The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict

The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-272

  Cavanaugh, William T ^a  

^a Univesrity of St Thomas ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Iraq war; Muslim social order; Religion; Religious violence; Secularist; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922610635     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385045.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (234)

1. Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1976), 26.
2. Linda M. G. Zerilli, "Doing without Knowing: Feminism's Politics of the Ordinary," Political Theory 26, no. 4 (August 1998): 443
3. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, The Politics of Secularism in International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 109.
4. Charles Selengut, Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2003), 9.
5. Samuel Huntington, "If Not Civilizations, What?" Foreign Affairs 72 (November-December 1993): 192.
6. R. Scott Appleby, The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), 2.
7. Leo D. Lefebure, Revelation, the Religions, and Violence (Maryknoll, NY:Orbis, 2000), 14.
8. Martin E. Marty, with Jonathan Moore, Politics, Religion, and the Common Good (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 28.
9. Oliver McTernan, Violence in God's Name:Religion in an Age of Conflict (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2003);
10. Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, Is Religion Killing Us? Violence in the Bible and the Quran (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2003);
11. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: Ecco, 2003).
12. Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992);
13. Martin Dillon, God and the Gun: The Church and Irish Terrorism (London: Routledge, 1999);
14. Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right:The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996);
15. Peter Marsden, The Taliban: War, Religion, and the New World Order in Afghanistan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
16. John Hick, "The Non-Absoluteness of Christianity," in The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions, ed. John Hick and Paul F. Knitter (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1987), 16-20.
17. John Hick, God and the Universe of Faiths (New York: St. Martin's, 1973), 133.
18. Charles Kimball, When Religion Becomes Evil (San Francisco, CA:HarperSanFrancisco, 2002), 6.
19. Sarah Thal, "A Religion That Was Not a Religion: The Creation of Modern Shinto in Nineteenth-Century Japan," in The Invention of Religion, ed. Peterson and Walhof, 100-114;
20. M. R. Mullins, Shimazono Susumu, and Paul L. Swanson, eds., Religion and Society in Modern Japan (Berkeley, CA:Asian Humanities Press, 1993).
21. G. Cooper, "North American Traditional Religion," in The World's Religions, ed. Stewart Sutherland (London: Routledge, 1988).
22. Carlton Hayes, Nationalism: A Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1960);
23. Peter van der Veer, "The Moral State: Religion, Nation, and Empire in Victorian Britain and British India," in Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia, ed. Peter van der Veer and Hartmut Lehmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 3-9;
24. Talal Asad, "Religion, Nation-State, Secularism," in Nation and Religion, ed. van der Veer and Lehmann, 178-91;
25. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
26. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, "Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Revisiting Civil Religion," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 768.
27. Kimball, When Religion, 36.
28. Richard E. Wentz, Why People Do Bad Things in the Name of Religion (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1993), 67.
29. Marty, Politics, Religion, and the Common Good, 25-26.
30. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), xi.
31. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 15.
32. René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 221.
33. Juergensmeyer, Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 23.
34. David C. Rapoport, "Some General Observations on Religion and Violence," in Violence and the Sacred in the Modern World, ed. Mark Juergensmeyer (London: Frank Cass, 1992), 120.
35. René Girard, Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987), 224-62.
36. Bhikhu Parekh, "The Voice of Religion in Political Discourse," in Religion, Politics, and Peace, ed. Leroy Rouner (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), 72.
37. Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
38. Parekh, "The Voice of Religion in Political Discourse," 73.
39. Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational, trans. John W. Harvey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), 5-6.
40. Charles Selengut, Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 2003), 228.
41. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Given New Legs, Old Proposal Is Back," New York Times, June 4, 2003: A28.
42. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Totem Rituals and the American Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
43. William T. Cavanaugh, " 'A Fire Strong Enough to Consume the House':The Wars of Religion and the Rise of the State," Modern Theology 11, no. 4 (October 1995): 397-420.
