메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-584

Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials

Author keywords

Bias; Case control study; Cause and effect; Confounding; Intervention trials; Observational studies; Screening; Selection of subjects; Statistical methods; Study design

Indexed keywords


EID: 84922530185     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529552.001.0001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (216)

References (518)
  • 1
    • 0022726757 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the Mantel-Haenszel variance consistent with both sparse-data and large-strata limiting models
    • Robins JM, Breslow NE, Greenland S. Estimation of the Mantel-Haenszel variance consistent with both sparse-data and large-strata limiting models. Biometrics 1986; 42: 311-323.
    • (1986) Biometrics , vol.42 , pp. 311-323
    • Robins, J.M.1    Breslow, N.E.2    Greenland, S.3
  • 2
    • 84959801619 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease
    • Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22: 719-748.
    • (1959) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.22 , pp. 719-748
    • Mantel, N.1    Haenszel, W.2
  • 3
    • 84960989652 scopus 로고
    • On estimating the relationship between blood group and disease
    • Wolff B. On estimating the relationship between blood group and disease. Ann Hum Genet 1955; 19: 251-253.
    • (1955) Ann Hum Genet , vol.19 , pp. 251-253
    • Wolff, B.1
  • 5
    • 84921015093 scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsants and parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects
    • Shapiro S, Slone D, Hartz SC, et al. Anticonvulsants and parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects. Lancet 1976; i: 272-275
    • (1976) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 272-275
    • Shapiro, S.1    Slone, D.2    Hartz, S.C.3
  • 8
    • 0019842283 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in bone-marrowtransplant recipients
    • Saral R, Burns WH, Laskin OL, Santos GW, Lietman PS. Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in bone-marrowtransplant recipients. N. Engl. J Med 1981; 305, 63-67.
    • (1981) N. Engl. J Med , vol.305 , pp. 63-67
    • Saral, R.1    Burns, W.H.2    Laskin, O.L.3    Santos, G.W.4    Lietman, P.S.5
  • 9
    • 0000596361 scopus 로고
    • Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages
    • McNemar Q. Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 1947; 12: 153-157.
    • (1947) Psychometrika , vol.12 , pp. 153-157
    • McNemar, Q.1
  • 10
    • 0021272411 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM project) by means of a case-control study
    • Collette HJA, Day NE, Rombach JJ, de Waard F. Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM project) by means of a case-control study. Lancet 1984; 1: 1224-1226.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1224-1226
    • Collette, H.J.A.1    Day, N.E.2    Rombach, J.J.3    de Waard, F.4
  • 11
    • 0017821945 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities
    • Elwood JM. Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85: 351-358.
    • (1978) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.85 , pp. 351-358
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 12
    • 0000937686 scopus 로고
    • Test for linear trend in proportions and frequencies
    • Armitage P. Test for linear trend in proportions and frequencies. Biometrics 1955; 11: 375-386.
    • (1955) Biometrics , vol.11 , pp. 375-386
    • Armitage, P.1
  • 13
    • 9844227496 scopus 로고
    • Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure
    • Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Am Stat Assoc J 1963; 58: 690-700.
    • (1963) Am Stat Assoc J , vol.58 , pp. 690-700
    • Mantel, N.1
  • 14
    • 0029869379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of a selfadministered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk.
    • Westerdahl J, Anderson H, Olsson H, Ingvar C. Reproducibility of a selfadministered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25(2):245-251.
    • (1996) Int J Epidemiol , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-251
    • Westerdahl, J.1    Anderson, H.2    Olsson, H.3    Ingvar, C.4
  • 15
    • 84973587732 scopus 로고
    • A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales
    • Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1960; 20:27-46.
    • (1960) Educ. Psychol. Meas , vol.20 , pp. 27-46
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 16
    • 33645066726 scopus 로고
    • Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa
    • Fleiss JL, Cohen J, Everitt BS. Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa. Psychol Bull 1969; 72: 323-327.
    • (1969) Psychol Bull , vol.72 , pp. 323-327
    • Fleiss, J.L.1    Cohen, J.2    Everitt, B.S.3
  • 18
    • 0024207930 scopus 로고
    • Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient
    • Thompson WD, Walter SD. Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 949-958.
    • (1988) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.41 , pp. 949-958
    • Thompson, W.D.1    Walter, S.D.2
  • 20
    • 84922500473 scopus 로고
    • Clomiphene citrate vs. placebo for ovaluation induction in oligo-amenorrhoeic women
    • CD-ROM, This review has since been updated
    • Hughes E, Collins, J., Vandekerckhove, P. Clomiphene citrate vs. placebo for ovaluation induction in oligo-amenorrhoeic women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1995; 2 (CD-ROM). (This review has since been updated)
    • (1995) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , vol.2
    • Hughes, E.1    Collins, J.2    Vandekerckhove, P.3
  • 21
    • 0017365573 scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. analysis and examples.
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, Breslow NE, Cox DR, Howard SV et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. analysis and examples. Br J Cancer 1977; 35(1):1-39.
    • (1977) Br J Cancer , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-39
    • Peto, R.1    Pike, M.C.2    Armitage, P.3    Breslow, N.E.4    Cox, D.R.5    Howard, S.V.6
  • 23
    • 0023083290 scopus 로고
    • On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease
    • In:Klein G, Weinhouse S, editors, ed. Orlando:Academic Press
    • Prentice RL, Thomas DB. On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease. In:Klein G, Weinhouse S, editors. Advances in Cancer Research Volume 49. 49 ed. Orlando:Academic Press; 1987. 285-401.
    • (1987) Advances in Cancer Research Volume 49 , vol.49 , pp. 285-401
    • Prentice, R.L.1    Thomas, D.B.2
  • 24
    • 0023484789 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature
    • Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev 1987; 9: 1-30.
    • (1987) Epidemiol Rev , vol.9 , pp. 1-30
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 26
    • 0022726757 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the Mantel-Haenszel variance consistent with both sparse-data and large-strata limiting models
    • Robins JM, Breslow NE, Greenland S. Estimation of the Mantel-Haenszel variance consistent with both sparse-data and large-strata limiting models. Biometrics 1986; 42: 311-323.
    • (1986) Biometrics , vol.42 , pp. 311-323
    • Robins, J.M.1    Breslow, N.E.2    Greenland, S.3
  • 27
    • 84959801619 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease
    • Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22: 719-748.
    • (1959) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.22 , pp. 719-748
    • Mantel, N.1    Haenszel, W.2
  • 28
    • 84960989652 scopus 로고
    • On estimating the relationship between blood group and disease
    • Wolff B. On estimating the relationship between blood group and disease. Ann Hum Genet 1955; 19: 251-253.
    • (1955) Ann Hum Genet , vol.19 , pp. 251-253
    • Wolff, B.1
  • 30
    • 84921015093 scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsants nad parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects
    • Shapiro S, Slone D, Hartz, SC. Anticonvulsants nad parental epilepsy in the development of birth defects. Lancet 1976; i: 272-275
    • (1976) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 272-275
    • Shapiro, S.1    Slone, D.2    Hartz, S.C.3
  • 33
    • 0019842283 scopus 로고
    • Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in bonemarrow- transplant recipients
    • Saral R, Burns WH, Laskin OL, Santos GW, Lietman PS. Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in bonemarrow- transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 63-67.
    • (1981) N Engl J Med , vol.305 , pp. 63-67
    • Saral, R.1    Burns, W.H.2    Laskin, O.L.3    Santos, G.W.4    Lietman, P.S.5
  • 34
    • 0000596361 scopus 로고
    • Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages
    • McNemar Q. Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 1947; 12: 153-157.
    • (1947) Psychometrika , vol.12 , pp. 153-157
    • McNemar, Q.1
  • 35
    • 0021272411 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM project) by means of a case-control study.
    • Collette HJA, Day NE, Rombach JJ, de Waard F. Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM project) by means of a case-control study. Lancet 1984; i: 1224-1226.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1224-1226
    • Collette, H.J.A.1    Day, N.E.2    Rombach, J.J.3    de Waard, F.4
  • 36
    • 0017821945 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities
    • Elwood JM. Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85: 351-358.
    • (1978) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.85 , pp. 351-358
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 37
    • 0000937686 scopus 로고
    • Test for linear trend in proportions and frequencies
    • Armitage P. Test for linear trend in proportions and frequencies. Biometrics 1955; 11: 375-386.
    • (1955) Biometrics , vol.11 , pp. 375-386
    • Armitage, P.1
  • 38
    • 9844227496 scopus 로고
    • Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure
    • Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Am Stat Assoc J 1963; 58: 690-700.
    • (1963) Am Stat Assoc J , vol.58 , pp. 690-700
    • Mantel, N.1
  • 39
    • 0029869379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of a self-administered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk
    • Westerdahl J, Anderson H, Olsson H, Ingvar C. Reproducibility of a self-administered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 245-251.
    • (1996) Int J Epidemiol , vol.25 , pp. 245-251
    • Westerdahl, J.1    Anderson, H.2    Olsson, H.3    Ingvar, C.4
  • 40
    • 84973587732 scopus 로고
    • A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales
    • Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960; 20: 37-46.
    • (1960) Educ Psychol Meas , vol.20 , pp. 37-46
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 41
    • 33645066726 scopus 로고
    • Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa
    • Fleiss JL, Cohen J, Everitt BS. Large sample standard errors of kappa and weighted kappa. Psychol Bull 1969; 72: 323-327.
    • (1969) Psychol Bull , vol.72 , pp. 323-327
    • Fleiss, J.L.1    Cohen, J.2    Everitt, B.S.3
  • 43
    • 0024207930 scopus 로고
    • Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient
    • Thompson WD, Walter SD. Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 949-958.
    • (1988) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.41 , pp. 949-958
    • Thompson, W.D.1    Walter, S.D.2
  • 45
    • 84922500473 scopus 로고
    • Clomiphene citrate vs. placebo for ovulation induction in oligo-amenorrhoeic women
    • CD-ROM
    • Hughes E, Collins J, Vanderkerckhove P. Clomiphene citrate vs. placebo for ovulation induction in oligo-amenorrhoeic women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1995; 2 (CD-ROM)
    • (1995) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2
    • Hughes, E.1    Collins, J.2    Vanderkerckhove, P.3
  • 46
    • 0017365573 scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II: Analysis and examples
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II: Analysis and examples. Br J Cancer 1977; 35: 1-39.
    • (1977) Br J Cancer , vol.35 , pp. 1-39
    • Peto, R.1    Pike, M.C.2    Armitage, P.3
  • 48
    • 0023083290 scopus 로고
    • On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease
    • Prentice RL, Thomas DB. On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease. Adv Cancer Res 1987; 49: 285-401.
    • (1987) Adv Cancer Res , vol.49 , pp. 285-401
    • Prentice, R.L.1    Thomas, D.B.2
  • 49
    • 0023484789 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature
    • Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev 1987; 9: 1-30.
    • (1987) Epidemiol Rev , vol.9 , pp. 1-30
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 51
    • 0021273456 scopus 로고
    • Children's coughs related to parental smoking
    • Charlton A. Children's coughs related to parental smoking. BMJ 1984; 288: 1647-1649.
    • (1984) BMJ , vol.288 , pp. 1647-1649
    • Charlton, A.1
  • 54
    • 84959801619 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease
    • Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22: 719-748.
    • (1959) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.22 , pp. 719-748
    • Mantel, N.1    Haenszel, W.2
  • 56
    • 0017226637 scopus 로고
    • Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies
    • Miettinen O. Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. Am J Epidemiol 1976; 103: 226-235.
    • (1976) Am J Epidemiol , vol.103 , pp. 226-235
    • Miettinen, O.1
  • 57
    • 0021256690 scopus 로고
    • A counterexample to the test-based principle of setting confidence limits
    • Greenland S. A counterexample to the test-based principle of setting confidence limits. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 4-7.
    • (1984) Am J Epidemiol , vol.120 , pp. 4-7
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 59
    • 0014105023 scopus 로고
    • A multivariate analysis of the risk of coronary heart disease in Framingham
    • Truett J, Cornfield J, Kannel W. A multivariate analysis of the risk of coronary heart disease in Framingham. J Chronic Dis 1967; 20: 511-524.
    • (1967) J Chronic Dis , vol.20 , pp. 511-524
    • Truett, J.1    Cornfield, J.2    Kannel, W.3
  • 60
    • 0018080777 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG. abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project
    • Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG. abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 201-306.
    • (1978) J Chronic Dis , vol.31 , pp. 201-306
  • 61
    • 0017688165 scopus 로고
    • Asbestos and lung cancer: an analysis of the epidemiological evidence on the asbestos-smoking interaction
    • Saracci R. Asbestos and lung cancer: an analysis of the epidemiological evidence on the asbestos-smoking interaction. Int J Cancer 1977; 20: 323-331.
    • (1977) Int J Cancer , vol.20 , pp. 323-331
    • Saracci, R.1
  • 62
    • 9844227496 scopus 로고
    • Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure
    • Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom; extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. Am Stat Assoc J 1963; 58: 690-700.
    • (1963) Am Stat Assoc J , vol.58 , pp. 690-700
    • Mantel, N.1
  • 63
    • 0017821945 scopus 로고
    • Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities
    • Elwood JM. Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85: 351-358.
    • (1978) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.85 , pp. 351-358
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 64
    • 0000596361 scopus 로고
    • Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages
    • McNemar Q. Note on the sampling of the difference between corrected proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 1947; 12: 153-157.
    • (1947) Psychometrika , vol.12 , pp. 153-157
    • McNemar, Q.1
  • 65
    • 0022618706 scopus 로고
    • Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation, and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources
    • Elwood JM, Williamson C, Stapleton PJ. Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation, and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources. Br J Cancer 1986; 53: 65-74.
    • (1986) Br J Cancer , vol.53 , pp. 65-74
    • Elwood, J.M.1    Williamson, C.2    Stapleton, P.J.3
  • 67
    • 0023805341 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2
    • ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group). Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988; 332: 349-360.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.332 , pp. 349-360
  • 69
    • 0027275148 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China:supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population
    • Blot WJ, Li J-Y, Taylor PR, et al. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China:supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1483-1492.
    • (1993) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.85 , pp. 1483-1492
    • Blot, W.J.1    Li, J.-Y.2    Taylor, P.R.3
  • 70
    • 0345157579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease
    • Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1145-1149.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Hennekens, C.H.1    Buring, J.E.2    Manson, J.E.3
  • 71
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029-1035.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035
  • 72
    • 9244262406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-1155.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Omenn, G.S.1    Goodman, G.E.2    Thornquist, M.D.3
  • 76
    • 0013886333 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration
    • Mantel N. Evaluation of survival data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration. Cancer Chemother Rep 1966; 50: 163-170.
    • (1966) Cancer Chemother Rep , vol.50 , pp. 163-170
    • Mantel, N.1
  • 77
    • 0017365573 scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II: Analysis and examples
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II: Analysis and examples. Br J Cancer 1977; 35: 1-39.
    • (1977) Br J Cancer , vol.35 , pp. 1-39
    • Peto, R.1    Pike, M.C.2    Armitage, P.3
  • 78
    • 0019850968 scopus 로고
    • Estrogen receptor quantitation and staging as complementary prognostic indicators in breast cancer; a study of 583 patients
    • Godolphin W, Elwood JM, Spinelli JJ. Estrogen receptor quantitation and staging as complementary prognostic indicators in breast cancer; a study of 583 patients. Int J Cancer 1981; 28: 667-683.
    • (1981) Int J Cancer , vol.28 , pp. 667-683
    • Godolphin, W.1    Elwood, J.M.2    Spinelli, J.J.3
  • 79
    • 0000336139 scopus 로고
    • Regression models and life-tables
    • Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Statist Soc Series B 1972; 34: 187-220.
