Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology

Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-352

  Roberts, Robert C ^a   Wood, W Jay ^b  

^a BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WHEATON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Education; Emotions; Epistemology; Knowledge; Practice; Virtue; Will

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922616820     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283675.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (120)

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2. John Benson, "Who Is the Autonomous Man?", Philosophy 58 (1983): 5-17, p. 13.
3. Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson, and Raymond de Vries, "Scientists Behaving Badly", Nature 435 (9 June 2005): 737-8)
4. See Mark Murphy, An Essay on Divine Authority (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).
5. Reported in Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).
6. Peter Goldie, The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 174.
7. See the stories of these and other "great souls" in David Aikman, Great Souls: Six Who Changed the Century (Nashville: W. Publishing Group, 1998).
8. Stanley Milgram, "Behavioural Study of Obedience", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67: (1963): 371-8, p. 375; see pp. 376-7.
9. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd rev. edn, trans. by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Continuum: 1989), p. 279.
10. Richard Feynman, You Must Be Joking, Mr. Feynman, as told to Ralph Leighton, ed. Edward Hutchings (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 341.
11. Robert Nozick, The Examined Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), pp. 12-13.
12. W. H. Auden, "The Joker in the Pack", in The Dyer's Hand (New York:Vintage International, 1989), pp. 246-72.
13. Richard Rorty, "Universality and Truth", in Robert B. Brandom (ed.), Rorty and his Critics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2000), pp. 21-2.
14. Richard Rorty, "Orwell on Cruelty", in Contingency, Solidarity, and Irony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 178.
15. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 27.
16. Albert Einstein, quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 83.
17. Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 167.
18. C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2000), p. 183.
19. W. K. Clifford, "The Ethics of Belief", in The Ethics of Belief and Other Essays (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999), p. 77.
20. William James, "The Will to Believe", in The Will to Believe and Other Essays (New York: Dover Publications, 1956), pp. 18-19.
21. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W. D. Ross, rev. J. O. Urmson and J. L. Ackrill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 3 (1094b25-7).
22. Edmund Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis 23 (1963):121-3.
23. Bas van Fraasen, "The False Hopes of Traditional Epistemology", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60 (2000): 253-80.
24. Susan Haack, "Recent Obituaries of Epistemology", American Philosophical Quarterly 27 (1990): 199-212.
25. "Overcoming Epistemology", in Kenneth Baynes, James Bohman, and Thomas McCarthy (eds), After Philosophy, End or Transformation, (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987), p. 465.
26. See the essays collected in Ernest Sosa, Knowledge in Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
27. Linda Zagzebski, Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
28. Loraine Code, Epistemic Responsibility (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987).
29. James Montmarquet, Epistemic Virtue and Doxastic Responsibility (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993).
30. We will pursue this thesis further in Ch. 4; we developed it in a somewhat different direction in R. C. Roberts and W. J. Wood, "Proper Function, Emotion, and Virtues of the Intellect", Faith and Philosophy 21 (2004): 3-24.
31. Alvin Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
32. Linda Zagzebski, "What is Knowledge?", in John Greco (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 92-116, p. 104.
33. John Greco, "Knowledge as Credit for True Belief", in Michael DePaul and Linda Zagzebski (eds), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 111-34.
34. For an illuminating exposition of Wittgenstein's notion of family resemblances, see Renford Bambrough, "Universals and Family Resemblances", in George Pitcher (ed.), Wittgenstein: The Philosophical Investigations (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 186-204.
35. Several years ago Jonathan Kvanvig said something similar. See The Intellectual Virtues and the Life of the Mind: On the Place of the Virtues in Contemporary Epistemology (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1992), p. 187.
36. Nicholas Wolterstorff, John Locke and the Ethics of Belief (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996).
37. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Of the Conduct of the Understanding, ed. Ruth W. Grant and Nathan Tarcov (Indianapolis:Hackett, 1996).