44. Benedict de Spinoza, Theologico-Political Treatise, in Works of Spinoza, trans. R. H. M. Elwes, 2 vols. (New York: Dover, 1951), 1:7;
45. Henry Morley, ed., Ideal Commonwealths: Comprising More's Utopia, Bacon's New Atlantis, Campanella's City of the Sun, and Harrington's Oceana (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat, 1968).
46. Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, ed. Ferdinand Tönnies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 95.
47. Arnold Rogow, Thomas Hobbes: Radical in the Service of Reaction (London: Norton, 1986), 159.
48. John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 57.
49. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979).
50. Locke, Concerning Toleration, 17-18.
51. J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 1: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737-1764 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 111-12.
52. Baron d'Holbach, Common Sense; or, Natural Ideas Opposed to Supernatural, in The Enlightenment: A Sourcebook and Reader, ed. Paul Hyland (London: Routledge, 2003), 88.
53. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, trans. Peter Gay (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962), 267-69.
54. S. J. Barnett, The Enlightenment and Religion: The Myths of Modernity [Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2003], 17)
55. Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV, trans. Martyn P. Pollack (London: Dent, 1961), 394-415; see also 1-19.
56. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Willmoore Kendall (South Bend, IN: Gateway, 1954), 149.
57. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 2:352.
58. Mack P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995), 126.
59. Jeffrey Stout, The Flight from Authority: Religion, Morality, and the Quest for Autonomy (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981), 235-38.
60. Georg Schmidt, "The Peace of Westphalia as the Fundamental Law of the Complementary Empire-State," in 1648: War and Peace in Europe, ed. Klaus Bussmann and Heinz Schilling, 3 vols. (Münster:Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfalischer Friede, 1998), 1:451-52.
61. Judith Shklar, Ordinary Vices (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 5.
62. John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), xxivn10.
63. Kathleen M. Sullivan, "Religion and Liberal Democracy," University of Chicago Law Review 59 (1992): 197.
64. Michael W. McConnell, "Religious Freedom at a Crossroads," University of Chicago Law Review 59 (1992), 115-194.
65. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan; or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil (New York: Collier, 1962), 100.
66. James Madison, "Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments," The Papers of James Madison, ed. William T. Hutchinson and William M.E. Rachal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), 8:298-304, §11.
67. Edwin S. Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers: Religion and the New Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 12.
68. Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 59.
69. George Will, "Conduct, Coercion, and Belief," Washington Post (April 22, 1990): B7;
70. Dinesh D'Souza, What's So Great about America (Washington, DC:Regnery, 2002), 89-94.
71. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York:Free Press, 1992), 259-60.
72. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 54.
73. David Fergusson, Community, Liberalism, and Christian Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 76.
74. William Galston, "Religious Violence or Religious Pluralism: Islam's Essential Choice," Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Summer 2005): 12-17;
75. Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: Norton, 2003), 79-80.
76. William E. Connolly, Why I Am Not a Secularist (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 20-21.
77. Thomas Cahill, "The One True Faith:Is It Tolerance?" New York Times (February 3, 2002): 4.1
78. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), 37;
79. Richard S. Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars 1559-1689 (New York:Norton, 1970), 6.
80. Wim Blockmans, Emperor Charles V 1500-1558 (London and New York:Arnold Publishers and Oxford University Press, 2002), 77.
81. Klaus Jaitner, "The Popes and the Struggle for Power during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," in 1648: War and Peace in Europe, ed. Bussmann and Schilling, 1:62.
82. William Maltby, The Reign of Charles V (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 63.
83. Henry Heller, Iron and Blood: Civil Wars in Sixteenth-Century France (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991), 53, 61-62.
84. J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (New York: St. Martin's, 1975), 198.
85. Geoffrey Parker, ed., The Thirty Years' War (London: Routledge, 1984), 59-64.
86. Robert Oresko, "The House of Savoy and the Thirty Years' War," in 1648: War and Peace in Europe, ed. Bussmann and Schilling, 143-44.
