Cutaneous adverse effects of targeted therapies: Part I: Inhibitors of the cellular membrane

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 203-218

  Macdonald, James B ^a   Macdonald, Brooke ^b   Golitz, Loren E ^c   LoRusso, Patricia ^d   Sekulic, Aleksandar ^e  

^a Central Utah Clinic   (United States)

^b Macdonald Graphic Design Inc   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Adverse sequelae; Alopecia; Antiangiogenic agents; Anticancer; BCR ABL; Bevacizumab; Cancer treatment; Canertinib; Cetuximab; Chemotherapy; Cutaneous adverse effects; Dasatinib; Dermatologic toxicities; Disturbed wound healing; Drug eruption; Drug rash; Drug reaction; Dry skin; Dual kinase inhibitors; Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors; erbB receptor; Erlotinib; Gefitinib; Genital rash; HER2; Hyperkeratotic handefoot skin reaction; Imatinib; KIT; Lapatinib; Macular eruption; Monoclonal antibodies; Morbilliform; Mucocutaneous hemorrhage; Mucositis; Multikinase inhibitors; Nilotinib; Panitumumab; Papulopustular eruption; Paronychia; Pazopanib; Photosensitivity; Pigment changes; Platelet derived growth factor receptor; Ranibizumab; Side effects; Small molecule; Sorafenib; Stomatitis; Sunitinib; Supportive oncodermatology; Targeted therapy; Toxic erythema; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors; Vandetanib; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Xerosis

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; BCR ABL PROTEIN INHIBITOR; BLOCKING AGENT; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; KIT INHIBITOR; MULTIKINASE INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCR ABL PROTEIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR;

ALOPECIA; ARTICLE; CELL MEMBRANE; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GYNECOLOGIC DISEASE; HAIR DISEASE; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERKERATOSIS; MEASLES LIKE RASH; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAIL DISEASE; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PIGMENT DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN BLEEDING; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN EDEMA; SKIN TOXICITY; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT; XEROSIS; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DERMATITIS, PHOTOALLERGIC; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG ERUPTIONS;

ALOPECIA; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL MEMBRANE; DERMATITIS, PHOTOALLERGIC; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG ERUPTIONS; FUSION PROTEINS, BCR-ABL; HAIR DISEASES; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; MUCOSITIS; NAIL DISEASES; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR;

EID: 84922516101     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.07.032     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Agha R, Kinahan K, Bennett CL, Lacouture ME. Dermatologic challenges in cancer patients and survivors. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21:1462-1472, discussion 1473, 1476, 1481 passim.
2. Dy GK, Adjei AA. Understanding, recognizing, and managing toxicities of targeted anticancer therapies. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:249-279.
3. Eilers RE Jr, Gandhi M, Patel JD, et al. Dermatologic infections in cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102: 47-53.
4. Joshi SS, Ortiz S, Witherspoon JN, et al. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced dermatologic toxicities on quality of life. Cancer. 2010;116:3916-3923.
5. Balagula Y, Rosen ST, Lacouture ME. The emergence of supportive oncodermatology: the study of dermatologic adverse events to cancer therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:624-635.
6. Heidary N, Naik H, Burgin S. Chemotherapeutic agents and the skin: an update. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:545-570.
7. Osio A, Mateus C, Soria JC, et al. Cutaneous side-effects in patients on long-term treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:515-521.
8. Borovicka JH, Calahan C, Gandhi M, et al. Economic burden of dermatologic adverse events induced by molecularly targeted cancer agents. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:1403-1409.
9. Trotti A, Colevas AD, Setser A, et al. CTCAE v3.0: development of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2003;13:176-181.
10. Chen AP, Setser A, Anadkat MJ, et al. Grading dermatologic adverse events of cancer treatments: the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:1025-1039.
11. Johnston JB, Navaratnam S, Pitz MW, et al. Targeting the EGFR pathway for cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13: 3483-3492.
12. Robert C, Sibaud V, Mateus C, Cherpelis BS. Advances in the management of cutaneous toxicities of targeted therapies. Semin Oncol. 2012;39:227-240.
13. Lacouture ME. Mechanisms of cutaneous toxicities to EGFR inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:803-812.