38. Simon Blackburn, "Reason, Virtue, and Knowledge", in Abrol Fairweather and Linda Zagzebski (eds), Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic Virtue and Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 15-29.
39. Zagzebski, Virtues of the Mind, pp. 77-80 and passim.
40. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. W. D. Ross, rev. J. O. Urmson and J. L. Ackrill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 1103 b 26-29, p. 30.
41. See Robert C. Roberts, "Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein, and a Method of 'Virtue Ethics'", in Merold Westphal and Martin Matustik (eds), Kierkegaard in Post/Modernity (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 142-66.
42. See Thomas Gilovich, How We Know What Isn't So (New York: Free Press, 1991), pp. 11-16.
43. See Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. W. D. Robson-Scott, rev. and ed. James Strachey (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964).
44. Ernest Sosa, Knowledge in Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 274.
45. Some material in this subsection has been adapted from Robert C. Roberts and W. Jay Wood, "Proper Function, Emotion, and Virtues of the Intellect", Faith and Philosophy 21 (2004): 3-24.
46. Alvin Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 12.
47. William Alston, "Epistemic Desiderata", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53 (1993): 527-51; pp. 541-2.
48. Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, pp. 48-55.
49. Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), ch. 11.
50. Peter Goldie, On Personality (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 19.
51. Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript, I, trans. Howard Hong and Edna Hong (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 629-30.
52. Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, in Thomas Reid's Inquiry and Essays, ed. R. Beanblossom and K. Lehrer (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), ch. 6, sec XX, p. 87.
53. Catherine Z. Elgin, "Take it from Me: The Epistemological Status of Testimony", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 65 (2002): 291-308.
54. See Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, pp. 11-17.
55. See John Locke, Of the Conduct of the Understanding; ed. Ruth W. Grant and Nathan Tarcov (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996)
56. George Eliot, Middlemarch (New York: Book of the Month Club, 1992), Book I, ch. 2.
57. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. Rosemary Edmonds (New York:Penguin Books, 1954), Part 1, ch. 3.
58. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 73.
59. Martha Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press: 1994), p. 285. Our information about Sextus's view derives from Nussbaum's excellence discussion.
60. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 81-2.
61. Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (Harmonds-worth: Penguin, 1993).
62. Richard J. Evans, Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
63. see Philip Kitcher, "Scientific Knowledge", in Paul K. Moser (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 385-407, esp. pp. 393-7.
64. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, collated and annotated by Alexander Campbell Fraser (New York: Dover Books, 1959), vol. 2, Book IV, pp. 365, 366.
65. Alvin Plantinga, "Reason and Belief in God", in Alvin Plantinga and Nicolas Wolterstorff (eds), Faith and Rationality, (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983), p. 50.
66. Friedrich Nietzsche, Also Sprach Zarathustra, Part I, § 22 (Munich:Wilhelm Goldmann's Verlag, n. d.).
67. James Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968).
68. Anne Sayre, Rosalind Franklin and DNA (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), p. 116.
69. Evelyn Fox Keller, A Feeling for the Organism (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1983), p. 58.
70. William Alston, "Epistemic Desiderata", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53 (1993): 527-51.
71. For some vivid illustrations of this kind of case, see Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 2005).
72. See Linda Zagzebski, Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 43-50
73. idem, "Recovering Understanding", in Matthias Steup (ed.), Knowledge, Truth, and Duty (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 235-51;
74. John Greco, "Virtues in Epistemology", in Paul Moser (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Epistemology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 287-315;
75. Jonathan Kvanvig, The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), ch. 8;
76. Wayne Riggs, "Understanding 'Virtue' and the Virtue of Understanding", in Michael DePaul and Linda Zagzebski (ed.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives from Ethics and Epistemology (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 203-26.
77. Hugh Benson, Socratic Wisdom: The Model of Knowledge in Plato's Early Dialogues (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
78. See Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (New York: Macmillan, 1953), Part I, §§151-5.