87. James B. Collins, The State in Early Modern France (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995), 29.
88. Herbert Langer, "The Royal Swedish War in Germany," in 1648: War and Peace in Europe, ed. Bussmann and Schilling, 189.
89. Konrad Repgen, "Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems," in 1648: War and Peace in Europe, ed. Bussmann and Schilling, 355.
90. Ann Hughes, The Causes of the English Civil War, 2nd ed. (London:Macmillan, 1998), 42.
91. Herbert J. A. Bouman, "Retrospect and Prospect," Sixteenth-Century Studies 8, no. 4 (1977): 84-104;
92. David C. Steinmetz, Reformers in the Wings:From Geiler von Kayserberg to Theodore Beza, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
93. John Bossy, "Unrethinking the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion," in Belief in History: Innovative Approaches to European and American Religion, ed. Thomas Kselman (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), 268.
94. Michel de Montaigne, "Apology for Raymond Sebond," in The Complete Essays of Montaigne, ed. Donald M. Frame (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965), 323.
95. Jean-H. Mariéjol, La Réforme et la Ligue, l'Edit de Nantes (1559-1598)
96. Mack P. Holt, "Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion," French Historical Studies 18, no. 2 (Autumn 1993): 526.
97. Lucien Romier, "A Dissident Nobility under the Cloak of Religion," in The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors? ed. J. H. M. Salmon (Lexington, MA: Heath, 1967), 26.
98. James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576:The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici, Philip II, 2nd ed. (New York: Ungar, 1957), 142.
99. Henri Drouot, Mayenne et la Bourgogne: Etude sur la Ligue (1587-1596), 2 vols. (Paris: Picard, 1937), 1:33.
100. Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 157.
101. Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: La violence au temps des troubles de religion (Seyssel, France: Champ Vallon, 1990).
102. Michael Wolfe, The Conversion of Henry IV: Politics, Power, and Religious Belief in Early Modern France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 5.
103. Henry Heller, "Putting History Back into the Religious Wars: A Reply to Mack P. Holt," French Historical Studies 19, no. 3 (Spring 1996): 854-55.
104. Mack P. Holt, "Religion, Historical Method, and Historical Forces: A Rejoinder," French Historical Studies 19, no. 3 (Spring 1996): 864.
105. John Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 170-71.
106. Johannes C. Wolfart, Religion, Government, and Political Culture in Early Modern Germany: Lindau 1520-1628 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 6, 35.
107. Charles Tilly, "Reflections on the History of European State-Making," in The Formation of National States in Western Europe, ed. Charles Tilly (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), 42.
108. Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
109. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley, CA:University of California Press, 1987).
110. Victor Lee Burke, The Clash of Civilizations: War-Making & State Formation in Europe (Cambridge: Polity, 1997).
111. Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4.
112. Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace: Reflections on War and International Order (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 15.
113. Jeremy Black, "Warfare, Crisis, and Absolutism," in Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History, ed. Euan Cameron (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 209-10.
114. Donna Bohanan, Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France (New York: Palgrave, 2001), 32.
115. Arlette Jouanna, Le devoir de révolte: La noblesse française et la gestation de l'état modern, 1559-1661 (Paris: Fayard, 1989).
116. Bohanan, Crown and Nobility, 27-29.
117. Heinz Schilling, "The Reformation and the Rise of the Early Modern State," in Luther and the Modern State in Germany, ed. James D. Tracy (Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1986), 21-30.
118. Karlheinz Blaschke, "The Reformation and the Rise of the Territorial State," in Luther and the Modern State in Germany, ed. Tracy, 67-68.
119. Ute Lotz-Heumann and Karl S. Bottigheimer, "The Irish Reformation in European Perspective," Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 87 (1998): 268-309.