14. Murillas R, Larcher F, Conti CJ, Santos M, Ullrich A, Jorcano JL. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of epidermal growth factor receptor in the epidermis of transgenic mice elicits striking alterations in hair follicle development and skin structure. EMBO J. 1995;14:5216-5223.
15. Brodell LA, Hepper D, Lind A, Gru AA, Anadkat MJ. Histopathology of acneiform eruptions in patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. J Cutan Pathol. 2013;40:865-870.
16. Green MR, Couchman JR. Differences in human skin between the epidermal growth factor receptor distribution detected by EGF binding and monoclonal antibody recognition. J Invest Dermatol. 1985;85:239-245.
17. Rodeck U. Skin toxicity caused by EGFR antagonists-an autoinflammatory condition triggered by deregulated IL-1 signaling? J Cell Physiol. 2009;218:32-34.
18. Perez-Soler R. Can rash associated with HER1/EGFR inhibition be used as a marker of treatment outcome? Oncology (Williston Park). 2003;17(11 suppl 12):23-28.
19. Bangsgaard N, Houtkamp M, Schuurhuis DH, et al. Neutralization of IL-8 prevents the induction of dermatologic adverse events associated with the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor. PLoS One. 2012;7:e39706.
20. Perez-Soler R, Zou Y, Li T, Ling YH. The phosphatase inhibitor menadione (vitamin K3) protects cells from EGFR inhibition by erlotinib and cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17: 6766-6777.
21. Fakih M, Vincent M. Adverse events associated with anti-EGFR therapies for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Oncol. 2010;17(suppl 1):S18-S30.
22. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecanrefractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:337-345.
23. Lacouture ME, Anadkat MJ, Bensadoun RJ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of EGFR inhibitor-associated dermatologic toxicities. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19:1079-1095.
24. Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Clinical signs, pathophysiology and management of skin toxicity during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Ann Oncol. 2005;16: 1425-1433.
25. Segaert S, Chiritescu G, Lemmens L, Dumon K, Van Cutsem E, Tejpar S. Skin toxicities of targeted therapies. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(suppl 1):295-308.
26. Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Tyrosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:172-187.
27. Roe E, Garcia Muret MP, Marcuello E, Capdevila J, Pallares C, Alomar A. Description and management of cutaneous side effects during cetuximab or erlotinib treatments: a prospective study of 30 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:429-437.
28. Luu M, Lai SE, Patel J, Guitart J, Lacouture ME. Photosensitive rash due to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23: 42-45.
29. Jatoi A, Thrower A, Sloan JA, et al. Does sunscreen prevent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor-induced rash? Results of a placebo-controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N05C4). Oncologist. 2010; 15:1016-1022.
30. Bossi P, Liberatoscioli C, Bergamini C, et al. Previously irradiated areas spared from skin toxicity induced by cetuximab in six patients: implications for the administration of EGFR inhibitors in previously irradiated patients. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:601-602.
31. Amador ML, Oppenheimer D, Perea S, et al. An epidermal growth factor receptor intron 1 polymorphism mediates response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:9139-9143.
32. Moreno Garcia V, Thavasu P, Blanco Codesido M, et al. Association of creatine kinase and skin toxicity in phase I trials of anticancer agents. Br J Cancer. 2012;107:1797-1800.
33. Liu HB, Wu Y, Lv TF, et al. Skin rash could predict the response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and the prognosis for patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2013;8: e55128.
34. Byun HJ, Lee HJ, Yang JI, et al. Daily skin care habits and the risk of skin eruptions and symptoms in cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1992-1998.
35. Fischer A, Rosen AC, Ensslin CJ, Wu S, Lacouture ME. Pruritus to anticancer agents targeting the EGFR, BRAF, and CTLA-4. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26:135-148.
36. Jacot W, Bessis D, Jorda E, et al. Acneiform eruption induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in patients with solid tumours. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:238-241.
37. Lacouture ME, Basti S, Patel J, Benson A 3rd. The SERIES clinic: an interdisciplinary approach to the management of toxicities of EGFR inhibitors. J Support Oncol. 2006;4: 236-238.
38. Scope A, Agero AL, Dusza SW, et al. Randomized double-blind trial of prophylactic oral minocycline and topical tazarotene for cetuximab-associated acne-like eruption. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5390-5396.