    • (1972) J R Statist Soc Series B , vol.34 , pp. 187-220
    • Cox, D.R.1
  • 80
    • 30644475036 scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults. An analysis of the combined results of three Medical Research Council trials
    • Daniels M, Hill AB. Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults. An analysis of the combined results of three Medical Research Council trials. BMJ 1952; 1: 1162-1168.
    • (1952) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 1162-1168
    • Daniels, M.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 81
    • 0032522558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The first use of meta-analysis?
    • Winkelstein W. The first use of meta-analysis?. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 717.
    • (1998) Am J Epidemiol , vol.147 , pp. 717
    • Winkelstein, W.1
  • 82
    • 0003193675 scopus 로고
    • Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. Part 1
    • Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. Part 1. Lancet 1992; 339: 1-15.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 1-15
  • 83
    • 19344364880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
    • Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 365: 1687-1717.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 1687-1717
  • 84
    • 29144475553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
    • Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366: 2087-2106.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 2087-2106
    • Clarke, M.1    Collins, R.2    Darby, S.3
  • 85
    • 0242390079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713-1727.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1713-1727
  • 86
    • 1642634952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83 000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83 000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries. Lancet 2004; 363: 1007-1016.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1007-1016
  • 87
  • 91
    • 84948741511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cochrane Collaboration in the 20th century
    • In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (eds), (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group
    • Antes G, Oxman AD. The Cochrane Collaboration in the 20th century. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (eds). Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001, pp. 447-458.
    • (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context , pp. 447-458
    • Antes, G.1    Oxman, A.D.2
  • 92
    • 7644220696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research synthesis and dissemination as a bridge to knowledge management: the Cochrane Collaboration
    • Volmink J, Siegfried N, Robertson K, Gulmezoglu AM. Research synthesis and dissemination as a bridge to knowledge management: the Cochrane Collaboration. Bull World Health Organiz 2004; 82: 778-783.
    • (2004) Bull World Health Organiz , vol.82 , pp. 778-783
    • Volmink, J.1    Siegfried, N.2    Robertson, K.3    Gulmezoglu, A.M.4
  • 93
    • 33845616866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RevMan 4.2 User Guide
    • (updated April 2004), Available online at
    • The Cochrane Collaboration. RevMan 4.2 User Guide (updated April 2004), 2004. Available online at:
    • (2004)
  • 94
    • 29144437497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glossary of Terms in The Cochrane Collaboration
    • (updated May 2005), Available online at
    • The Cochrane Collaboration. Glossary of Terms in The Cochrane Collaboration (updated May 2005), 2005. Available online at:
    • (2005)
  • 95
    • 0033610734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses
    • Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet 1999; 354: 1896-1900.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1896-1900
    • Moher, D.1    Cook, D.J.2    Eastwood, S.3    Olkin, I.4    Rennie, D.5    Stroup, D.F.6
  • 96
    • 0242654867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events:results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials
    • Turnbull F, Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events:results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527-1535.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1527-1535
    • Turnbull, F.1
  • 97
    • 33746341926 scopus 로고
    • The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results
    • Rosenthal R. The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychol Bull 1979; 86: 638-641.
    • (1979) Psychol Bull , vol.86 , pp. 638-641
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 98
    • 0017365573 scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. analysis and examples
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. analysis and examples. Br J Cancer 1977; 35: 1-39.
    • (1977) Br J Cancer , vol.35 , pp. 1-39
    • Peto, R.1    Pike, M.C.2    Armitage, P.3
  • 99
    • 84867775694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problems and limitations in conducting systematic reviews
    • In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (eds), (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group
    • Egger M, Dickersin K, Davey Smith G. Problems and limitations in conducting systematic reviews. In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (eds), Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001, pp. 43-68.
    • (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context , pp. 43-68
    • Egger, M.1    Dickersin, K.2    Davey Smith, G.3
  • 100
    • 0038777090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence b(i)ased medicine: selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry:review of studies in new drug applications
    • Melander H, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Meijer G, Beermann B. Evidence b(i)ased medicine: selective reporting from studies sponsored by pharmaceutical industry:review of studies in new drug applications. BMJ 2003; 326: 1171-1173.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 1171-1173
    • Melander, H.1    Ahlqvist-Rastad, J.2    Meijer, G.3    Beermann, B.4
  • 101
    • 1942468862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data
    • Whittington CJ, Kendall T, Fonagy P, Cottrell D, Cotgrove A, Boddington E. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. Lancet 2004; 363: 1341-1345.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1341-1345
    • Whittington, C.J.1    Kendall, T.2    Fonagy, P.3    Cottrell, D.4    Cotgrove, A.5    Boddington, E.6
  • 102
    • 11144356114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressing research.
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous. Depressing research. Lancet 2004; 363: 1335.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1335
  • 103
    • 0142011021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should meta-analysts search Embase in addition to Medline?
    • Sampson M, Barrowman NJ, Moher D, et al. Should meta-analysts search Embase in addition to Medline?. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56: 943-955.
    • (2003) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.56 , pp. 943-955
    • Sampson, M.1    Barrowman, N.J.2    Moher, D.3
  • 104
    • 11844258821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal search strategies for retrieving systematic reviews from Medline: analytical survey.
    • Montori VM, Wilczynski NL, Morgan D, Haynes RB. Optimal search strategies for retrieving systematic reviews from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ 2005; 330: 68.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 68
    • Montori, V.M.1    Wilczynski, N.L.2    Morgan, D.3    Haynes, R.B.4
  • 105
    • 19744365756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of treatment from Medline:analytical survey.
    • Haynes RB, McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Walter SD, Werre SR. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of treatment from Medline:analytical survey. BMJ 2005; 330: 1179.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 1179
    • Haynes, R.B.1    McKibbon, K.A.2    Wilczynski, N.L.3    Walter, S.D.4    Werre, S.R.5
  • 106
    • 27544463207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis
    • Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet 2005; 366: 1545-1553.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1545-1553
    • Lindholm, L.H.1    Carlberg, B.2    Samuelsson, O.3
  • 107
    • 28044462641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits.
    • Glass J, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N, Sproule BA, Busto UE. Sedative hypnotics in older people with insomnia: meta-analysis of risks and benefits. BMJ 2005; 331: 1169.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , pp. 1169
    • Glass, J.1    Lanctot, K.L.2    Herrmann, N.3    Sproule, B.A.4    Busto, U.E.5
  • 108
    • 23944509001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy
    • Shang A, Huwiler-Muntener K, Nartey L, et al. Are the clinical effects of homoeopathy placebo effects? Comparative study of placebo-controlled trials of homoeopathy and allopathy. Lancet 2005; 366: 726-732.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 726-732
    • Shang, A.1    Huwiler-Muntener, K.2    Nartey, L.3
  • 109
    • 0026089831 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a critique
    • Fleiss JL, Gross AJ. Meta-analysis in epidemiology, with special reference to studies of the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a critique. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 127-139.
    • (1991) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.44 , pp. 127-139
    • Fleiss, J.L.1    Gross, A.J.2
  • 111
    • 0029653475 scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer screening in younger women; the need for evidence based medicine
    • Elwood JM. Breast cancer screening in younger women; the need for evidence based medicine. NZ Med J 1995; 108: 239-241.
    • (1995) NZ Med J , vol.108 , pp. 239-241
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 112
    • 0034823867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis
    • Sterne JAC, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 1046-1055.
    • (2001) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.54 , pp. 1046-1055
    • Sterne, J.A.C.1    Egger, M.2
  • 113
    • 84948769724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases
    • In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (ed), (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group
    • Sterne JAC, Egger M, Davey Smith G. Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases. In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (ed), Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001, pp. 189-208.
    • (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Meta-analysis in Context , pp. 189-208
    • Sterne, J.A.C.1    Egger, M.2    Davey Smith, G.3
  • 114
    • 0025819031 scopus 로고
    • Problems induced by meta-analyses
    • Chalmers TC. Problems induced by meta-analyses. Stat Med 1991; 10: 971-980.
    • (1991) Stat Med , vol.10 , pp. 971-980
    • Chalmers, T.C.1
  • 115
    • 77957184661 scopus 로고
    • Quality scores are useless and potentially misleading. Reply to 'Re: A critical look at some popular analytic methods'
    • Greenland S. Quality scores are useless and potentially misleading. Reply to 'Re: A critical look at some popular analytic methods'. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 300-302.
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.140 , pp. 300-302
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 116
    • 84948734235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials
    • In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (ed), (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group
    • Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Assessing the quality of randomised controlled trials. In Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG (ed), Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Metaanalysis in Context (2nd edn). London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001, pp. 87-108.
    • (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care. Metaanalysis in Context , pp. 87-108
    • Juni, P.1    Altman, D.G.2    Egger, M.3
  • 117
    • 0029914622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?
    • Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12.
    • (1996) Control Clin Trials , vol.17 , pp. 1-12
    • Jadad, A.R.1    Moore, R.A.2    Carroll, D.3
  • 119
    • 21544467552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials
    • Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt HP, van den BH. Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2005; 331: 321-327.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , pp. 321-327
    • Kaduszkiewicz, H.1    Zimmermann, T.2    Beck-Bornholdt, H.P.3    van den, B.H.4
  • 120
    • 85047692188 scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials
    • Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995; 273: 408-412.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 408-412
    • Schulz, K.F.1    Chalmers, I.2    Hayes, R.J.3    Altman, D.G.4
  • 121
    • 0032558314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?
    • Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, et al. Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?. Lancet 1998; 352: 609-613.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 609-613
    • Moher, D.1    Pham, B.2    Jones, A.3
  • 122
    • 0343698374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis
    • McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT. Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis. JAMA 2000; 283: 1469-1475.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1469-1475
    • McAlindon, T.E.1    LaValley, M.P.2    Gulin, J.P.3    Felson, D.T.4
  • 123
    • 0029053534 scopus 로고
    • Mammographic screening trials for women aged under 50. A quality assessment and meta-analysis
    • Glasziou PP, Woodward AJ, Mahon CM. Mammographic screening trials for women aged under 50. A quality assessment and meta-analysis. Med J Aust 1995; 162: 625-629.
    • (1995) Med J Aust , vol.162 , pp. 625-629
    • Glasziou, P.P.1    Woodward, A.J.2    Mahon, C.M.3
  • 124
    • 0023755167 scopus 로고
    • Self examination of the breast: is it beneficial? Meta-analysis of studies investigating breast self-examination and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer
    • Hill D, White V, Jolley D, Mapperson K. Self examination of the breast: is it beneficial? Meta-analysis of studies investigating breast self-examination and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer. BMJ 1988; 297: 271-275.
    • (1988) BMJ , vol.297 , pp. 271-275
    • Hill, D.1    White, V.2    Jolley, D.3    Mapperson, K.4
  • 125
    • 21244459123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods of hysterectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
    • Johnson N, Barlow D, Lethaby A, Tavender E, Curr L, Garry R. Methods of hysterectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2005; 330: 1478.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 1478
    • Johnson, N.1    Barlow, D.2    Lethaby, A.3    Tavender, E.4    Curr, L.5    Garry, R.6
  • 126
    • 0026458371 scopus 로고
    • Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women
    • Grady D, Rubin S, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-1037.
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.117 , pp. 1016-1037
    • Grady, D.1    Rubin, S.2    Petitti, D.B.3
  • 128
    • 0036274867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of 50 years of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
    • Bown MJ, Sutton AJ, Bell PR, Sayers RD. A meta-analysis of 50 years of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 714-730.
    • (2002) Br J Surg , vol.89 , pp. 714-730
    • Bown, M.J.1    Sutton, A.J.2    Bell, P.R.3    Sayers, R.D.4
  • 129
    • 0028181730 scopus 로고
    • By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?. BMJ 1994; 308: 367-372.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.308 , pp. 367-372
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 130
    • 33644871694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood leukemia and residential magnetic fields. Are pooled analyses more valid than the original studies?
    • Elwood JM. Childhood leukemia and residential magnetic fields. Are pooled analyses more valid than the original studies?. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27: 112-118.
    • (2006) Bioelectromagnetics , vol.27 , pp. 112-118
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 131
    • 0030937897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The EPIC Project: rationale and study design. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
    • Riboli E, Kaaks R. The EPIC Project: rationale and study design. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26 (Suppl 1):S6-S14.
    • (1997) Int J Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. S6-S14
    • Riboli, E.1    Kaaks, R.2
  • 133
    • 0021909115 scopus 로고
    • Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials
    • Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985; 27: 335-371.
    • (1985) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.27 , pp. 335-371
    • Yusuf, S.1    Peto, R.2    Lewis, J.3    Collins, R.4    Sleight, P.5
  • 134
    • 0025121305 scopus 로고
    • Bias in the one-step method for pooling study results
    • Greenland S, Salvan A. Bias in the one-step method for pooling study results. Stat Med 1990; 9: 247-252.
    • (1990) Stat Med , vol.9 , pp. 247-252
    • Greenland, S.1    Salvan, A.2
  • 135
    • 0023083290 scopus 로고
    • On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease
    • Prentice RL, Thomas DB. On the epidemiology of oral contraceptives and disease. Adv Cancer Res 1987; 49: 285-401.
    • (1987) Adv Cancer Res , vol.49 , pp. 285-401
    • Prentice, R.L.1    Thomas, D.B.2
  • 136
    • 0023484789 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature
    • Greenland S. Quantitative methods in the review of epidemiologic literature. Epidemiol Rev 1987; 9: 1-30.
    • (1987) Epidemiol Rev , vol.9 , pp. 1-30
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 137
    • 1842288570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanoma and sun exposure: an overview of published studies
    • Elwood JM, Jopson J. Melanoma and sun exposure: an overview of published studies. Int J Cancer 1997; 73: 198-203.
    • (1997) Int J Cancer , vol.73 , pp. 198-203
    • Elwood, J.M.1    Jopson, J.2
  • 138
    • 84922534344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RevMan 4.2.8 software
    • released July 2005, Available online at
    • The Cochrane Collaboration. RevMan 4.2.8 software (released July 2005), 2005. Available online at:
    • (2005)
  • 139
    • 0029122011 scopus 로고
    • Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with a family history of the disease
    • Ford D, Bliss JM, Swerdlow AJ, et al. Risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with a family history of the disease. Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 377-381.
    • (1995) Int J Cancer , vol.62 , pp. 377-381
    • Ford, D.1    Bliss, J.M.2    Swerdlow, A.J.3
  • 141
    • 0024546358 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of statistical methods for combining event rates from clinical trials
    • Berlin JA, Laird NM, Sacks HS, Chalmers TC. A comparison of statistical methods for combining event rates from clinical trials. Stat Med 1989; 8: 141-151.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , pp. 141-151
    • Berlin, J.A.1    Laird, N.M.2    Sacks, H.S.3    Chalmers, T.C.4
  • 143
    • 0028932732 scopus 로고
    • ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction
    • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group). ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669-685.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 669-685
  • 144
    • 0035859525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis
    • Sterne JAC, Egger M, Smith GD. Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis. BMJ 2001; 323: 101-105.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.323 , pp. 101-105
    • Sterne, J.A.C.1    Egger, M.2    Smith, G.D.3
  • 145
    • 0022613561 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of treatment of renal calculi by open surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
    • Charig CR, Webb DR, Payne SR, Wickham JEA. Comparison of treatment of renal calculi by open surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. BMJ 1986; 292: 879-882.
    • (1986) BMJ , vol.292 , pp. 879-882
    • Charig, C.R.1    Webb, D.R.2    Payne, S.R.3    Wickham, J.E.A.4
  • 146
    • 0028830099 scopus 로고
    • Confounding and Simpson's paradox: multiple regression would confound the clinicians.