79. Zagzebski, "Recovering Understanding", pp. 243-44.
80. See Kvanvig, The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding, ch. 8.
81. This example is borrowed from Robert C. Roberts and W. Jay Wood, "Proper Function, Emotion, and Virtues of the Intellect", Faith and Philosophy 21 (2004): 3-24, p. 9.
82. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, founded upon the 7th edn. of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996; 1st edn. 1889).
83. Julia Driver, "The Virtues of Ignorance", Journal of Philosophy 86 (1989):373-84, p. 378.
84. Alice Ambrose, "Moore and Wittgenstein as Teachers", Teaching Philosophy 12 (1989): 107-113, pp. 107-8.
85. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 28-9.
86. Albert Schweitzer, Out of My Life and Thought, trans. C. T. Campion (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1933).
87. Valery Tiberius and John Walker, "Arrogance", American Philosophical Quarterly 35 (1998): 379-90, p. 382.
88. Oscer Wilde, De Profundis (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1996), pp. 44-5.
89. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), pp. 514-15.
90. Alasdair MacIntyre, Dependent Rational Animals (Chicago and La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1999), p. 6.
91. Quoted in Allan L. Hammond (ed.), A Passion to Know: Twenty Profiles in Science (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984), p. 5.
92. James Sterba, Justice for Here and Now (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 4.
93. William R. Shea and Mariano Artigas, Galileo in Rome (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 73-4.
94. See Antonio Damasio, Descartes' Error (New York: Avon Books, 1994), ch. 3.
95. Augustine, Confessions, trans. R. S. Pine-Coffin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), Book X, ch. 35, p. 241; the biblical quotation is from 1 John 2: 16.
96. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Of the Conduct of the Understanding, ed. Ruth W. Grant and Nathan Tarcov (Indianapolis:Hackett, 1996), p. 186.
97. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 35-42.
98. See Bernard Williams, Truth and Truthfulness (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 90.
99. Thomas Reid, An Inquiry into the Human Mind On the Principles of Common Sense, ed. with an introduction by Timothy Duggan (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1970), ch. 6, sect. 24, pp. 238-9.
100. For more on feelings of emotion as a source of self-knowledge, see Robert C. Roberts, Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003), ch. 4.
101. See Søren Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragments, trans. Howard Hong and Edna Hong (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), ch. 3.
102. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), Preface, pp. 13-14.
103. See Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir, with a biographical sketch by Georg Henrik von Wright (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 80.
104. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p. 47.
105. See "Who Is the Autonomous Man?", Philosophy 58 (1983): 5-17, pp. 16-17.
106. Jane Goodall, with Phillip Berman, Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey (New York: Warner Books, 1999).
107. William Alston, "A 'Doxastic Practice' Approach to Epistemology", in M. Clay and K. Lehrer (eds), Knowledge and Skepticism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989), p. 1.
108. See Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 2 edn. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), pp. 187-96. All citations in this chapter are of this edition.
109. Nicholas Wolterstorff, John Locke and the Ethics of Belief (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 2.
110. Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. Rosemary Edmonds (New York:Penguin Books, 1954) Part 3, ch. 20.
111. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 1-26.
112. Our discussion bears on the early Derrida. On the distinction between the early and the later Derrida, see Bruce Ellis Benson, Graven Ideologies (Downers Grove, IL:InterVarsity Press, 2002), pp. 110-12.
113. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd rev. edn., trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Continuum, 1993); see esp. Part II, sect. II.
114. Glenn Loury, "Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of Political Correctness and Related Phenomena", in One by One from the Inside Out:Essays and Reviews on Race and Responsibility in America (New York: The Free Press, 1995), pp. 145-82.
115. See Robert C. Roberts, "Forgivingness", American Philosophical Quarterly 32 (1995): 289-306.
116. Jane Goodall, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990).
117. For a collection of exceptions to the tendency, see Clifford Williams (ed.), Personal Virtues (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
118. See Richard P. Feynman, You Must Be Joking, Mr. Feynman, as told to Ralph Leighton, ed. Edward Hutchings (New York : W.W. Norton, 1985).
119. See Antonio Damasio, Descartes' Error (New York: Avon Books, 1994)
120. Elliott case in Roberts, Emotions, pp. 148-51.