39. Jatoi A, Dakhil SR, Sloan JA, et al. Prophylactic tetracycline does not diminish the severity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor-induced rash: results from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (Supplementary N03CB). Support Care Cancer. 2011;19:1601-1607.
40. Jatoi A, Rowland K, Sloan JA, et al. Tetracycline to prevent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced skin rashes: results of a placebo-controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N03CB). Cancer. 2008;113:847-853.
41. Vezzoli P, Marzano AV, Onida F, et al. Cetuximab-induced acneiform eruption and the response to isotretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:84-86.
42. Gutzmer R, Werfel T, Mao R, Kapp A, Elsner J. Successful treatment with oral isotretinoin of acneiform skin lesions associated with cetuximab therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153: 849-851.
43. Bidoli P, Cortinovis DL, Colombo I, et al. Isotretinoin plus clindamycin seem highly effective against severe erlotinibinduced skin rash in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:1662-1663.
44. Busam KJ, Capodieci P, Motzer R, Kiehn T, Phelan D, Halpern AC. Cutaneous side-effects in cancer patients treated with the antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:1169-1176.
45. Segaert S, Tabernero J, Chosidow O, et al. The management of skin reactions in cancer patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapies. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2005;3:599-606.
46. Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Clinical management of EGFRI dermatologic toxicities: the European perspective. Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21(11 suppl 5):22-26.
47. Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Santini D. Aprepitant for erlotinibinduced pruritus. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:397-398.
48. Gerber PA, Buhren BA, Homey B. More on aprepitant for erlotinib-induced pruritus. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:486-487.
49. Zheng S, Pan YL, Wang JL, et al. Gefitinib-induced hair alterations. BMJ Case Rep. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr.09.2008.0878. Published online March 17, 2009.
50. Cohen PR, Escudier SM, Kurzrock R. Cetuximab-associated elongation of the eyelashes: case report and review of eyelash trichomegaly secondary to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12:63-67.
51. Rodriguez NA, Ascaso FJ. Trichomegaly and poliosis of the eyelashes during cetuximab treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:e532-e533.
52. Criado PR, Lima AA. Blepharitis and trichomegaly induced by cetuximab. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85:919-920.
53. Fabbrocini G, Panariello L, Cacciapuoti S, Bianca D, Ayala F. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: report of 3 cases. Dermatitis. 2012;23:237-238.
54. Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Trichomegaly and other external eye side effects associated with epidermal growth factor. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2012;31:195-197.
55. Morris LG, Hochster HS, Delacure MD. Eyelash trichomegaly secondary to panitumumab therapy. Curr Oncol. 2011;18: 145-146.
56. Munoz J, Hanbali AS. Epidermal growth factor receptorinduced hirsutism and trichomegaly. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86: e50.
57. Melichar B, Nemcova I. Eye complications of cetuximab therapy. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007;16:439-443.
58. Pascual JC, Banuls J, Belinchon I, Blanes M, Massuti B. Trichomegaly following treatment with gefitinib (ZD1839). Br J Dermatol. 2004;151:1111-1112.
59. Pongpudpunth M, Demierre MF, Goldberg LJ. A case report of inflammatory nonscarring alopecia associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib. J Cutan Pathol. 2009;36:1303-1307.
60. Yang BH, Bang CY, Byun JW, et al. A case of cicatricial alopecia associated with erlotinib. Ann Dermatol. 2011; 23(suppl 3):S350-S353.
61. Garden BC, Wu S, Lacouture ME. The risk of nail changes with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:400-408.
62. Chang GC, Yang TY, Chen KC, Yin MC, Wang RC, Lin YC. Complications of therapy in cancer patients: Case 1. Paronychia and skin hyperpigmentation induced by gefitinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22: 4646-4648.
63. Fox LP. Nail toxicity associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56: 460-465.
64. Kerob D, Dupuy A, Reygagne P, et al. Facial hypertrichosis induced by Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1656-1657.
65. Lee MW, Seo CW, Kim SW, et al. Cutaneous side effects in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with Iressa (ZD1839), an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:23-26.