    • Charig CR. Confounding and Simpson's paradox: multiple regression would confound the clinicians. BMJ 1995; 310: 329.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.310 , pp. 329
    • Charig, C.R.1
  • 147
    • 0001745298 scopus 로고
    • The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables
    • Simpson EH. The interpretation of interaction in contingency tables. J R Statist Soc 1951; 2: 238-241.
    • (1951) J R Statist Soc , vol.2 , pp. 238-241
    • Simpson, E.H.1
  • 148
    • 0016756674 scopus 로고
    • Work activity and coronary heart mortality
    • Paffenbarger RS, Hale WE. Work activity and coronary heart mortality. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 545-550.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.292 , pp. 545-550
    • Paffenbarger, R.S.1    Hale, W.E.2
  • 149
    • 0033608363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial
    • Adish AA, Esrey SA, Gyorkos TW, Jean-Baptiste J, Rojhani A. Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 712-716.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 712-716
    • Adish, A.A.1    Esrey, S.A.2    Gyorkos, T.W.3    Jean-Baptiste, J.4    Rojhani, A.5
  • 150
    • 0035901579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials:explanation and elaboration
    • Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials:explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 663-694.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.134 , pp. 663-694
    • Altman, D.G.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Moher, D.3
  • 151
    • 4844228954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rectal analgesia for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial of diclofenac suppositories
    • Dodd JM, Hedayati H, Pearce E, Hotham N, Crowther CA. Rectal analgesia for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomised controlled trial of diclofenac suppositories. BJOG 2004; 111: 1059-1064.
    • (2004) BJOG , vol.111 , pp. 1059-1064
    • Dodd, J.M.1    Hedayati, H.2    Pearce, E.3    Hotham, N.4    Crowther, C.A.5
  • 153
    • 0041731671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aid to diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions in general practice: controlled trial randomised by practice
    • English DR, Burton RC, Del Mar CB, Donovan RJ, Ireland PD, Emery G. Evaluation of aid to diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions in general practice: controlled trial randomised by practice. BMJ 2003; 327: 375-380.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 375-380
    • English, D.R.1    Burton, R.C.2    Del Mar, C.B.3    Donovan, R.J.4    Ireland, P.D.5    Emery, G.6
  • 154
    • 0014914649 scopus 로고
    • A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. II: mortality results.
    • University Group Diabetes Program. A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. II: mortality results. Diabetes 1970; 19(Suppl.2): 785-830.
    • (1970) Diabetes , vol.19 , pp. 785-830
  • 155
    • 0018962999 scopus 로고
    • Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the Coronary Drug Project
    • Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Influence of adherence to treatment and response of cholesterol on mortality in the Coronary Drug Project. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1038-1041.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.303 , pp. 1038-1041
  • 156
    • 0019964384 scopus 로고
    • Ten- to fourteen- year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality
    • Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L, Roeser R. Ten- to fourteen- year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 69: 349-355.
    • (1982) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.69 , pp. 349-355
    • Shapiro, S.1    Venet, W.2    Strax, P.3    Venet, L.4    Roeser, R.5
  • 157
    • 0030581590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls
    • Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet 1996; 348: 992-996.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 992-996
    • Bruner, A.B.1    Joffe, A.2    Duggan, A.K.3    Casella, J.F.4    Brandt, J.5
  • 158
    • 0029850197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can iron supplementation improve cognitive functioning?
    • Ashby D. Can iron supplementation improve cognitive functioning?. Lancet 1996; 348: 973.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 973
    • Ashby, D.1
  • 159
    • 0141684982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy
    • Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA 2003; 290: 1624-1632.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 1624-1632
    • Tunis, S.R.1    Stryer, D.B.2    Clancy, C.M.3
  • 160
    • 0032894448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening decreases prostate cancer death: first analysis of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial
    • Labrie F, Candas B, DuPont A, et al. Screening decreases prostate cancer death: first analysis of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate 1999; 38: 83-91.
    • (1999) Prostate , vol.38 , pp. 83-91
    • Labrie, F.1    Candas, B.2    DuPont, A.3
  • 161
    • 1942539318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening decreases prostate cancer mortality: 11-year follow-up of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial
    • Labrie F, Candas B, Cusan L, et al. Screening decreases prostate cancer mortality: 11-year follow-up of the 1988 Quebec prospective randomized controlled trial. Prostate 2004; 59: 311-318.
    • (2004) Prostate , vol.59 , pp. 311-318
    • Labrie, F.1    Candas, B.2    Cusan, L.3
  • 162
    • 0032973351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quebec randomized controlled trial on prostate cancer screening shows no evidence for mortality reduction
    • Boer R, Schroder FH. Quebec randomized controlled trial on prostate cancer screening shows no evidence for mortality reduction. Prostate 1999; 40: 130-134.
    • (1999) Prostate , vol.40 , pp. 130-134
    • Boer, R.1    Schroder, F.H.2
  • 163
    • 85081152030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A misleading paper on prostate cancer screening.
    • Elwood M. A misleading paper on prostate cancer screening. Prostate 2004; 61: 372.
    • (2004) Prostate , vol.61 , pp. 372
    • Elwood, M.1
  • 164
    • 84959801619 scopus 로고
    • Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease
    • Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22: 719-748.
    • (1959) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.22 , pp. 719-748
    • Mantel, N.1    Haenszel, W.2
  • 165
    • 84922500471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol. VIII. Lyon, France:International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002.
    • (2002) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents , vol.8
  • 166
    • 0021846387 scopus 로고
    • Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma:the Western Canada Melanoma Study
    • Elwood JM, Gallagher RP, Davison J, Hill GB. Sunburn, suntan and the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma:the Western Canada Melanoma Study. Br J Cancer 1985; 51: 543-549.
    • (1985) Br J Cancer , vol.51 , pp. 543-549
    • Elwood, J.M.1    Gallagher, R.P.2    Davison, J.3    Hill, G.B.4
  • 168
    • 0942301318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do?
    • Karlberg J, Chong DS, Lai WY. Do men have a higher case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome than women do?. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 229-231.
    • (2004) Am J Epidemiol , vol.159 , pp. 229-231
    • Karlberg, J.1    Chong, D.S.2    Lai, W.Y.3
  • 169
    • 0019430966 scopus 로고
    • Wood exposure and smoking: association with cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in British Columbia
    • Elwood JM. Wood exposure and smoking: association with cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J 1981; 124: 1573-1577.
    • (1981) Can Med Assoc J , vol.124 , pp. 1573-1577
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 170
    • 0030581589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy
    • Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977-980.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 977-980
    • Daly, E.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Hawkins, M.M.3    Carson, J.L.4    Gough, P.5    Marsh, S.6
  • 171
    • 27644567804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Girls with anorexia nervosa as young adults. Self-reported and parentreported emotional and behavioural problems compared with siblings
    • Halvorsen I, Andersen A, Heyerdahl S. Girls with anorexia nervosa as young adults. Self-reported and parentreported emotional and behavioural problems compared with siblings. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 14: 397-406.
    • (2005) Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.14 , pp. 397-406
    • Halvorsen, I.1    Andersen, A.2    Heyerdahl, S.3
  • 173
    • 0037151390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for breast cancer at young ages in twins: an international population-based study
    • Swerdlow AJ, De Stavola BL, Floderus B, et al. Risk factors for breast cancer at young ages in twins: an international population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1238-1246.
    • (2002) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.94 , pp. 1238-1246
    • Swerdlow, A.J.1    De Stavola, B.L.2    Floderus, B.3
  • 174
    • 0141446279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish twin cohort study
    • Carlsson S, Hammar N, Grill V, Kaprio J. Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish twin cohort study. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2785-2790.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , pp. 2785-2790
    • Carlsson, S.1    Hammar, N.2    Grill, V.3    Kaprio, J.4
  • 175
    • 0014002747 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory symptoms and 'angina pectoris' in twins with reference to smoking habits: an epidemiological study with mailed questionnaire
    • Cederlöf R, Jonsson E, Kaij L. Respiratory symptoms and 'angina pectoris' in twins with reference to smoking habits: an epidemiological study with mailed questionnaire. Arch Environ Health 1966; 13: 726-737.
    • (1966) Arch Environ Health , vol.13 , pp. 726-737
    • Cederlöf, R.1    Jonsson, E.2    Kaij, L.3
  • 176
    • 0015225140 scopus 로고
    • Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women
    • Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 878-881.
    • (1971) N Engl J Med , vol.284 , pp. 878-881
    • Herbst, A.L.1    Ulfelder, H.2    Poskanzer, D.C.3
  • 177
    • 0034908989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden
    • Hulten K, Van Kappel AL, Winkvist A, et al. Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 529-537.
    • (2001) Cancer Causes Control , vol.12 , pp. 529-537
    • Hulten, K.1    Van Kappel, A.L.2    Winkvist, A.3
  • 178
    • 0024543714 scopus 로고
    • New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye's syndrome association
    • Forsyth BW, Horwitz RI, Acampora D, et al. New epidemiologic evidence confirming that bias does not explain the aspirin/Reye's syndrome association. JAMA 1989; 261: 2517-2524.
    • (1989) JAMA , vol.261 , pp. 2517-2524
    • Forsyth, B.W.1    Horwitz, R.I.2    Acampora, D.3
  • 179
    • 0022618706 scopus 로고
    • Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation, and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources
    • Elwood JM, Williamson C, Stapleton PJ. Malignant melanoma in relation to moles, pigmentation, and exposure to fluorescent and other lighting sources. Br J Cancer 1986; 53: 65-74.
    • (1986) Br J Cancer , vol.53 , pp. 65-74
    • Elwood, J.M.1    Williamson, C.2    Stapleton, P.J.3
  • 182
    • 0027142483 scopus 로고
    • Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies
    • Maldonado G, Greenland S. Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 923-936.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 923-936
    • Maldonado, G.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 183
    • 28244453652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature's randomised trials
    • Hingorani A, Humphries S. Nature's randomised trials. Lancet 2005; 366: 1906-1908.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1906-1908
    • Hingorani, A.1    Humphries, S.2
  • 184
    • 0037322022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?
    • Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32: 1-22.
    • (2003) Int J Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 1-22
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 185
    • 1942539238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Mendelian randomization and gene-environment interaction
    • Brennan P. Commentary: Mendelian randomization and gene-environment interaction. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33: 17-21.
    • (2004) Int J Epidemiol , vol.33 , pp. 17-21
    • Brennan, P.1
  • 186
    • 0022656494 scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer.
    • Katan MB. Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer. Lancet 1986; i: 507-508.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 507-508
    • Katan, M.B.1
  • 187
    • 3242881705 scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer.
    • reprinted from Lancet 1986; i: 507-508
    • Katan MB. Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1986; 33: 9 (reprinted from Lancet 1986; i: 507-508).
    • (1986) Int J Epidemiol , vol.33 , pp. 9
    • Katan, M.B.1
  • 188
    • 27544498543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cruciferous vegetables on lung cancer in patients stratified by genetic status: a Mendelian randomisation approach
    • Brennan P, Hsu CC, Moullan N, et al. Effect of cruciferous vegetables on lung cancer in patients stratified by genetic status: a Mendelian randomisation approach. Lancet 2005; 366: 1558-1560.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1558-1560
    • Brennan, P.1    Hsu, C.C.2    Moullan, N.3
  • 189
    • 0019422226 scopus 로고
    • Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?
    • Peto R, Doll R, Buckley JD, Sporn MB. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?. Nature 1981; 290: 201-208.
    • (1981) Nature , vol.290 , pp. 201-208
    • Peto, R.1    Doll, R.2    Buckley, J.D.3    Sporn, M.B.4
  • 190
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029-1035.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035
  • 191
    • 9244262406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-1155.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Omenn, G.S.1    Goodman, G.E.2    Thornquist, M.D.3
  • 192
    • 10644234706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the landmark studies of beta-carotene supplementation
    • Duffield-Lillico AJ, Begg CB. Reflections on the landmark studies of beta-carotene supplementation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1729-1731.
    • (2004) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.96 , pp. 1729-1731
    • Duffield-Lillico, A.J.1    Begg, C.B.2
  • 193
    • 0025981467 scopus 로고
    • Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence
    • Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20: 47-63.
    • (1991) Prev Med , vol.20 , pp. 47-63
    • Stampfer, M.J.1    Colditz, G.A.2
  • 194
    • 0037125379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
    • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 321-333
    • Rossouw, J.E.1    Anderson, G.L.2    Prentice, R.L.3
  • 195
    • 23944487497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: how far can epidemiologists get with statistical adjustment?
    • Petitti DB, Freedman DA. Invited commentary: how far can epidemiologists get with statistical adjustment?. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162: 415-418.
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.162 , pp. 415-418
    • Petitti, D.B.1    Freedman, D.A.2
  • 196
    • 2442678802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
    • Lawlor DA, Davey SG, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S. Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?. Lancet 2004; 363: 1724-1727.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1724-1727
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Davey, S.G.2    Kundu, D.3    Bruckdorfer, K.R.4    Ebrahim, S.5
  • 199
    • 0027958427 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: metaanalysis and review
    • Longnecker MP. Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: metaanalysis and review. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 73-82.
    • (1994) Cancer Causes Control , vol.5 , pp. 73-82
    • Longnecker, M.P.1
  • 200
    • 13344249755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis
    • Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami H-O, et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 356-361.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 356-361
    • Hunter, D.J.1    Spiegelman, D.2    Adami, H.-O.3
  • 201
    • 4344578432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does diet affect breast cancer risk?
    • Holmes MD, Willett WC. Does diet affect breast cancer risk?. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 6: 170-178.
    • (2004) Breast Cancer Res , vol.6 , pp. 170-178
    • Holmes, M.D.1    Willett, W.C.2
  • 202
    • 0024593365 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a cross-national correlation study
    • Schatzkin A, Piantadosi S, Miccozzi M, Bartee D. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer: a cross-national correlation study. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 28-31.
    • (1989) Int J Epidemiol , vol.18 , pp. 28-31
    • Schatzkin, A.1    Piantadosi, S.2    Miccozzi, M.3    Bartee, D.4
  • 203
    • 0037132383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer:collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease
    • Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer:collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1234-1245.
    • (2002) Br J Cancer , vol.87 , pp. 1234-1245
    • Hamajima, N.1    Hirose, K.2    Tajima, K.3
  • 204
    • 0033556027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invited commentary: the Framingham results on alcohol and breast cancer
    • Longnecker MP. Invited commentary: the Framingham results on alcohol and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 102-104.
    • (1999) Am J Epidemiol , vol.149 , pp. 102-104
    • Longnecker, M.P.1
  • 205
    • 2442683223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study cohort
    • Horn-Ross PL, Canchola AJ, West DW, et al. Patterns of alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the California Teachers Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 405-411.
    • (2004) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.13 , pp. 405-411
    • Horn-Ross, P.L.1    Canchola, A.J.2    West, D.W.3
  • 206
    • 19944429690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol exposure and breast cancer: results of the women's contraceptive and reproductive experiences study
    • McDonald JA, Mandel MG, Marchbanks PA, et al. Alcohol exposure and breast cancer: results of the women's contraceptive and reproductive experiences study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2106-2116.
    • (2004) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev , vol.13 , pp. 2106-2116
    • McDonald, J.A.1    Mandel, M.G.2    Marchbanks, P.A.3
  • 207
    • 0035824180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and breast cancer: review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence and potential mechanisms
    • Singletary KW, Gapstur SM. Alcohol and breast cancer: review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence and potential mechanisms. JAMA 2001; 286: 2143-2151.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 2143-2151
    • Singletary, K.W.1    Gapstur, S.M.2
  • 208
    • 3242669973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women
    • Petri AL, Tjonneland A, Gamborg M, et al. Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28: 1084-1090.