120. Mack P. Holt, "Confessionalization beyond the Germanies: The Case of France," in Confessionalization in Europe, ed. Headley et al., 257-73.
121. S. R. Gardiner, ed., The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution (London, 1906), 206-7
122. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, trans. P. Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 82.
123. Richard McCoy, Alterations of State: Sacred Kingship in the English Reformation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 58-66.
124. Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957);
125. John Neville Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 1414-1625 (New York:Harper Torchbook, 1960), 124.
126. Charles Tilly, "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime," in Bringing the State Back In, ed. Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 169.
127. Eric Hobsbawm, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions," in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 12.
128. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, "Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Revisiting Civil Religion," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64, no. 4 (Winter 1996), 769.
129. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, (New York: Verso, 1991), 9-12.
130. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Totem Rituals and the American Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 3.
131. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1977).
132. Brian C. Wilson, "From the Lexical to the Polythetic: A Brief History of the Definition of Religion," What Is Religion? Origins, Definitions, and Explanations, ed. Thomas A. Idinopulos and Brian C. Wilson (Leiden: Brill, 1998).
133. Arthur L. Greil and David G. Bromley, "Introduction," in Defining Religion:Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and the Secular, ed. Arthur L. Greil and David G. Bromley (Oxford: JAI, 2003), 3-6.
134. Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xi.
135. Talal Asad, "Reading a Modern Classic: W. C. Smith's The Meaning and End of Religion," History of Religions 40, no. 3 (February 2001): 221.
136. Leroy S. Rouner, "Introduction," in Religion, Politics, and Peace, ed. Leroy Rouner (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), 2.
137. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion (New York:Macmillan, 1962), 18-19.
138. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 2:349-50.
139. S. N. Balagangadhara, "The Heathen in His Blindness ...": Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 37-43.
140. Paul J. Griffiths, "The Very Idea of Religion," First Things, no. 103 (May 2000): 31.
141. Augustine, De Vera Religione, 1-10
142. Augustine:Earlier Writings, trans. John H. S. Burleigh (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1953), 225-31.
143. John Bossy, "Some Elementary Forms of Durkheim," Past and Present 95 (May 1982): 4.
144. Michael J. Buckley, S.J., "The Study of Religion and the Rise of Atheism:Conflict or Confirmation?" in Fields of Faith: Theology and Religious Studies for the Twenty-First Century, ed. David F. Ford, Ben Quash, and Janet Martin Soskice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6.
145. Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 45n29.
146. Ernst Feil, "From the Classical Religio to the Modern Religion: Elements of a Transformation between 1550 and 1650," in Religion in History:The Word, the Idea, the Reality, ed. Michel Despland and Gérard Vallée (Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1992), 35.
147. Thomas Aquinas, On Kingship to the King of Cyprus, trans. Gerald B. Phelan (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1949), 60.
148. Nicholas de Cusa, De Pace Fidei, trans. and ed. John P. Dolan, in Unity and Reform: Selected Writings of Nicholas de Cusa (Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press, 1962), 219.
149. Peter Harrison, "Religion" and the Religions in the English Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 13.
150. Richard McCoy, Alterations of State: Sacred Kingship in the English Reformation (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 2.
151. Jean Bodin, Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime, trans. Marion L. D. Kuntz (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).
152. John Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 170.
153. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, De Religione Laici, trans. and ed. Harold R. Hutcheson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1944), 129.
154. Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, De Veritate, trans. Meyrick H. Carré (Bristol, England: Arrowsmith, 1937), 121.
155. John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 18.
156. Edward I. Bailey, "The Implicit Religiosity of the Secular: A Martian Perspective on the Definition of Religion," in Defining Religion, ed. Greil and Bromley, 64.
157. Ezra Kopelowitz, "Negotiating with the Secular: Forms of Religious Authority and Their Political Consequences," in Defining Religion, ed. Greil and Bromley, 86-87.
158. John Neville Figgis, From Gerson to Grotius, 1414-1625 (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1960), 5.