66. Wnorowski AM, de Souza A, Chachoua A, Cohen DE. The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51: 223-232.
67. Kwon SH, Choi JW, Hong JS, et al. Gefitinib-induced paronychia: response to autologous platelet-rich plasma. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1399-1402.
68. El-Abaseri TB, Putta S, Hansen LA. Ultraviolet irradiation induces keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal hyperplasia through the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Carcinogenesis. 2006;27:225-231.
69. Peus D, Vasa RA, Meves A, Beyerle A, Pittelkow MR. UVB-induced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation is critical for downstream signaling and keratinocyte survival. Photochem Photobiol. 2000;72:135-140.
70. Thaler J, Karthaus M, Mineur L, et al. Skin toxicity and quality of life in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer during first-line panitumumab plus FOLFIRI treatment in a single-arm phase II study. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:438.
71. Hodi FS, Corless CL, Giobbie-Hurder A, et al. Imatinib for melanomas harboring mutationally activated or amplified KIT arising on mucosal, acral, and chronically sun-damaged skin. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3182-3190.
72. Guo J, Si L, Kong Y, et al. Phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of imatinib mesylate in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring c-Kit mutation or amplification. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29:2904-2909.
73. Severino G, Chillotti C, De Lisa R, Del Zompo M, Ardau R. Adverse reactions during imatinib and lansoprazole treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:162-164.
74. Arora B, Kumar L, Sharma A, Wadhwa J, Kochupillai V. Pigmentary changes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Ann Oncol. 2004;15: 358-359.
75. Valeyrie L, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions to imatinib (STI571) in Philadelphia chromosomepositive leukemias: a prospective study of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:201-206.
76. Wei G, Rafiyath S, Liu D. First-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia: dasatinib, nilotinib, or imatinib. J Hematol Oncol. 2010;3:47.
77. Lacouture ME, Maitland ML, Segaert S, et al. A proposed EGFR inhibitor dermatologic adverse event-specific grading scale from the MASCC skin toxicity study group. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18:509-522.
78. Deininger MW, O'Brien SG, Ford JM, Druker BJ. Practical management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1637-1647.
79. Kuwano Y, Asahina A, Watanabe R, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Tamaki K. Heliotrope-like eruption mimicking dermatomyositis in a patient treated with imatinib mesylate for chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:1249-1251.
80. Basso FG, Boer CC, Correa ME, et al. Skin and oral lesions associated to imatinib mesylate therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17:465-468.
81. Hensley ML, Ford JM. Imatinib treatment: specific issues related to safety, fertility. pregnancy. Semin Hematol. 2003; 40(2 suppl 2):21-25.
82. Besmer P, Manova K, Duttlinger R, et al. The kit-ligand (steel factor) and its receptor c-kit/W: pleiotropic roles in gametogenesis and melanogenesis. Dev Suppl. 1993:125-137.
83. Cario-Andre M, Ardilouze L, Pain C, Gauthier Y, Mahon FX, Taieb A. Imatinib mesilate inhibits melanogenesis in vitro. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:493-494.
84. Huang X, Patel S, Ahmed N, Seiter K, Liu D. Severe toxicity of skin rash, fever and diarrhea associated with imatinib: case report and review of skin toxicities associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2009;2:215-219.
85. Samimi S, Chu E, Seykora J, et al. Dasatinib-induced leukotrichia in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:637-639.
86. Amitay-Laish I, Stemmer SM, Lacouture ME. Adverse cutaneous reactions secondary to tyrosine kinase inhibitors including imatinib mesylate, nilotinib, and dasatinib. Dermatol Ther. 2011;24:386-395.
87. Legros L, Cassuto JP, Ortonne JP. Imatinib mesilate (Glivec): a systemic depigmenting agent for extensive vitiligo? Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:691-692.
88. Kawakami T, Kawanabe T, Soma Y. Cutaneous lichenoid eruption caused by imatinib mesylate in a Japanese patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009; 89:325-326.
89. Kuraishi N, Nagai Y, Hasegawa M, Ishikawa O. Lichenoid drug eruption with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis due to imatinib mesylate: a case report and a review of the literature. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010;90:73-76.
90. Brazzelli V, Muzio F, Manna G, et al. Photoinduced dermatitis and oral lichenoid reaction in a chronic myeloid leukemia patient treated with imatinib mesylate. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2012;28:2-5.