    • (2004) Alcohol Clin Exp Res , vol.28 , pp. 1084-1090
    • Petri, A.L.1    Tjonneland, A.2    Gamborg, M.3
  • 209
    • 27944495246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and post-menopausal breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a prospective cohort study
    • Suzuki R, Ye W, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Saji S, Colditz GA, Wolk A. Alcohol and post-menopausal breast cancer risk defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a prospective cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1601-1608.
    • (2005) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.97 , pp. 1601-1608
    • Suzuki, R.1    Ye, W.2    Rylander-Rudqvist, T.3    Saji, S.4    Colditz, G.A.5    Wolk, A.6
  • 210
    • 23144467046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The etiology of alcohol-induced breast cancer
    • Dumitrescu RG, Shields PG. The etiology of alcohol-induced breast cancer. Alcohol 2005; 35: 213-225.
    • (2005) Alcohol , vol.35 , pp. 213-225
    • Dumitrescu, R.G.1    Shields, P.G.2
  • 213
    • 0016826567 scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens
    • Ziel HK, Finkle WD. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 1167-1170.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.293 , pp. 1167-1170
    • Ziel, H.K.1    Finkle, W.D.2
  • 214
  • 215
    • 0017153564 scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States
    • Weiss NS, Szekely DR, Austin DF. Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1259-1262.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.294 , pp. 1259-1262
    • Weiss, N.S.1    Szekely, D.R.2    Austin, D.F.3
  • 216
    • 0020076152 scopus 로고
    • The decreasing incidence of endometrial cancer: public health implications
    • Austin DF, Roe KM. The decreasing incidence of endometrial cancer: public health implications. Am J Public Health 1982; 72: 65-68.
    • (1982) Am J Public Health , vol.72 , pp. 65-68
    • Austin, D.F.1    Roe, K.M.2
  • 217
    • 0017624054 scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma.
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet 1977; i:577-578.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 577-578
  • 218
    • 0017395676 scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma.
    • Mack TM, Pike MC. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet 1977; i: 1358.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1358
    • Mack, T.M.1    Pike, M.C.2
  • 219
    • 0018927859 scopus 로고
    • 'Alternative' controls in a case- control study of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen
    • Hulka BS, Grimson RC, Greenberg BG, et al. 'Alternative' controls in a case- control study of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112: 376-387.
    • (1980) Am J Epidemiol , vol.112 , pp. 376-387
    • Hulka, B.S.1    Grimson, R.C.2    Greenberg, B.G.3
  • 220
    • 0027942710 scopus 로고
    • Links between hormone replacement therapy and neoplasia.
    • Hulka BS. Links between hormone replacement therapy and neoplasia. Fertil Steril 1994; 62(6 Suppl 2): 168S-175S.
    • (1994) Fertil Steril , vol.62 , pp. 168S-175S
    • Hulka, B.S.1
  • 221
    • 0038798005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society
    • The North American Menopause Society. Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2003; 10: 113-132.
    • (2003) Menopause , vol.10 , pp. 113-132
  • 225
    • 18644363797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 855-860.
    • (2005) Ann Intern Med , vol.142 , pp. 855-860
  • 226
    • 0015380424 scopus 로고
    • Components of the crude risk ratio
    • Miettinen OS. Components of the crude risk ratio. Am J Epidemiol 1972; 96: 168-172.
    • (1972) Am J Epidemiol , vol.96 , pp. 168-172
    • Miettinen, O.S.1
  • 227
    • 0037152098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study
    • Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2002; 360: 901-907.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 901-907
    • Sears, M.R.1    Greene, J.M.2    Willan, A.R.3
  • 229
    • 84922500470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: 1972-2006
    • in press
    • Poulton R, Hancox RJ, Moffitt TE. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study: 1972-2006. Int J Epidemiol 2006; in press.
    • (2006) Int J Epidemiol
    • Poulton, R.1    Hancox, R.J.2    Moffitt, T.E.3
  • 230
    • 0025350026 scopus 로고
    • Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study
    • Lucas A, Brooke OG, Morley R, Cole TJ, Bamford MF. Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study. BMJ 1990; 300: 837-840.
    • (1990) BMJ , vol.300 , pp. 837-840
    • Lucas, A.1    Brooke, O.G.2    Morley, R.3    Cole, T.J.4    Bamford, M.F.5
  • 231
    • 0035313297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family size, day-care attendance, and breastfeeding in relation to the incidence of childhood asthma
    • Infante-Rivard C, Amre D, Gautrin D, Malo JL. Family size, day-care attendance, and breastfeeding in relation to the incidence of childhood asthma. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 653-658.
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.153 , pp. 653-658
    • Infante-Rivard, C.1    Amre, D.2    Gautrin, D.3    Malo, J.L.4
  • 233
    • 0035879616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between breastfeeding and the prevalence of asthma : the Tokorozawa Childhood Asthma and Pollinosis Study
    • Takemura Y, Sakurai Y, Honjo S, et al. Relation between breastfeeding and the prevalence of asthma : the Tokorozawa Childhood Asthma and Pollinosis Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 115-119.
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.154 , pp. 115-119
    • Takemura, Y.1    Sakurai, Y.2    Honjo, S.3
  • 235
    • 0042326193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding and allergic disease: a multidisciplinary review of the literature (1966-2001) on the mode of early feeding in infancy and its impact on later atopic manifestations
    • van Odijk J., Kull I, Borres MP, et al. Breastfeeding and allergic disease: a multidisciplinary review of the literature (1966-2001) on the mode of early feeding in infancy and its impact on later atopic manifestations. Allergy 2003; 58: 833-843.
    • (2003) Allergy , vol.58 , pp. 833-843
    • van Odijk, J.1    Kull, I.2    Borres, M.P.3
  • 236
    • 0036014535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma
    • Oddy WH, de Klerk NH, Sly PD, Holt PG. The effects of respiratory infections, atopy, and breastfeeding on childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2002, 19: 899-905.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.19 , pp. 899-905
    • Oddy, W.H.1    de Klerk, N.H.2    Sly, P.D.3    Holt, P.G.4
  • 237
    • 4344571504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of breastfeeding and body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: a prospective cohort study to age 6 years
    • Oddy WH, Sherriff JL, de Klerk NH, et al. The relation of breastfeeding and body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: a prospective cohort study to age 6 years. Am J Public Health 2004; 94: 1531-1537.
    • (2004) Am J Public Health , vol.94 , pp. 1531-1537
    • Oddy, W.H.1    Sherriff, J.L.2    de Klerk, N.H.3
  • 238
    • 27744602755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding, soluble CD14 concentration in breast milk and risk of atopic dermatitis and asthma in early childhood: birth cohort study
    • Rothenbacher D, Weyermann M, Beermann C, Brenner H. Breastfeeding, soluble CD14 concentration in breast milk and risk of atopic dermatitis and asthma in early childhood: birth cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35: 1014-1021.
    • (2005) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.35 , pp. 1014-1021
    • Rothenbacher, D.1    Weyermann, M.2    Beermann, C.3    Brenner, H.4
  • 239
    • 0034900935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies
    • Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr 2001; 139: 261-266.
    • (2001) J Pediatr , vol.139 , pp. 261-266
    • Gdalevich, M.1    Mimouni, D.2    Mimouni, M.3
  • 240
    • 0034804352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
    • Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: 520-527.
    • (2001) J Am Acad Dermatol , vol.45 , pp. 520-527
    • Gdalevich, M.1    Mimouni, D.2    David, M.3    Mimouni, M.4
  • 241
    • 0035094236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood
    • Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Martinez FD. Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax 2001; 56: 192-197.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 192-197
    • Wright, A.L.1    Holberg, C.J.2    Taussig, L.M.3    Martinez, F.D.4
  • 242
    • 3142763787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention.
    • Halken S. Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15 (Suppl 16): 4-32.
    • (2004) Pediatr Allergy Immunol , vol.15 , pp. 4-32
    • Halken, S.1
  • 243
    • 0036339313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in childhood asthma: prevalence, health care utilization, and mortality
    • Akinbami LJ, Schoendorf KC. Trends in childhood asthma: prevalence, health care utilization, and mortality. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 315-322.
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.110 , pp. 315-322
    • Akinbami, L.J.1    Schoendorf, K.C.2
  • 244
    • 33244461533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global epidemiology of asthma in children
    • Pearce N, Douwes J. The global epidemiology of asthma in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006; 10: 125-132.
    • (2006) Int J Tuberc Lung Dis , vol.10 , pp. 125-132
    • Pearce, N.1    Douwes, J.2
  • 245
    • 0037730387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding and asthma: appraising the controversy
    • Peat JK, Allen J, Oddy W, Webb K. Breastfeeding and asthma: appraising the controversy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 35: 331-334.
    • (2003) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.35 , pp. 331-334
    • Peat, J.K.1    Allen, J.2    Oddy, W.3    Webb, K.4
  • 246
    • 0142031061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding and asthma: appraising the controversy-a rebuttal
    • Sears MR, Taylor DR, Poulton R. Breastfeeding and asthma: appraising the controversy-a rebuttal. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 36: 366-368.
    • (2003) Pediatr Pulmonol , vol.36 , pp. 366-368
    • Sears, M.R.1    Taylor, D.R.2    Poulton, R.3
  • 247
    • 20444499288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma
    • Friedman NJ, Zeiger RS. The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 1238-1248.
    • (2005) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.115 , pp. 1238-1248
    • Friedman, N.J.1    Zeiger, R.S.2
  • 248
    • 4644341104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the origin of asthma and its relationship to breastfeeding
    • Wills-Karp M, Brandt D, Morrow AL. Understanding the origin of asthma and its relationship to breastfeeding. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 554: 171-191.
    • (2004) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.554 , pp. 171-191
    • Wills-Karp, M.1    Brandt, D.2    Morrow, A.L.3
  • 249
    • 4644337345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review
    • Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004; 554: 63-77.
    • (2004) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.554 , pp. 63-77
    • Kramer, M.S.1    Kakuma, R.2
  • 250
    • 33646340686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breastfeeding does not increase the risk of asthma at 14 years.
    • Burgess SW, Dakin CJ, O'Callaghan MJ. Breastfeeding does not increase the risk of asthma at 14 years. Pediatrics 2006; 117: e787-e792.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117 , pp. e787-e792
    • Burgess, S.W.1    Dakin, C.J.2    O'Callaghan, M.J.3
  • 251
    • 33644888007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European birth cohort studies on asthma and atopic diseases. I: Comparison of study designs-a GALEN initiative
    • Keil T, Kulig M, Simpson A, et al. European birth cohort studies on asthma and atopic diseases. I: Comparison of study designs-a GALEN initiative. Allergy 2006; 61: 221-228.
    • (2006) Allergy , vol.61 , pp. 221-228
    • Keil, T.1    Kulig, M.2    Simpson, A.3
  • 252
    • 21844437362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chloramphenicol treatment for acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    • Rose PW, Harnden A, Brueggemann AB, et al. Chloramphenicol treatment for acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 37-43.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 37-43
    • Rose, P.W.1    Harnden, A.2    Brueggemann, A.B.3
  • 254
  • 255
    • 0035901579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration
    • Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 663-694.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.134 , pp. 663-694
    • Altman, D.G.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Moher, D.3
  • 256
    • 84870520165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
    • Antibiotic eye drops available over the counter (OTC). 8-6-2005
    • Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Antibiotic eye drops available over the counter (OTC). 8-6-2005.
  • 257
    • 27744594899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics for acute infective conjunctivitis in children.
    • Saha N. Antibiotics for acute infective conjunctivitis in children. Lancet 2005; 366: 1432.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1432
    • Saha, N.1
  • 258
    • 33645136171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for acute infective conjunctivitis in children? Qualitative interviews with GPs and a questionnaire survey of parents and teachers
    • Rose PW, Ziebland S, Harnden A, Mayon-White R, Mant D. Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for acute infective conjunctivitis in children? Qualitative interviews with GPs and a questionnaire survey of parents and teachers. Fam Pract 2006; 23: 226-232.
    • (2006) Fam Pract , vol.23 , pp. 226-232
    • Rose, P.W.1    Ziebland, S.2    Harnden, A.3    Mayon-White, R.4    Mant, D.5
  • 259
    • 28844453592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update
    • Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Topical antibiotics for acute bacterial conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 962-964.
    • (2005) Br J Gen Pract , vol.55 , pp. 962-964
    • Sheikh, A.1    Hurwitz, B.2
  • 260
  • 261
    • 0025863475 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study
    • MRC (Medical Research Council) Vitamin Study Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991; 338: 131-137.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 131-137
  • 262
    • 0019847861 scopus 로고
    • Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation
    • Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ, et al. Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 911-918.
    • (1981) Arch Dis Child , vol.56 , pp. 911-918
    • Smithells, R.W.1    Sheppard, S.2    Schorah, C.J.3
  • 263
    • 0019476413 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects
    • Laurence KM, James N, Miller MH, Tennant GB, Campbell H. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects. BMJ 1981; 282: 1509-1511.
    • (1981) BMJ , vol.282 , pp. 1509-1511
    • Laurence, K.M.1    James, N.2    Miller, M.H.3    Tennant, G.B.4    Campbell, H.5
  • 265
    • 0020596918 scopus 로고
    • Recurrence rates of neural tube defects in Dublin maternity hospitals
    • MacCarthy PA, Dalrymple IJ, Duignan NM, et al. Recurrence rates of neural tube defects in Dublin maternity hospitals. Ir Med J 1983; 76: 78-79.
    • (1983) Ir Med J , vol.76 , pp. 78-79
    • MacCarthy, P.A.1    Dalrymple, I.J.2    Duignan, N.M.3
  • 268
    • 0033547440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. China-U.S. Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention
    • Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD, et al. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. China-U.S. Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect Prevention. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1485-1490.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 1485-1490
    • Berry, R.J.1    Li, Z.2    Erickson, J.D.3
  • 269
    • 0027080461 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of the first occurence of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation
    • Czeizel AE, Dudas I. Prevention of the first occurence of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1832-1835.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1832-1835
    • Czeizel, A.E.1    Dudas, I.2
  • 270
    • 0027930781 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report
    • Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Metneki J. Pregnancy outcomes in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation. Final report. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1994; 255: 131-139.
    • (1994) Arch Gynecol Obstet , vol.255 , pp. 131-139
    • Czeizel, A.E.1    Dudas, I.2    Metneki, J.3
  • 271
    • 0033120370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Preventive Medicine Public Policy Statement. Folic acid fortification of grain products in the U.S. to prevent neural tube defects
    • Bentley JR, Ferrini RL, Hill LL. American College of Preventive Medicine Public Policy Statement. Folic acid fortification of grain products in the U.S. to prevent neural tube defects. Am J Prev Med 1999; 16: 264-267.
    • (1999) Am J Prev Med , vol.16 , pp. 264-267
    • Bentley, J.R.1    Ferrini, R.L.2    Hill, L.L.3
  • 272
    • 84970866684 scopus 로고
    • Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects
    • Wald NJ, Bower C. Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects. BMJ 1995; 310: 1019-1020.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.310 , pp. 1019-1020
    • Wald, N.J.1    Bower, C.2
  • 273
    • 0346727340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Folic acid and the prevention of neural-tube defects
    • Wald NJ. Folic acid and the prevention of neural-tube defects. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 101-103.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 101-103
    • Wald, N.J.1
  • 274
    • 33244491502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plenty of evidence on mandatory folate fortification
    • Bower C, de Klerk N, Milne E, et al. Plenty of evidence on mandatory folate fortification. Aust N Z J Public Health 2006; 30: 81-82.