159. William E. Arnal, "Definition," in Guide to the Study of Religion, ed. Willi Braun and Russell T. McCutcheon (London: Cassell, 2000), 31.
160. William Arnal, "The Segregation of Social Desire: 'Religion' and Disney World," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 69, no. 1 (March 2001):5.
161. David Chidester, Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996), 35-69, 103-23.
162. Derek R. Peterson and Darren R. Walhof, "Rethinking Religion," in The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History, ed. Derek R. Peterson and Darren R. Walhof (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 7.
163. Derek R. Peterson, "Gambling with God: Rethinking Religion in Colonial Central Kenya," in Invention of Religion, ed. Peterson and Walhof, 38.
164. Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 228.
165. Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India and "the Mystic East" (London: Routledge, 1999), 99.
166. Frits Staal, Rules without Meaning: Ritual, Mantras, and the Human Sciences (New York: Lang, 1989), 397.
167. R. N. Dandekar, "Hinduism," in Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions, ed. E. Jouco Bleeker and Geo Widengren, 2 vols. (Leiden:Brill, 1969), 2:237.
168. Russell T. McCutcheon, "The Imperial Dynamic in the Study of Religion: Neocolonial Practices in an American Discipline," in Post-Colonial America, ed. C. Richard King (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 280.
169. Sanjay Joshi, "Republicizing Religiosity: Modernity, Religion, and the Middle Class," in Invention of Religion, ed. Peterson and Walhof, 79-99.
170. Philip Almond, The British Discovery of Buddhism (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988), 13.
171. Tomoko Masuzawa, The Invention of World Religions; or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2005), 122.
172. Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 25-41.
173. Charles F. Keyes, ed., Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994), 4.
174. Huston Smith, The Religions of Man (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 7-8.
175. Timothy Fitzgerald, "A Response to Saler, Benavides, and Korom," Religious Studies Review 27, no. 2 (April 2001): 114.
176. Nicholas Lash, The Beginning and the End of "Religion" (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996), 168.
177. Émile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Carol Cosman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 46.
178. W. Cole Durham, Jr., and Elizabeth A. Sewell, "Definition of Religion," in Religious Organizations in the United States: A Study of Legal Identity, Religious Freedom and the Law, ed. James A. Serritella et al. (Durham, NC:Carolina Academic Press, 2006), 3-5.
179. Robert H. Sharf, "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism," in Curators of the Buddha, ed. Lopez, 116-21.
180. Dorothee Sölle, "Thou Shalt Have No Other Jeans before Me," in Observations on the Spiritual Situation of the Age, ed. Jürgen Habermas (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984), 159.
181. Russell W. Belk, Melanie Wallendorf, and John F. Sherry, Jr., "The Sacred and the Profane in Consumer Behavior: Theodicy on the Odyssey," Journal of Consumer Research 16 (June 1989): 1-38.
182. David R. Loy, "The Religion of the Market," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 65, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 275.
183. Karl Marx, Grundrisse, trans. Martin Nicolaus (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1973), 221.
184. Georg Simmel, The Philosophy of Money, trans. Tom Bottomore and David Frisby (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), 129, 228-38.
185. Norman O. Brown, Life against Death: The Psychoanalytical Meaning of History (New York: Vintage, 1959), 252.
186. Robert H. Nelson, Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001), 23.
187. Alex Berenson, "Deregulation: A Movement Groping in the Dark," New York Times (February 4, 2001): 4.6.
188. Emilio Gentile, Politics as Religion, trans. George Staunton (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), xiv.
189. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), 5.
190. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth, and Dissolution, 3 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 1:9-39.
191. Ninian Smart, The Religious Experience of Mankind (New York:Scribner's, 1969), 5.
192. Ninian Smart, The World's Religions: Old Traditions and Modern Manifestations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 25.
193. Eric Hobsbawm, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions," in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 12.
