, L. 1998. Cultural differences between Mandarin-speaking tourists and Australian hosts and their impact on cross-cultural tourist-host interaction. Journal of Business Research, 42(2): 175-187.
50. Reisinger, Y. and Turner, L. 2003. Cross-cultural behaviour in tourism, Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
51. Roggenbuck, J. W., Loomis, R. J. and Dagostino, J. V. 1991. "The learning benefits of leisure". In Benefits of leisure, Edited by: Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J. and Pesterson, G. L. 195-214. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
52. Sax, J. L. 1980. Mountains without handrails, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
53. Smith, S. and Lee, H. 2010. "A typology of "theory" in tourism". In Tourism research: A 20-20 vision, Edited by: Pearce, D. G. and Butler, R. 28-39. Oxford, England: Goodfellow.
54. Sparks, B. and Pan, G. W. 2009. Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4): 483-494.
55. Storksdieck, M., Ellenbogen, K. and Heimlich, J. E. 2005. Changing minds? Reassessing outcomes in free-choice environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 11(3): 353-369.
56. Strauss-Blasche, G., Reithofer, B., Schobersger, W., Ekmekcioglu, C. and Marktl, W. 2005. Effect of vacation on health: Moderating factors of vacation outcome. Journal of Travel Medicine, 12(2): 94-101.
57. Towner, J. 1984. The grand tour: Sources and a methodology for an historical study of tourism. Tourism Management, 5(3): 215-222.
58. Towner, J. 1985. The grand tour: A key phase in the history of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(3): 297-333.
59. Towner, J. 1996. An historical geography of recreation and tourism in the Western world 1540-1940, Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
60. Towner, J. 2000. "History". In Encyclopedia of tourism, Edited by: Jafari, J. 278-280. London, England: Routledge.
61. Tulving, E. 1983. Elements of episodic memory, Oxford, England: Clarendon.
62. Tulving, E. 1984. "Multiple learning and memory systems". In Psychology in the 1990's, Edited by: Lagerspetz, K. M. J. and Niemi, P. 163-184. North-Holland, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
63. Twain, M. 1967. The innocents abroad, New York, NY: Airmont. Original work published 1869
64. Um, S. and Crompton, J. L. 1990. Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3): 432-448.
65. Urry, J. 1990. The tourist gaze: Leisure and travel in contemporary societies, London, England: Sage.
66. Wang, Y. and Sheldon, P. J. 1995. The sleeping dragon awakes: The outbound Chinese travel market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 4(4): 41-54.
67. Ward, J. 2000. XuXiake (1586-1641): The art of travel writing, London, England: Routledge.
68. Watts, J. 2010. When a billion Chinese jump, London, England: Faber and Faber.
69. Westman, M. and Etzion, D. 2001. The impact of vacation and job stress on burnout and absenteeism. Psychology & Health, 16(5): 595-606.