    • (2006) Aust N Z J Public Health , vol.30 , pp. 81-82
    • Bower, C.1    de Klerk, N.2    Milne, E.3
  • 275
    • 20144380163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations working?
    • Botto LD, Lisi A, Robert-Gnansia E, et al. International retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations working?. BMJ 2005; 330: 571.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 571
    • Botto, L.D.1    Lisi, A.2    Robert-Gnansia, E.3
  • 276
    • 10044271986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for accelerating global action to prevent folic acid-preventable birth defects and other folate-deficiency diseases:meeting of experts
    • Oakley GP Jr, Bell KN, Weber MB. Recommendations for accelerating global action to prevent folic acid-preventable birth defects and other folate-deficiency diseases:meeting of experts. Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004; 70: 835-837.
    • (2004) Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol , vol.70 , pp. 835-837
    • Oakley, G.P.1    Bell, K.N.2    Weber, M.B.3
  • 277
    • 0025848263 scopus 로고
    • Folic acid and neural tube defects
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous. Folic acid and neural tube defects. Lancet 1991; 338: 153-154.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 153-154
  • 278
    • 0028803474 scopus 로고
    • A genetic defect in 5,10 methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase in neural tube defects
    • Whitehead AJ, Gallagher P, Mills JL, et al. A genetic defect in 5,10 methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase in neural tube defects. Q J Med 1995; 88: 763-766.
    • (1995) Q J Med , vol.88 , pp. 763-766
    • Whitehead, A.J.1    Gallagher, P.2    Mills, J.L.3
  • 279
    • 0033808685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes
    • Lucock M. Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes. Mol Genet Metab 2000; 71: 121-138.
    • (2000) Mol Genet Metab , vol.71 , pp. 121-138
    • Lucock, M.1
  • 281
    • 0347988053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoantibodies against folate receptors in women with a pregnancy complicated by a neural-tube defect
    • Rothenberg SP, da Costa MP, Sequeira JM, et al. Autoantibodies against folate receptors in women with a pregnancy complicated by a neural-tube defect. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 134-142.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 134-142
    • Rothenberg, S.P.1    da Costa, M.P.2    Sequeira, J.M.3
  • 282
    • 0942287359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin supplements and the risk for congenital anomalies other than neural tube defects
    • Botto LD, Olney RS, Erickson JD. Vitamin supplements and the risk for congenital anomalies other than neural tube defects. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2004; 125: 12-21.
    • (2004) Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet , vol.125 , pp. 12-21
    • Botto, L.D.1    Olney, R.S.2    Erickson, J.D.3
  • 283
    • 2342448647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • US Preventive Services Task Force. Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Clin Care 2003; 6: 102-107.
    • (2003) Nutr Clin Care , vol.6 , pp. 102-107
  • 284
    • 22344445174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Folic acid and colorectal cancer prevention:molecular mechanisms and epidemiological evidence (Review)
    • Strohle A, Wolters M, Hahn A. Folic acid and colorectal cancer prevention:molecular mechanisms and epidemiological evidence (Review). Int J Oncol 2005; 26: 1449-1464.
    • (2005) Int J Oncol , vol.26 , pp. 1449-1464
    • Strohle, A.1    Wolters, M.2    Hahn, A.3
  • 285
    • 0038165393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%.
    • Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003; 326: 1419.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 1419
    • Wald, N.J.1    Law, M.R.2
  • 286
    • 26944484371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disease
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous. Combination pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 593-599.
    • (2005) Ann Intern Med , vol.143 , pp. 593-599
  • 287
    • 0026076073 scopus 로고
    • Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols
    • Saracci R, Kogevinas M, Bertazzi P-A, et al. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. Lancet 1991; 338: 1027-1032.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 1027-1032
    • Saracci, R.1    Kogevinas, M.2    Bertazzi, P.-A.3
  • 289
    • 0022833493 scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposures to chlorophenoxy herbicides
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Occupational exposures to chlorophenoxy herbicides. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 1986; 41: 357-406.
    • (1986) IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum , vol.41 , pp. 357-406
  • 290
    • 0031419593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study
    • Kogevinas M, Becher H, Benn T, et al. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 1061-1075.
    • (1997) Am J Epidemiol , vol.145 , pp. 1061-1075
    • Kogevinas, M.1    Becher, H.2    Benn, T.3
  • 291
    • 0027754064 scopus 로고
    • Cancer incidence and mortality in women occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins
    • Kogevinas M, Saracci R, Winkelmann R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in women occupationally exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 547-553.
    • (1993) Cancer Causes Control , vol.4 , pp. 547-553
    • Kogevinas, M.1    Saracci, R.2    Winkelmann, R.3
  • 292
    • 0031803777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to dioxin and nonneoplastic mortality in the expanded IARC international cohort study of phenoxy herbicide and chlorophenol production workers and sprayers.
    • Vena J, Boffetta P, Becher H, et al. Exposure to dioxin and nonneoplastic mortality in the expanded IARC international cohort study of phenoxy herbicide and chlorophenol production workers and sprayers. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106 (Suppl 2): 645-653.
    • (1998) Environ Health Perspect , vol.106 , pp. 645-653
    • Vena, J.1    Boffetta, P.2    Becher, H.3
  • 293
    • 0033947835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood cancer in the offspring of male sawmill workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenate fungicides
    • Heacock H, Hertzman C, Demers PA, et al. Childhood cancer in the offspring of male sawmill workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenate fungicides. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: 499-503.
    • (2000) Environ Health Perspect , vol.108 , pp. 499-503
    • Heacock, H.1    Hertzman, C.2    Demers, P.A.3
  • 294
    • 0036568527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case-control study evaluating the homogeneity and heterogeneity of risk factors between sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancers
    • Zhu K, Levine RS, Brann EA, Hall HI, Caplan LS, Gnepp DR. Case-control study evaluating the homogeneity and heterogeneity of risk factors between sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancers. Int J Cancer 2002; 99: 119-123.
    • (2002) Int J Cancer , vol.99 , pp. 119-123
    • Zhu, K.1    Levine, R.S.2    Brann, E.A.3    Hall, H.I.4    Caplan, L.S.5    Gnepp, D.R.6
  • 295
    • 0034029028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposure to chlorophenol and the risk of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancers among U.S. men aged 30 to 60
    • Mirabelli MC, Hoppin JA, Tolbert PE, Herrick RF, Gnepp DR, Brann EA. Occupational exposure to chlorophenol and the risk of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancers among U.S. men aged 30 to 60. Am J Ind Med 2000; 37: 532-541.
    • (2000) Am J Ind Med , vol.37 , pp. 532-541
    • Mirabelli, M.C.1    Hoppin, J.A.2    Tolbert, P.E.3    Herrick, R.F.4    Gnepp, D.R.5    Brann, E.A.6
  • 296
    • 0032928122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational risk factors for sarcoma subtypes
    • Hoppin JA, Tolbert PE, Flanders WD, et al. Occupational risk factors for sarcoma subtypes. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 300-306.
    • (1999) Epidemiology , vol.10 , pp. 300-306
    • Hoppin, J.A.1    Tolbert, P.E.2    Flanders, W.D.3
  • 297
    • 0942279638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Helicobacter pylori infection a necessary condition for noncardia gastric cancer?
    • Brenner H, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Rothenbacher D. Is Helicobacter pylori infection a necessary condition for noncardia gastric cancer?. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 252-258.
    • (2004) Am J Epidemiol , vol.159 , pp. 252-258
    • Brenner, H.1    Arndt, V.2    Stegmaier, C.3    Ziegler, H.4    Rothenbacher, D.5
  • 298
    • 0028095120 scopus 로고
    • Sinonasal cancer and wood dust exposure: results from a case-control study
    • Leclerc A, Martinez CM, Gerin M, Luce D, Brugere J. Sinonasal cancer and wood dust exposure: results from a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 340-349.
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.140 , pp. 340-349
    • Leclerc, A.1    Martinez, C.M.2    Gerin, M.3    Luce, D.4    Brugere, J.5
  • 299
    • 0027164427 scopus 로고
    • Can men be trusted? A comparison of pregnancy histories reported by husbands and wives
    • Fikree FF, Gray RH, Shah F. Can men be trusted? A comparison of pregnancy histories reported by husbands and wives. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138: 237-242.
    • (1993) Am J Epidemiol , vol.138 , pp. 237-242
    • Fikree, F.F.1    Gray, R.H.2    Shah, F.3
  • 300
    • 0014576629 scopus 로고
    • The intrafamilial transmission of rheumatoid arthritis. III: The lack of support for a genetic hypothesis
    • Schull WJ, Cobb S. The intrafamilial transmission of rheumatoid arthritis. III: The lack of support for a genetic hypothesis. J Chronic Dis 1969; 22: 217-222.
    • (1969) J Chronic Dis , vol.22 , pp. 217-222
    • Schull, W.J.1    Cobb, S.2
  • 301
    • 0014293422 scopus 로고
    • A family study of major central nervous system malformations in South Wales
    • Carter CO, David PA, Laurence KM. A family study of major central nervous system malformations in South Wales. J Med Genet 1968; 5: 81-106.
    • (1968) J Med Genet , vol.5 , pp. 81-106
    • Carter, C.O.1    David, P.A.2    Laurence, K.M.3
  • 302
    • 0023146280 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of amoxicillin with and without decongestant-antihistamine for otitis media with effusion in children. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial
    • Mandel EM, Rockette HE, Bluestone CD, Paradise JL, Nozza RJ. Efficacy of amoxicillin with and without decongestant-antihistamine for otitis media with effusion in children. Results of a double-blind, randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 432-437.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 432-437
    • Mandel, E.M.1    Rockette, H.E.2    Bluestone, C.D.3    Paradise, J.L.4    Nozza, R.J.5
  • 303
    • 0026322138 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial therapy for otitis media with effusion ('secretory' otitis media)
    • Cantekin EI, McGuire TW, Griffith TL. Antimicrobial therapy for otitis media with effusion ('secretory' otitis media). JAMA 1991; 266: 3309-3317.
    • (1991) JAMA , vol.266 , pp. 3309-3317
    • Cantekin, E.I.1    McGuire, T.W.2    Griffith, T.L.3
  • 304
    • 0026355619 scopus 로고
    • The Cantekin affair
    • Rennie D. The Cantekin affair. JAMA 1991; 266: 3333-3337.
    • (1991) JAMA , vol.266 , pp. 3333-3337
    • Rennie, D.1
  • 306
    • 0242317391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulseddye laser treatment for inflammatory acne vulgaris: randomised controlled trial
    • Seaton ED, Charakida A, Mouser PE, Grace I, Clement RM, Chu AC. Pulseddye laser treatment for inflammatory acne vulgaris: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 1347-1352.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1347-1352
    • Seaton, E.D.1    Charakida, A.2    Mouser, P.E.3    Grace, I.4    Clement, R.M.5    Chu, A.C.6
  • 307
    • 77951529251 scopus 로고
    • Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
    • Medical Research Council. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ 1948; ii: 769-782.
    • (1948) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 769-782
  • 308
    • 0030044036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should obstetricians see women with normal pregnancies? A multicentre randomised controlled trial of routine antenatal care by general practitioners and midwives compared with shared care led by obstetricians
    • Tucker JS, Hall MH, Howie PW, et al. Should obstetricians see women with normal pregnancies? A multicentre randomised controlled trial of routine antenatal care by general practitioners and midwives compared with shared care led by obstetricians. BMJ 1996; 312: 554-559.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 554-559
    • Tucker, J.S.1    Hall, M.H.2    Howie, P.W.3
  • 309
    • 1542298138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised, controlled, triple-blind trial of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome
    • Weatherley-Jones E, Nicholl JP, Thomas KJ, et al. A randomised, controlled, triple-blind trial of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2004; 56: 189-197.
    • (2004) J Psychosom Res , vol.56 , pp. 189-197
    • Weatherley-Jones, E.1    Nicholl, J.P.2    Thomas, K.J.3
  • 310
    • 22244448088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perioperative N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized controlled trial
    • Burns KE, Chu MW, Novick RJ, et al. Perioperative N-acetylcysteine to prevent renal dysfunction in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 342-350.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 342-350
    • Burns, K.E.1    Chu, M.W.2    Novick, R.J.3
  • 312
    • 0017147035 scopus 로고
    • A long-term follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception-an interim report
    • Vessey M, Doll R, Peto R, Johnson B, Wiggins P. A long-term follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception-an interim report. J Biomed Sci 1976; 8: 373-427.
    • (1976) J Biomed Sci , vol.8 , pp. 373-427
    • Vessey, M.1    Doll, R.2    Peto, R.3    Johnson, B.4    Wiggins, P.5
  • 313
    • 0015122444 scopus 로고
    • Some methodological problems in the investigation of rare adverse reactions to oral contraceptives
    • Vessey MP. Some methodological problems in the investigation of rare adverse reactions to oral contraceptives. Am J Epidemiol 1971; 94: 202-209.
    • (1971) Am J Epidemiol , vol.94 , pp. 202-209
    • Vessey, M.P.1
  • 314
    • 0030581589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy
    • Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977-980.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 977-980
    • Daly, E.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Hawkins, M.M.3    Carson, J.L.4    Gough, P.5    Marsh, S.6
  • 315
    • 1642634952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83 000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries
    • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83 000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries. Lancet 2004; 363: 1007-1016.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1007-1016
  • 316
    • 3042735194 scopus 로고
    • A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung.
    • Doll R, Hill AB. A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. BMJ 1952; ii:1271-1286.
    • (1952) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1271-1286
    • Doll, R.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 317
    • 0030839485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviewer effects in a cohort study: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study
    • Johannes CB. Interviewer effects in a cohort study: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146: 429-438.
    • (1997) Am J Epidemiol , vol.146 , pp. 429-438
    • Johannes, C.B.1
  • 318
    • 0022471089 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a national study
    • Paul C, Skegg DCG, Spears GFS, Kaldor JM. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a national study. BMJ 1986; 293: 723-726.
    • (1986) BMJ , vol.293 , pp. 723-726
    • Paul, C.1    Skegg, D.C.G.2    Spears, G.F.S.3    Kaldor, J.M.4
  • 319
    • 0029787468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interviewer effects on epidemiologic diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder
    • Grayson DA, O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, et al. Interviewer effects on epidemiologic diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 589-597.
    • (1996) Am J Epidemiol , vol.144 , pp. 589-597
    • Grayson, D.A.1    O'Toole, B.I.2    Marshall, R.P.3
  • 320
    • 0029869379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility of a selfadministered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk
    • Westerdahl J, Anderson H, Olsson H, Ingvar C. Reproducibility of a selfadministered questionnaire for assessment of melanoma risk. Int J Epidemiol 1996; 25: 245-251.
    • (1996) Int J Epidemiol , vol.25 , pp. 245-251
    • Westerdahl, J.1    Anderson, H.2    Olsson, H.3    Ingvar, C.4
  • 321
    • 84973587732 scopus 로고
    • A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales
    • Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960; 20: 37-46.
    • (1960) Educ Psychol Meas , vol.20 , pp. 37-46
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 323
    • 0024529145 scopus 로고
    • Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records. The evidence for accuracy of recall
    • Harlow SD, Linet MS. Agreement between questionnaire data and medical records. The evidence for accuracy of recall. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 233-248.
    • (1989) Am J Epidemiol , vol.129 , pp. 233-248
    • Harlow, S.D.1    Linet, M.S.2
  • 325
    • 0026534288 scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for assessing observer variability in clinical measures
    • Brennan P, Silman A. Statistical methods for assessing observer variability in clinical measures. BMJ 1992; 304: 1491-1494.
    • (1992) BMJ , vol.304 , pp. 1491-1494
    • Brennan, P.1    Silman, A.2
  • 326
    • 3142670857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of self-reported skin screening histories
    • Aitken JF, Youl P, Janda M, et al. Validity of self-reported skin screening histories. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 1098-1105.