194. Carlton J. H. Hayes, Essays on Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1926), 94-95.
195. Carlton J. H. Hayes, Nationalism: A Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1960).
196. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991), 9-12.
197. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997), 186-87.
198. Herman Melville, White Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War (Evanston and Chicago, IL: Northwestern University Press and Newberry Library, 1970), 150-51.
199. Robert N. Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," in American Civil Religion, ed. Donald E. Jones and Russell E. Richey (San Francisco, CA: Mellen Research University Press, 1990), 21.
200. Will Herberg, "American Civil Religion: What It Is and Whence It Comes," in American Civil Religion, ed. Jones and Richey, 77.
201. Francis Bellamy, quoted in Cecilia O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 178.
202. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, "Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Revisiting Civil Religion," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 64, no. 4 (Winter 1996), 767.
203. Carolyn Marvin and David W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation:Totem Rituals and the American Flag (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
204. George W. Bush, quoted in Ron Hutcheson, "Even amid Security, Nation Feels Its Freedom," St. Paul Pioneer Press (July 5, 2002): 1A.
205. Martin E. Marty, with Jonathan Moore, Politics, Religion, and the Common Good (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 43.
206. Martin E. Marty, with Jonathan Moore, Politics, Religion, and the Common Good (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 23.
207. Frederick Mark Gedicks, The Rhetoric of Church and State: A Critical Analysis of Religion Clause Jurisprudence (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995), 10-19.
208. Philip Hamburger, Separation of Church and State (Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 2002), 11.
209. Edward Purcell, The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1973).
210. Philip B. Kurland, "The Religion Clauses and the Burger Court," Catholic University Law Review 34 (1984): 7.
211. Jacob Weisberg, "Party of Defeat," Slate. Rev. March 14, 2007. Available at: http://www.slate.com/id/2161800 (accessed June 13, 2008).
212. "Vice President's Remarks at the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia Luncheon Honoring Professor Bernard Lewis." Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060501-3.html (accessed June 13, 2008).
213. Bernard Lewis, "The Roots of Muslim Rage," Atlantic Monthly (September 1990): 1. The page numbers refer to the online version. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/05/20060501-3.html (accessed May 31, 2008).
214. Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 73-74.
215. Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, & U.S. Interests in the Middle East since 1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 203-4.
216. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 1-2.
217. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 179.
218. Osama bin Laden, quoted in Andrew Sullivan, "This Is a Religious War," New York Times Magazine, October 7, 2001: 45.
219. Roxanne L. Euben, Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 34.
220. Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, The Politics of Secularism in International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 153.
221. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 258.
222. Sam Harris, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason (New York: Norton, 2004), 27.
223. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York: Random House, 1990).
224. Christopher Hitchens, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (New York: Twelve, 2007), 56.
225. Christopher Hitchens, "Bush's Secularist Triumph," Slate. Rev. Nov. 9, 2004. Available at: http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2109377.
226. Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: Norton, 2003), 7.
227. Colin Dueck, Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture, and Change in American Grand Strategy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 22.
228. John Lukács, quoted in Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities & Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 87.
229. Marvin Zonis, "The 'Democracy Doctrine' of President George W. Bush,"in Understanding the Bush Doctrine: Psychology and Strategy in an Age of Terrorism, ed. Stanley A. Renshon and Peter Suedfeld (New York:Routledge, 2007), 231-36.
230. George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy." Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/20031106-3.html.
231. Introduction to "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America." Rev. September 2002. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/ nsc/nss/2002/nss.pdf.
232. George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People." Rev. September 20, 2001. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
233. Sheldon Richman, "Albright 'Apologizes,'" Future of Freedom Foundation. Available at: http://www.fff.org/comment/com0311c.asp (accessed July 28, 2008)
234. Mahmood Mamdani, "Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism," in Critical Views of September 11: Analyses from Around the World, ed. Eric Hershberg and Kevin W. Moore (New York: New Press, 2002), 56.