    • (2004) Am J Epidemiol , vol.159 , pp. 1098-1105
    • Aitken, J.F.1    Youl, P.2    Janda, M.3
  • 327
    • 0018414873 scopus 로고
    • Antenatal screening in Oxford for fetal neural tube defects
    • Wald NJ, Cuckle HS, Boreham J, et al. Antenatal screening in Oxford for fetal neural tube defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1979; 86: 91-100.
    • (1979) Br J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.86 , pp. 91-100
    • Wald, N.J.1    Cuckle, H.S.2    Boreham, J.3
  • 328
    • 84922485402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The jargon decoder: interpreting diagnostic tests. If you expect me to be sensitive, then don't ask me to be so specific
    • Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. The jargon decoder: interpreting diagnostic tests. If you expect me to be sensitive, then don't ask me to be so specific. Informed 1998; 4: 1-2.
    • (1998) Informed , vol.4 , pp. 1-2
  • 329
    • 21444447966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operating characteristics of prostatespecific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng/mL or lower
    • Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, et al. Operating characteristics of prostatespecific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng/mL or lower. JAMA 2005; 294: 66-70.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 66-70
    • Thompson, I.M.1    Ankerst, D.P.2    Chi, C.3
  • 330
    • 0027457620 scopus 로고
    • Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine
    • Zweig MH, Campbell G. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 561-577.
    • (1993) Clin Chem , vol.39 , pp. 561-577
    • Zweig, M.H.1    Campbell, G.2
  • 331
    • 27344458270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening
    • Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E, et al. Diagnostic performance of digital versus film mammography for breast-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1773-1783.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 1773-1783
    • Pisano, E.D.1    Gatsonis, C.2    Hendrick, E.3
  • 333
    • 0024207930 scopus 로고
    • Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient
    • Thompson WD, Walter SD. Variance and dissent. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 949-958.
    • (1988) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.41 , pp. 949-958
    • Thompson, W.D.1    Walter, S.D.2
  • 335
    • 0942279636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A validation study of patient interview data and pharmacy records for antihypertensive, statin, and antidepressant medication use among older women
    • Boudreau DM, Daling JR, Malone KE, Gardner JS, Blough DK, Heckbert SR. A validation study of patient interview data and pharmacy records for antihypertensive, statin, and antidepressant medication use among older women. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 308-317.
    • (2004) Am J Epidemiol , vol.159 , pp. 308-317
    • Boudreau, D.M.1    Daling, J.R.2    Malone, K.E.3    Gardner, J.S.4    Blough, D.K.5    Heckbert, S.R.6
  • 336
    • 0029835113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physicians' opinions on the delivery of mammographic screening services: immediate interpretation versus double reading.
    • Slanetz PJ, Moore RH, Hulka CA, et al. Physicians' opinions on the delivery of mammographic screening services: immediate interpretation versus double reading. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167(2): 377-379.
    • (1996) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.167 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-379
    • Slanetz, P.J.1    Moore, R.H.2    Hulka, C.A.3
  • 337
    • 0018834890 scopus 로고
    • Sample selection and the natural history of disease. Studies of febrile seizures.
    • Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Sample selection and the natural history of disease. Studies of febrile seizures. JAMA 1980; 243: 1337.
    • (1980) JAMA , vol.243 , pp. 1337
    • Ellenberg, J.H.1    Nelson, K.B.2
  • 338
    • 84914957520 scopus 로고
    • Results of chemotherapy for unselected patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia: effect of exclusions on interpretation of results.
    • The Toronto Leukemia Study Group. Results of chemotherapy for unselected patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia: effect of exclusions on interpretation of results. Lancet 1986; i: 786-788.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 786-788
  • 340
    • 0016826567 scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens
    • Ziel HK, Finkle WD. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 1167-1170.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.293 , pp. 1167-1170
    • Ziel, H.K.1    Finkle, W.D.2
  • 341
    • 0018927859 scopus 로고
    • 'Alternative' controls in a case- control study of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen.
    • Hulka BS, Grimson RC, Greenberg BG, et al. 'Alternative' controls in a case- control study of endometrial cancer and exogenous estrogen. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112(3): 376-387.
    • (1980) Am J Epidemiol , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 376-387
    • Hulka, B.S.1    Grimson, R.C.2    Greenberg, B.G.3
  • 342
    • 31344469558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reporting participation in epidemiologic studies: a survey of practice.
    • Morton LM, Cahill J, Hartge P. Reporting participation in epidemiologic studies: a survey of practice. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163(3): 197-203.
    • (2006) Am J Epidemiol , vol.163 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-203
    • Morton, L.M.1    Cahill, J.2    Hartge, P.3
  • 343
    • 0037129605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review.
    • Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, et al. Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. BMJ 2002; 324: 1183.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 1183
    • Edwards, P.1    Roberts, I.2    Clarke, M.3
  • 344
    • 0019964384 scopus 로고
    • Ten- to fourteen-year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality
    • Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L, Roeser R. Ten- to fourteen-year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 69: 349-355.
    • (1982) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.69 , pp. 349-355
    • Shapiro, S.1    Venet, W.2    Strax, P.3    Venet, L.4    Roeser, R.5
  • 345
    • 0019976346 scopus 로고
    • Multiple risk factor intervention trial: risk factor changes and mortality results
    • Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple risk factor intervention trial: risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 1982; 248: 1465-1477.
    • (1982) JAMA , vol.248 , pp. 1465-1477
  • 347
    • 0141684982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy.
    • Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA 2003; 290(12):1624-1632.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , Issue.12 , pp. 1624-1632
    • Tunis, S.R.1    Stryer, D.B.2    Clancy, C.M.3
  • 348
    • 1142285536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HABITS (Hormonal Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer-Is It Safe?), a randomised comparison: trial stopped
    • Holmberg L, Anderson H. HABITS (Hormonal Replacement Therapy After Breast Cancer-Is It Safe?), a randomised comparison: trial stopped. Lancet 2004; 363: 453-455.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 453-455
    • Holmberg, L.1    Anderson, H.2
  • 349
    • 0035857966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials
    • Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet 2001; 357: 1191-1194.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1191-1194
    • Moher, D.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Altman, D.G.3
  • 350
    • 0035901579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration
    • Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 663-694.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.134 , pp. 663-694
    • Altman, D.G.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Moher, D.3
  • 351
    • 0035906286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports of randomized trials: a comparative before-and-after evaluation
    • Moher D, Jones A, Lepage L. Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports of randomized trials: a comparative before-and-after evaluation. JAMA 2001; 285: 1992-1995.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 1992-1995
    • Moher, D.1    Jones, A.2    Lepage, L.3
  • 352
    • 0242317391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulseddye laser treatment for inflammatory acne vulgaris: randomised controlled trial
    • Seaton ED, Charakida A, Mouser PE, Grace I, Clement RM, Chu AC. Pulseddye laser treatment for inflammatory acne vulgaris: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 1347-1352.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1347-1352
    • Seaton, E.D.1    Charakida, A.2    Mouser, P.E.3    Grace, I.4    Clement, R.M.5    Chu, A.C.6
  • 353
    • 0030044036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should obstetricians see women with normal pregnancies? A multicentre randomised controlled trial of routine antenatal care by general practitioners and midwives compared with shared care led by obstetricians
    • Tucker JS, Hall MH, Howie PW, et al. Should obstetricians see women with normal pregnancies? A multicentre randomised controlled trial of routine antenatal care by general practitioners and midwives compared with shared care led by obstetricians. BMJ 1996; 312: 554-559.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 554-559
    • Tucker, J.S.1    Hall, M.H.2    Howie, P.W.3
  • 354
    • 0028116339 scopus 로고
    • Population-based study of long-term outcomes after amniocentesis
    • Baird PA, Yee IML, Sadovnick AD. Population-based study of long-term outcomes after amniocentesis. Lancet 1994; 344: 1134-1136.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1134-1136
    • Baird, P.A.1    Yee, I.M.L.2    Sadovnick, A.D.3
  • 355
    • 0029661916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary habits and mortality in 11000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up
    • Key TJA, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Burr ML. Dietary habits and mortality in 11000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17 year follow up. BMJ 1996; 313: 775-779.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 775-779
    • Key, T.J.A.1    Thorogood, M.2    Appleby, P.N.3    Burr, M.L.4
  • 357
    • 0033537273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study
    • Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1999; 318: 96-100.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 96-100
    • Beral, V.1    Hermon, C.2    Kay, C.3    Hannaford, P.4    Darby, S.5    Reeves, G.6
  • 358
    • 0017147035 scopus 로고
    • A long-term follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception-an interim report
    • Vessey M, Doll R, Peto R, Johnson B, Wiggins P. A long-term follow-up study of women using different methods of contraception-an interim report. J Biomed Sci 1976; 8: 373-427.
    • (1976) J Biomed Sci , vol.8 , pp. 373-427
    • Vessey, M.1    Doll, R.2    Peto, R.3    Johnson, B.4    Wiggins, P.5
  • 359
    • 0038445660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking
    • Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Mortality in relation to oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking. Lancet 2003; 362: 185-191.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 185-191
    • Vessey, M.1    Painter, R.2    Yeates, D.3
  • 360
    • 0020552598 scopus 로고
    • Neoplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible adverse effect of the pill.
    • Vessey MP, Lawless M, McPherson K, Yeates D. Neoplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible adverse effect of the pill. Lancet 1983; ii: 930-934.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 930-934
    • Vessey, M.P.1    Lawless, M.2    McPherson, K.3    Yeates, D.4
  • 361
  • 362
    • 0030581589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy
    • Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977-980.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 977-980
    • Daly, E.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Hawkins, M.M.3    Carson, J.L.4    Gough, P.5    Marsh, S.6
  • 363
    • 0034694861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer
    • Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. JAMA 2000; 284: 3001-3007.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 3001-3007
    • Muscat, J.E.1    Malkin, M.G.2    Thompson, S.3
  • 364
    • 0022471089 scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a national study
    • Paul C, Skegg DCG, Spears GFS, Kaldor JM. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: a national study. BMJ 1986; 293: 723-726.
    • (1986) BMJ , vol.293 , pp. 723-726
    • Paul, C.1    Skegg, D.C.G.2    Spears, G.F.S.3    Kaldor, J.M.4
  • 365
    • 0037452226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study
    • Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, Harding SP. Incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361: 195-200.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 195-200
    • Younis, N.1    Broadbent, D.M.2    Vora, J.P.3    Harding, S.P.4
  • 366
    • 0000232015 scopus 로고
    • A co-operative study of the habits, home life, dietary and family histories of 450 cancer patients and of an equal number of control patients
    • Stocks P, Karn MN. A co-operative study of the habits, home life, dietary and family histories of 450 cancer patients and of an equal number of control patients. Ann Eugen 1933; 5: 237-280.
    • (1933) Ann Eugen , vol.5 , pp. 237-280
    • Stocks, P.1    Karn, M.N.2
  • 367
    • 0037373576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow up of mortality and incidence of cancer 1952-98 in men from the UK who participated in the UK's atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes.
    • Muirhead CR, Bingham D, Haylock RGE, O'Hagan JA, Goodill AA, Berridge GL et al. Follow up of mortality and incidence of cancer 1952-98 in men from the UK who participated in the UK's atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and experimental programmes. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60(3): 165-172.
    • (2003) Occup Environ Med , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 165-172
    • Muirhead, C.R.1    Bingham, D.2    Haylock, R.G.E.3    O'Hagan, J.A.4    Goodill, A.A.5    Berridge, G.L.6
  • 368
    • 0038440560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2003 NRPB report on UK nuclear-test veterans.
    • Baverstock K. The 2003 NRPB report on UK nuclear-test veterans. Lancet 2003; 361(9371): 1759-1760.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , Issue.9371 , pp. 1759-1760
    • Baverstock, K.1
  • 369
    • 0028575896 scopus 로고
    • Damp housing and adult health: results from a lifestyle study in Worcester, England
    • Packer CN, Stewart-Brown S, Fowle SE. Damp housing and adult health: results from a lifestyle study in Worcester, England. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994; 48: 555-559.
    • (1994) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.48 , pp. 555-559
    • Packer, C.N.1    Stewart-Brown, S.2    Fowle, S.E.3
  • 370
    • 20044396173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study.
    • Kojima M, Wakai K, Tokudome S, et al. Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161(5):462-471.
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.161 , Issue.5 , pp. 462-471
    • Kojima, M.1    Wakai, K.2    Tokudome, S.3
  • 372
    • 50549208782 scopus 로고
    • Folic acid metabolism and human embryopathy
    • Hibbard ED, Smithells RW. Folic acid metabolism and human embryopathy. Lancet 1965; 1: 1254-1256.
    • (1965) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1254-1256
    • Hibbard, E.D.1    Smithells, R.W.2
  • 374
    • 0019847861 scopus 로고
    • Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation
    • Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ, et al. Apparent prevention of neural tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Arch Dis Child 1981; 56: 911-918.
    • (1981) Arch Dis Child , vol.56 , pp. 911-918
    • Smithells, R.W.1    Sheppard, S.2    Schorah, C.J.3
  • 375
    • 0025863475 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study
    • MRC (Medical Research Council) Vitamin Study Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991; 338: 131-137.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 131-137
  • 376
    • 0029772540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial risks of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: retrospective case-control study
    • Foulkes WD, Brunet J-S, Sieh W, Black MJ, Shenouda G, Narod SA. Familial risks of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: retrospective case-control study. BMJ 1996; 313: 716-721.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 716-721
    • Foulkes, W.D.1    Brunet, J.-S.2    Sieh, W.3    Black, M.J.4    Shenouda, G.5    Narod, S.A.6
  • 377
    • 0033546946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community based incidence survey
    • Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, et al. Incidence of malaria among children living near dams in northern Ethiopia: community based incidence survey. BMJ 1999; 319: 663-666.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 663-666
    • Ghebreyesus, T.A.1    Haile, M.2    Witten, K.H.3
  • 378
    • 0032585240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years
    • Thornley B, Adams C. Content and quality of 2000 controlled trials in schizophrenia over 50 years. BMJ 1998; 317: 1181-1184.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1181-1184
    • Thornley, B.1    Adams, C.2
  • 380
    • 0001561760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of randomised controlled trials
    • British Medical Journal. Fifty years of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998; 317: 1167-1248.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1167-1248
  • 381
    • 0032585249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled trials: the 1948 watershed
    • Doll R. Controlled trials: the 1948 watershed. BMJ 1998; 317: 1217-1220.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1217-1220
    • Doll, R.1
  • 382
    • 0032585231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s
    • Yoshioka A. Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. BMJ 1998; 317: 1220-1223.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1220-1223
    • Yoshioka, A.1
  • 383
    • 0000846532 scopus 로고
    • Om Serumbehandlung af Difteri
    • Fibiger J. Om Serumbehandlung af Difteri. Hospitalstidende 1898; 6: 309-325.
    • (1898) Hospitalstidende , vol.6 , pp. 309-325
    • Fibiger, J.1
  • 384
    • 2342631333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: The 1944 patulin trial: the first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council.
    • Chalmers I, Clarke M. Commentary: The 1944 patulin trial: the first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33(2): 253-260.
    • (2004) Int J Epidemiol , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 253-260
    • Chalmers, I.1    Clarke, M.2
  • 385
    • 0017941887 scopus 로고
    • A thirty year follow-up of treatment effects
    • McCord J. A thirty year follow-up of treatment effects. Am Psychol 1978; 33: 284-289.
    • (1978) Am Psychol , vol.33 , pp. 284-289
    • McCord, J.1
  • 386
    • 0028932732 scopus 로고
    • ISIS-4:A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction
    • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group). ISIS-4:A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669-685.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 669-685
  • 387
    • 0017871294 scopus 로고
    • A randomised trial of home-versus-hospital management for patients with suspected myocardial infarction.
    • Hill JD, Hampton JR, Mitchell JRA. A randomised trial of home-versus-hospital management for patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Lancet 1978; i: 837-841.
    • (1978) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 837-841
    • Hill, J.D.1    Hampton, J.R.2    Mitchell, J.R.A.3
  • 388
    • 0019964384 scopus 로고
    • Ten- to fourteen- year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality
    • Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L, Roeser R. Ten- to fourteen- year effect of screening on breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 69: 349-355.
    • (1982) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.69 , pp. 349-355
    • Shapiro, S.1    Venet, W.2    Strax, P.3    Venet, L.4    Roeser, R.5
  • 389
    • 0035901579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration
    • Altman DG, Schulz KF, Moher D, et al. The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 663-694.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.134 , pp. 663-694
    • Altman, D.G.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Moher, D.3
  • 390
    • 0018398041 scopus 로고
    • The two-period cross-over clinical trial
    • Hills M, Armitage P. The two-period cross-over clinical trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8: 7-20.
    • (1979) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 7-20
    • Hills, M.1    Armitage, P.2
  • 391
    • 0035814597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study
    • Schrader H, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. BMJ 2001; 322: 19-22.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 19-22
    • Schrader, H.1    Stovner, L.J.2    Helde, G.3    Sand, T.4    Bovim, G.5
  • 392
    • 0029962703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trials in single subjects: the N of 1 study
    • Cook DJ. Randomized trials in single subjects: the N of 1 study. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996; 32: 363-367.
    • (1996) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.32 , pp. 363-367
    • Cook, D.J.1
  • 393
    • 0027970288 scopus 로고
    • n of 1 trials comparing a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with paracetamol in osteoarthritis
    • March L, Irwig L, Schwarz J, Simpson J, Chock C, Brooks P. n of 1 trials comparing a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with paracetamol in osteoarthritis. BMJ 1994; 309: 1041-1046.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.309 , pp. 1041-1046
    • March, L.1    Irwig, L.2    Schwarz, J.3    Simpson, J.4    Chock, C.5    Brooks, P.6
  • 394
    • 14944353728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using n-of-1 trials as a clinical tool to improve prescribing
    • Nikles CJ, Clavarino AM, Del Mar CB. Using n-of-1 trials as a clinical tool to improve prescribing. Br J Gen Pract 2005; 55: 175-180.
    • (2005) Br J Gen Pract , vol.55 , pp. 175-180
    • Nikles, C.J.1    Clavarino, A.M.2    Del Mar, C.B.3
  • 395
    • 0032929264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline for irreversible chronic airflow limitation: a randomized study comparing n of 1 trials to standard practice
    • Mahon JL, Laupacis A, Hodder RV, et al. Theophylline for irreversible chronic airflow limitation: a randomized study comparing n of 1 trials to standard practice. Chest 1999; 115: 38-48.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 38-48
    • Mahon, J.L.1    Laupacis, A.2    Hodder, R.V.3
  • 396
    • 0033608363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial
    • Adish AA, Esrey SA, Gyorkos TW, Jean-Baptiste J, Rojhani A. Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 712-716.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 712-716
    • Adish, A.A.1    Esrey, S.A.2    Gyorkos, T.W.3    Jean-Baptiste, J.4    Rojhani, A.5
  • 397
    • 0033533238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods in health service research. Evaluation of health interventions at area and organisation level
    • Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ, Donner A. Methods in health service research. Evaluation of health interventions at area and organisation level. BMJ 1999; 319: 376-379.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 376-379
    • Ukoumunne, O.C.1    Gulliford, M.C.2    Chinn, S.3    Sterne, J.A.C.4    Burney, P.G.J.5    Donner, A.6
  • 398
    • 0041731671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of aid to diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions in general practice: controlled trial randomised by practice
    • English DR, Burton RC, Del Mar CB, Donovan RJ, Ireland PD, Emery G. Evaluation of aid to diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions in general practice: controlled trial randomised by practice. BMJ 2003; 327: 375-380.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 375-380
    • English, D.R.1    Burton, R.C.2    Del Mar, C.B.3    Donovan, R.J.4    Ireland, P.D.5    Emery, G.6
  • 399
    • 0006057139 scopus 로고
    • Effect of fluoridated public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Tenth year of the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study
    • Arnold FA, Dean HT, Jay P, Knutson JW. Effect of fluoridated public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Tenth year of the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study. Public Health Rep 1956; 71: 652-658.
    • (1956) Public Health Rep , vol.71 , pp. 652-658
    • Arnold, F.A.1    Dean, H.T.2    Jay, P.3    Knutson, J.W.4
  • 400
    • 0021802399 scopus 로고
    • The Stanford Five-City Project:design and methods
    • Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Maccoby N, et al. The Stanford Five-City Project:design and methods. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 323-334.
    • (1985) Am J Epidemiol , vol.122 , pp. 323-334
    • Farquhar, J.W.1    Fortmann, S.P.2    Maccoby, N.3
  • 402
    • 23244441092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health and economic benefits of well-designed evaluations: some lessons from evaluating neuroblastoma screening
    • Soderstrom L, Woods WG, Bernstein M, Robison LL, Tuchman M, Lemieux B. Health and economic benefits of well-designed evaluations: some lessons from evaluating neuroblastoma screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1118-1124.
    • (2005) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.97 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Soderstrom, L.1    Woods, W.G.2    Bernstein, M.3    Robison, L.L.4    Tuchman, M.5    Lemieux, B.6
  • 405
    • 0025002430 scopus 로고
    • Survival of patients with breast cancer attending Bristol Cancer Help Centre
    • Bagenal FS, Easton DF, Harris E, Chilvers CE, McElwain TJ. Survival of patients with breast cancer attending Bristol Cancer Help Centre. Lancet 1990; 336: 606-610.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 606-610
    • Bagenal, F.S.1    Easton, D.F.2    Harris, E.3    Chilvers, C.E.4    McElwain, T.J.5
  • 406
    • 0024410228 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of neural tube defect recurrences in Yorkshire: final report (Letter).
    • Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Wild J, Schorah CJ. Prevention of neural tube defect recurrences in Yorkshire: final report (Letter). Lancet 1989; ii(8661): 498-499.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8661 , pp. 498-499
    • Smithells, R.W.1    Sheppard, S.2    Wild, J.3    Schorah, C.J.4
  • 407
    • 0014406391 scopus 로고
    • Asbestos exposure, smoking and neoplasia
    • Selikoff IJ, Churg J, Hammond EC. Asbestos exposure, smoking and neoplasia. JAMA 1968; 204: 106-112.
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.204 , pp. 106-112
    • Selikoff, I.J.1    Churg, J.2    Hammond, E.C.3
  • 408
    • 0022571613 scopus 로고
    • In-utero exposure to valproate and neural tube defects.
    • Lindhout D, Schmidt D. In-utero exposure to valproate and neural tube defects. Lancet 1986; i: 1392-1393.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1392-1393
    • Lindhout, D.1    Schmidt, D.2
  • 409
    • 0042018741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
    • Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419-427.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 419-427
  • 410
    • 1542725074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and cancer-the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
    • Bingham S, Riboli E. Diet and cancer-the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Natl Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 206-215.
    • (2004) Natl Rev Cancer , vol.4 , pp. 206-215
    • Bingham, S.1    Riboli, E.2
  • 411
    • 75549098538 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to smoking: ten years' observations of British doctors.
    • Doll R, Hill AB. Mortality in relation to smoking: ten years' observations of British doctors. BMJ 1964; i: 1399-1410.
    • (1964) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 1399-1410
    • Doll, R.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 412
    • 0018849880 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors.
    • Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. BMJ 1980; i: 967-971.
    • (1980) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 967-971
    • Doll, R.1    Gray, R.2    Hafner, B.3    Peto, R.4
  • 414
    • 0025940856 scopus 로고
    • Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study
    • Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 756-762.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 756-762
    • Stampfer, M.J.1    Colditz, G.A.2    Willett, W.C.3
  • 416
    • 0027994593 scopus 로고
    • Established risk factors and coronary artery disease: the Framingham Study.
    • Wilson PW. Established risk factors and coronary artery disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 7S-12S.
    • (1994) Am J Hypertens , vol.7 , pp. 7S-12S
    • Wilson, P.W.1
  • 417
    • 0037049031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in adults aged 26-54 years related to socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood:post war birth cohort study
    • Kuh D, Hardy R, Langenberg C, Richards M, Wadsworth ME. Mortality in adults aged 26-54 years related to socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood:post war birth cohort study. BMJ 2002; 325: 1076-1080.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.325 , pp. 1076-1080
    • Kuh, D.1    Hardy, R.2    Langenberg, C.3    Richards, M.4    Wadsworth, M.E.5
  • 419
    • 0037426079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conception-to-death cohort
    • Susser E, Terry MB. A conception-to-death cohort. Lancet 2003; 361: 797-798.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 797-798
    • Susser, E.1    Terry, M.B.2
  • 420
    • 0037986737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol?
    • Barbour V. UK Biobank: a project in search of a protocol?. Lancet 2003; 361: 1734-1738.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 1734-1738
    • Barbour, V.1
  • 421
    • 0015225140 scopus 로고
    • Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women
    • Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med 1971; 284: 878-881.
    • (1971) N Engl J Med , vol.284 , pp. 878-881
    • Herbst, A.L.1    Ulfelder, H.2    Poskanzer, D.C.3
  • 422
    • 0008376153 scopus 로고
    • Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report.
    • Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. BMJ 1950; ii:739-748.
    • (1950) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 739-748
    • Doll, R.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 423
    • 3042735194 scopus 로고
    • A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung.
    • Doll R, Hill AB. A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. BMJ 1952; ii:1271-1286.
    • (1952) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1271-1286
    • Doll, R.1    Hill, A.B.2
  • 424
    • 0017028654 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors.
    • Doll R, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1976; ii: 1525-1536.
    • (1976) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1525-1536
    • Doll, R.1    Peto, R.2
  • 425
    • 0021866816 scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of cervical cancer screening in north east Scotland
    • MacGregor JE, Moss SM, Parkin DM, Day NE. A case-control study of cervical cancer screening in north east Scotland. BMJ 1985; 290: 1543-1546.
    • (1985) BMJ , vol.290 , pp. 1543-1546
    • MacGregor, J.E.1    Moss, S.M.2    Parkin, D.M.3    Day, N.E.4
  • 426
    • 0027455065 scopus 로고
    • Effect of fecal occult blood testing on mortality from colorectal cancer: a case-control study
    • Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP, Jr, Weiss NS. Effect of fecal occult blood testing on mortality from colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 1-6.
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.118 , pp. 1-6
    • Selby, J.V.1    Friedman, G.D.2    Quesenberry, C.P.3    Weiss, N.S.4
  • 427
    • 0026772191 scopus 로고
    • Approaches to the analysis of case-control studies of the efficacy of screening for cancer
    • Weiss NS, McKnight B, Stevens NG. Approaches to the analysis of case-control studies of the efficacy of screening for cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 817-823.
    • (1992) Am J Epidemiol , vol.135 , pp. 817-823
    • Weiss, N.S.1    McKnight, B.2    Stevens, N.G.3
  • 430
    • 0000915681 scopus 로고
    • Forecasting company failure in the UK using discriminant analysis of financial ratio data
    • Taffler RJ. Forecasting company failure in the UK using discriminant analysis of financial ratio data. J R Statist Soc 1982; 145: 342-358.
    • (1982) J R Statist Soc , vol.145 , pp. 342-358
    • Taffler, R.J.1
  • 432
    • 0031024865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association betweeen cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions
    • Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ. Association betweeen cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 453-458.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 453-458
    • Redelmeier, D.A.1    Tibshirani, R.J.2
  • 433
    • 0345543591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study
    • Pauletto P, Puato M, Caroli MG, et al. Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study. Lancet 1996; 348: 784-788.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 784-788
    • Pauletto, P.1    Puato, M.2    Caroli, M.G.3
  • 434
    • 0027957442 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between Quetelet's index and cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47 000 women followed for 25 years
    • Törnberg SA, Carstensen JM. Relationship between Quetelet's index and cancer of breast and female genital tract in 47 000 women followed for 25 years. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 358-361.
    • (1994) Br J Cancer , vol.69 , pp. 358-361
    • Törnberg, S.A.1    Carstensen, J.M.2
  • 438
    • 0001755365 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological evidence on the nature of Hodgkin's disease
    • MacMahon B. Epidemiological evidence on the nature of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1957; 10: 1045-1054.
    • (1957) Cancer , vol.10 , pp. 1045-1054
    • MacMahon, B.1
  • 440
    • 0017726278 scopus 로고
    • Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer.
    • Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB, et al. Artificial sweeteners and human bladder cancer. Lancet 1977; ii: 578-581.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 578-581
    • Howe, G.R.1    Burch, J.D.2    Miller, A.B.3
  • 442
  • 443
    • 0030581589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy
    • Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977-980.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 977-980
    • Daly, E.1    Vessey, M.P.2    Hawkins, M.M.3    Carson, J.L.4    Gough, P.5    Marsh, S.6
  • 444
    • 0030581586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens
    • Jick H, Derby LE, Myers MW, Vasilakis C, Newton KM. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 1996; 348: 981-983.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 981-983
    • Jick, H.1    Derby, L.E.2    Myers, M.W.3    Vasilakis, C.4    Newton, K.M.5
  • 445
    • 0030581587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women
    • Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet 1996; 348: 983-987.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 983-987
    • Grodstein, F.1    Stampfer, M.J.2    Goldhaber, S.Z.3
  • 446
    • 0023755167 scopus 로고
    • Self examination of the breast: is it beneficial? Meta-analysis of studies investigating breast self-examination and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer
    • Hill D, White V, Jolley D, Mapperson K. Self examination of the breast: is it beneficial? Meta-analysis of studies investigating breast self-examination and extent of disease in patients with breast cancer. BMJ 1988; 297: 271-275.
    • (1988) BMJ , vol.297 , pp. 271-275
    • Hill, D.1    White, V.2    Jolley, D.3    Mapperson, K.4
  • 448
    • 31844443695 scopus 로고
    • The environment and disease: association or causation?
    • Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58: 295-300.
    • (1965) Proc R Soc Med , vol.58 , pp. 295-300
    • Hill, A.B.1
  • 449
    • 31344444909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bernal Lecture 2004. Are low-frequency electromagnetic fields a health hazard?
    • Crumpton MJ. The Bernal Lecture 2004. Are low-frequency electromagnetic fields a health hazard?. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005; 360: 1223-1230.
    • (2005) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.360 , pp. 1223-1230
    • Crumpton, M.J.1
  • 452
    • 0015712677 scopus 로고
    • Questions concerning the possible association of potatoes and neural-tube defects, and an alternative hypothesis relating to maternal growth and development
    • Emanuel I, Sever LE. Questions concerning the possible association of potatoes and neural-tube defects, and an alternative hypothesis relating to maternal growth and development. Teratology 1973; 8: 325-332.
    • (1973) Teratology , vol.8 , pp. 325-332
    • Emanuel, I.1    Sever, L.E.2
  • 453
    • 0017118136 scopus 로고
    • Mortality from cancer of the uterus in Canada and its relationship to screening for cancer of the cervix
    • Miller AB, Lindsay J, Hill GB. Mortality from cancer of the uterus in Canada and its relationship to screening for cancer of the cervix. Int J Cancer 1976; 17: 602-612.
    • (1976) Int J Cancer , vol.17 , pp. 602-612
    • Miller, A.B.1    Lindsay, J.2    Hill, G.B.3
  • 454
    • 0023771654 scopus 로고
    • Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homocide
    • Sloan JH, Kellermann AL, Reay DT, et al. Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homocide. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1256-1262.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 1256-1262
    • Sloan, J.H.1    Kellermann, A.L.2    Reay, D.T.3
  • 455
    • 0018569077 scopus 로고
    • The periodic health examination
    • Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. The periodic health examination. Can Med Assoc J 1979; 121: 1193-1203.
    • (1979) Can Med Assoc J , vol.121 , pp. 1193-1203
  • 456
    • 0025109883 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the clinical effectiveness of preventive maneuvers: analytic principles and systematic methods in reviewing evidence and developing clinical practice recommendations. A report by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination
    • Woolf SH, Battista RN, Anderson GM, Logan AG, Wang E. Assessing the clinical effectiveness of preventive maneuvers: analytic principles and systematic methods in reviewing evidence and developing clinical practice recommendations. A report by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 891-905.
    • (1990) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.43 , pp. 891-905
    • Woolf, S.H.1    Battista, R.N.2    Anderson, G.M.3    Logan, A.G.4    Wang, E.5
  • 457
    • 0028235229 scopus 로고
    • Telephone versus postal surveys of general practitioners: methodological considerations
    • Sibbald B, Addington-Hall J, Brenneman D, Freeling P. Telephone versus postal surveys of general practitioners: methodological considerations. Br J Gen Pract 1994; 44: 297-300.
    • (1994) Br J Gen Pract , vol.44 , pp. 297-300
    • Sibbald, B.1    Addington-Hall, J.2    Brenneman, D.3    Freeling, P.4
  • 458
    • 58149201733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • U.S Preventive Services Task Force. The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2005. Washington, DC: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2005.
    • (2005) The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2005
  • 460
    • 0027933161 scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer detection guidelines for women aged 40 to 49 years: rationale for the American Cancer Society reaffirmation of recommendations
    • Mettlin C, Smart CR. Breast cancer detection guidelines for women aged 40 to 49 years: rationale for the American Cancer Society reaffirmation of recommendations. CA Cancer J Clin 1994; 44: 248-255.
    • (1994) CA Cancer J Clin , vol.44 , pp. 248-255
    • Mettlin, C.1    Smart, C.R.2
  • 461
    • 0031196189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast cancer screening in younger women: evidence and decision making
    • Elwood JM. Breast cancer screening in younger women: evidence and decision making. J Eval Clin Pract 1997; 3: 179-186.
    • (1997) J Eval Clin Pract , vol.3 , pp. 179-186
    • Elwood, J.M.1
  • 462
    • 0027520163 scopus 로고
    • American and European recommendations for screening mammography in younger women: a cultural divide?
    • Jatoi I, Baum M. American and European recommendations for screening mammography in younger women: a cultural divide?. BMJ 1993; 307: 1481-1483.
    • (1993) BMJ , vol.307 , pp. 1481-1483
    • Jatoi, I.1    Baum, M.2
  • 464
    • 0031584754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mammogram war
    • Feb 24
    • Begley S. The mammogram war. Newsweek [Feb 24], 55-59. 1997.
    • (1997) Newsweek , pp. 55-59
    • Begley, S.1
  • 465
    • 0025942031 scopus 로고
    • Where is the wisdom...?
    • Smith R. Where is the wisdom...? BMJ 1991; 303: 798-799.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.303 , pp. 798-799
    • Smith, R.1
  • 466
    • 0028923154 scopus 로고
    • Grey zones of clinical practice: some limits to evidence-based medicine
    • Naylor CD. Grey zones of clinical practice: some limits to evidence-based medicine. Lancet 1995; 345: 840-842.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 840-842
    • Naylor, C.D.1
  • 467
    • 0026752875 scopus 로고
    • Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 227-233.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 227-233
  • 468
    • 9244262406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-1155.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Omenn, G.S.1    Goodman, G.E.2    Thornquist, M.D.3
  • 469
    • 0042249750 scopus 로고
    • Trials and errors: the emergence of clinical statistics
    • Armitage P. Trials and errors: the emergence of clinical statistics. J R Statist Soc Ser A 1983; 146: 321-334.
    • (1983) J R Statist Soc Ser A , vol.146 , pp. 321-334
    • Armitage, P.1
  • 470
    • 50749119981 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the pharmaco-therapy of pneumococcus infections.
    • Wright AE, Morgan WP, Colebrook L, Dodgson RW. Observations on the pharmaco-therapy of pneumococcus infections. Lancet 1912; ii: 1701-1705.
    • (1912) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1701-1705
    • Wright, A.E.1    Morgan, W.P.2    Colebrook, L.3    Dodgson, R.W.4
  • 473
    • 0017624141 scopus 로고
    • Judgment and causal inference: criteria in epidemiologic studies
    • Susser M. Judgment and causal inference: criteria in epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105: 1-15.
    • (1977) Am J Epidemiol , vol.105 , pp. 1-15
    • Susser, M.1
  • 476
    • 85046189174 scopus 로고
    • Mathematics and medicine.
    • Anonymous
    • Anonymous. Mathematics and medicine. Lancet 1937; i: 31.
    • (1937) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 31
  • 478
    • 0028963467 scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving
    • Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence-based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving. BMJ 1995; 310: 1122-1126.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.310 , pp. 1122-1126
    • Rosenberg, W.1    Donald, A.2
  • 479
    • 0029150216 scopus 로고
    • Inpatient general medicine is evidence based
    • Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 1995; 346: 407-410.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 407-410
    • Ellis, J.1    Mulligan, I.2    Rowe, J.3    Sackett, D.L.4
  • 480
    • 22244452307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could evidence-based medicine be a danger to progress?
    • Wu J. Could evidence-based medicine be a danger to progress? Lancet 2005; 366: 122.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 122
    • Wu, J.1
  • 481
    • 85042561981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the evidence-based practice movement doing more good than harm? Reflections on Iain Chalmers' case for research-based policy making and practice
    • Hammersley.M. Is the evidence-based practice movement doing more good than harm? Reflections on Iain Chalmers' case for research-based policy making and practice. Evid Policy 2005; 1: 85-100.
    • (2005) Evid Policy , vol.1 , pp. 85-100
    • Hammersley, M.1
  • 483
    • 0031019442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based medicine: an incomplete method for informing treatment choices
    • Maynard A. Evidence-based medicine: an incomplete method for informing treatment choices. Lancet 1997; 349: 126-128.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 126-128
    • Maynard, A.1
  • 484
    • 0030063646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NHS and the new scientism: solution or delusion?
    • Klein R. The NHS and the new scientism: solution or delusion?. Q J Med 1996; 89: 85-87.
    • (1996) Q J Med , vol.89 , pp. 85-87
    • Klein, R.1
  • 485
    • 0028884793 scopus 로고
    • The need for evidence-based medicine
    • Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC. The need for evidence-based medicine. J R Soc Med 1995; 88: 620-624.
    • (1995) J R Soc Med , vol.88 , pp. 620-624
    • Sackett, D.L.1    Rosenberg, W.M.C.2
  • 486
    • 0030112177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific basis of health services. Science and medical practice: the turning tide
    • Swales J. Scientific basis of health services. Science and medical practice: the turning tide. J Health Serv Res Policy 1996; 1: 61-62.
    • (1996) J Health Serv Res Policy , vol.1 , pp. 61-62
    • Swales, J.1
  • 489
    • 0035490291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-five years of programme budgeting and marginal analysis in the health sector, 1974-1999
    • Mitton C, Donaldson C. Twenty-five years of programme budgeting and marginal analysis in the health sector, 1974-1999. J Health Serv Res Policy 2001; 6: 239-248.
    • (2001) J Health Serv Res Policy , vol.6 , pp. 239-248
    • Mitton, C.1    Donaldson, C.2
  • 491
    • 18644370690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health policy-makers' perceptions of their use of evidence: a systematic review
    • Innvaer S, Vist G, Trommald M, Oxman A. Health policy-makers' perceptions of their use of evidence: a systematic review. J Health Serv Res Policy 2002; 7: 239-244.
    • (2002) J Health Serv Res Policy , vol.7 , pp. 239-244
    • Innvaer, S.1    Vist, G.2    Trommald, M.3    Oxman, A.4
  • 492
    • 16344391815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health policy roundtable-view from the state legislature: translating research into policy
    • Greenlick MR, Goldberg B, Lopes P, Tallon J. Health policy roundtable-view from the state legislature: translating research into policy. Health Serv Res 2005; 40: 337-346.
    • (2005) Health Serv Res , vol.40 , pp. 337-346
    • Greenlick, M.R.1    Goldberg, B.2    Lopes, P.3    Tallon, J.4
  • 493
    • 0142155658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based health policy: context and utilisation
    • Dobrow MJ, Goel V, Upshur RE. Evidence-based health policy: context and utilisation. Soc Sci Med 2004; 58: 207-217.
    • (2004) Soc Sci Med , vol.58 , pp. 207-217
    • Dobrow, M.J.1    Goel, V.2    Upshur, R.E.3
  • 495
    • 33846591829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways to 'evidence-informed' policy and practice: a framework for action.
    • Bowen S, Zwi AB. Pathways to 'evidence-informed' policy and practice: a framework for action. PLoS Med 2005; 2: e166.
    • (2005) PLoS Med , vol.2 , pp. e166
    • Bowen, S.1    Zwi, A.B.2
  • 496
    • 23244441092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health and economic benefits of well-designed evaluations: some lessons from evaluating neuroblastoma screening
    • Soderstrom L, Woods WG, Bernstein M, Robison LL, Tuchman M, Lemieux B. Health and economic benefits of well-designed evaluations: some lessons from evaluating neuroblastoma screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1118-1124.
    • (2005) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.97 , pp. 1118-1124
    • Soderstrom, L.1    Woods, W.G.2    Bernstein, M.3    Robison, L.L.4    Tuchman, M.5    Lemieux, B.6
  • 497
    • 77951529251 scopus 로고
    • Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
    • Medical Research Council. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ 1948; ii: 769-782.
    • (1948) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 769-782
  • 498
    • 0032585231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s
    • Yoshioka A. Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council's clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. BMJ 1998; 317: 1220-1223.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 1220-1223
    • Yoshioka, A.1
  • 499
    • 0017395676 scopus 로고
    • Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma.
    • Mack TM, Pike MC. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial carcinoma. Lancet 1977; i(8026): 1358.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8026 , pp. 1358
    • Mack, T.M.1    Pike, M.C.2
  • 500
    • 0032580746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of serious eye disease and visual impairment in a north London population: population based, cross sectional study
    • Reidy A, Minassian DC, Joseph J, et al. Prevalence of serious eye disease and visual impairment in a north London population: population based, cross sectional study. BMJ 1998; 316: 1643-1646.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.316 , pp. 1643-1646
    • Reidy, A.1    Minassian, D.C.2    Joseph, J.3
  • 501
    • 0023690158 scopus 로고
    • Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1951-82
    • Beral V, Fraser P, Carpenter L, Booth M, Brown A, Rose G. Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1951-82. BMJ 1988; 297: 757-770.
    • (1988) BMJ , vol.297 , pp. 757-770
    • Beral, V.1    Fraser, P.2    Carpenter, L.3    Booth, M.4    Brown, A.5    Rose, G.6
  • 502
    • 0037452226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study
    • Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, Harding SP. Incidence of sight-threatening retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Liverpool Diabetic Eye Study: a cohort study. Lancet 2003; 361: 195-200.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 195-200
    • Younis, N.1    Broadbent, D.M.2    Vora, J.P.3    Harding, S.P.4
  • 503
    • 0028932732 scopus 로고
    • ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction
    • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group). ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669-685.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 669-685
  • 504
    • 32344440085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.
    • Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, et al. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77(2): 193-198.
    • (2006) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.77 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-198
    • Morrow, J.1    Russell, A.2    Guthrie, E.3
  • 505
    • 0028932732 scopus 로고
    • ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction
    • ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group). ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58 050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345: 669-685.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 669-685
  • 506
    • 0028908929 scopus 로고
    • The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect
    • Cook RJ, Sackett DL. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 1995; 310: 452-454.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.310 , pp. 452-454
    • Cook, R.J.1    Sackett, D.L.2
  • 507
    • 0035222774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presenting risk information: a review of the effects of "framing" and other manipulations on patient outcomes
    • Edwards A, Elwyn G, Covey J, Matthews E, Pill R. Presenting risk information: a review of the effects of "framing" and other manipulations on patient outcomes. J Health Commun 2001; 6: 61-82.
    • (2001) J Health Commun , vol.6 , pp. 61-82
    • Edwards, A.1    Elwyn, G.2    Covey, J.3    Matthews, E.4    Pill, R.5
  • 508
    • 0028026704 scopus 로고
    • Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration
    • Bucher HC, Weinbacher M, Gyr K. Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. BMJ 1994; 309: 761-764.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.309 , pp. 761-764
    • Bucher, H.C.1    Weinbacher, M.2    Gyr, K.3
  • 509
    • 0031715772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed
    • Sarfati D, Howden-Chapman P, Woodward A, Salmond C. Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed. J Med Screen 1998; 5: 137-140.
    • (1998) J Med Screen , vol.5 , pp. 137-140
    • Sarfati, D.1    Howden-Chapman, P.2    Woodward, A.3    Salmond, C.4
  • 510
    • 26844536978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer
    • Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1673-1684.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 1673-1684
    • Romond, E.H.1    Perez, E.A.2    Bryant, J.3
  • 511
    • 0016756674 scopus 로고
    • Work activity and coronary heart mortality
    • Paffenbarger RS, Hale WE. Work activity and coronary heart mortality. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 545-550.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.292 , pp. 545-550
    • Paffenbarger, R.S.1    Hale, W.E.2
  • 512
    • 0017659207 scopus 로고
    • Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study.
    • Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Mortality among oral-contraceptive users. Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1977; ii: 727-731.
    • (1977) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 727-731
  • 513
    • 0033537273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study
    • Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C, Hannaford P, Darby S, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study. BMJ 1999; 318: 96-100.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 96-100
    • Beral, V.1    Hermon, C.2    Kay, C.3    Hannaford, P.4    Darby, S.5    Reeves, G.6
  • 514
    • 0038445660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in relation to oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking
    • Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Mortality in relation to oral contraceptive use and cigarette smoking. Lancet 2003; 362: 185-191.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 185-191
    • Vessey, M.1    Painter, R.2    Yeates, D.3
  • 515
    • 0018160672 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive history in the mothers of anencephalics
    • Elwood JM, Raman S, Mousseau G. Reproductive history in the mothers of anencephalics. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 473-481.
    • (1978) J Chronic Dis , vol.31 , pp. 473-481
    • Elwood, J.M.1    Raman, S.2    Mousseau, G.3
  • 516
    • 0345543591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study
    • Pauletto P, Puato M, Caroli MG, et al. Blood pressure and atherogenic lipoprotein profiles of fish-diet and vegetarian villagers in Tanzania: the Lugalawa study. Lancet 1996; 348: 784-788.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 784-788
    • Pauletto, P.1    Puato, M.2    Caroli, M.G.3
  • 517
    • 0021273456 scopus 로고
    • Children's coughs related to parental smoking
    • Charlton A. Children's coughs related to parental smoking. BMJ 1984; 288: 1647-1649.
    • (1984) BMJ , vol.288 , pp. 1647-1649
    • Charlton, A.1
  • 518
    • 0023771654 scopus 로고
    • Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homocide
    • Sloan JH, Kellermann AL, Reay DT, et al. Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homocide. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1256-1262.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 1256-1262
    • Sloan, J.H.1    Kellermann, A.L.2    Reay, D.T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.