91. Ena P, Chiarolini F, Siddi GM, Cossu A. Oral lichenoid eruption secondary to imatinib (Glivec). J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15: 253-255.
92. Lim DS, Muir J. Oral lichenoid reaction to imatinib (STI 571, Gleevec). Dermatology. 2002;205:169-171.
93. Pascual JC, Matarredona J, Miralles J, Conesa V, Borras-Blasco J. Oral and cutaneous lichenoid reaction secondary to imatinib: report of two cases. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45: 1471-1473.
94. Roux C, Boisseau-Garsaud AM, Saint-Cyr I, Helenon R, Quist D, Delaunay C. Lichenoid cutaneous reaction to imatinib [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2004;131(6-7 pt 1): 571-573.
95. Wahiduzzaman M, Pubalan M. Oral and cutaneous lichenoid reaction with nail changes secondary to imatinib: report of a case and literature review. Dermatol Online J. 2008;14:14.
96. Dickens E, Lewis F, Bienz N. Imatinib: a designer drug, another cutaneous complication. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009; 34:603-604.
97. Scheinfeld N. Imatinib mesylate and dermatology part 2: a review of the cutaneous side effects of imatinib mesylate. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5:228-231.
98. Brazzelli V, Prestinari F, Roveda E, et al. Pityriasis rosea-like eruption during treatment with imatinib mesylate: description of 3 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(5 suppl 1): S240-S243.
99. Konstantopoulos K, Papadogianni A, Dimopoulou M, Kourelis C, Meletis J. Pityriasis rosea associated with imatinib (STI571, Gleevec). Dermatology. 2002;205:172-173.
100. Cho AY, Kim DH, Im M, Lee Y, Seo YJ, Lee JH. Pityriasis rosea-like drug eruption induced by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(suppl 3):S360-S363.
101. Brouard MC, Prins C, Mach-Pascual S, Saurat JH. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with STI571 in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dermatology. 2001;203:57-59.
102. Gambillara E, Laffitte E, Widmer N, et al. Severe pustular eruption associated with imatinib and voriconazole in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dermatology. 2005; 211:363-365.
103. Schwarz M, Kreuzer KA, Baskaynak G, Dörken B, le Coutre P. Imatinib-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) in two patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 2002;69:254-256.
104. Le Nouail P, Viseux V, Chaby G, Billet A, Denoeux JP, Lok C. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) following imatinib therapy [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2006;133(8-9 pt 1):686-688.
105. Mahapatra M, Mishra P, Kumar R. Imatinib-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome: recurrence after re-challenge with a lower dose. Ann Hematol. 2007;86:537-538.
106. Ayirookuzhi SJ, Ma L, Ramshesh P, Mills G. Imatinib-induced sweet syndrome in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:368-370.
107. Kaune KM, Baumgart M, Gesk S, et al. Bullous sweet syndrome in a patient with t(9;22)(q34;q11)-positive chronic myeloid leukemia treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib: interphase cytogenetic detection of BCR-ABL- positive lesional cells. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144: 361-364.
108. Liu D, Seiter K, Mathews T, Madahar CJ, Ahmed T. Sweet's syndrome with CML cell infiltration of the skin in a patient with chronic-phase CML while taking imatinib mesylate. Leuk Res. 2004;28(suppl 1):S61-S63.
109. Rousselot P, Larghero J, Raffoux E, et al. Photosensitization in chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Br J Haematol. 2003;120:1091-1092.
110. Clark SH, Duvic M, Prieto VG. Mycosis fungoides-like reaction in a patient treated with Gleevec. J Cutan Pathol. 2003;30: 279-281.
111. Breccia M, Latagliata R, Carmosino I, Mandelli F, Alimena G. Reactivation of porphyria cutanea tarda as a possible side effect of Imatinib at high dosage in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2004;18:182.
112. Ho AY, Deacon A, Osborne G, Mufti GJ. Precipitation of porphyria cutanea tarda by imatinib mesylate? Br J Haematol. 2003;121:375.
113. Drummond A, Micallef-Eynaud P, Douglas WS, Hay I, Holyoake TL, Drummond MW. A spectrum of skin reactions caused by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI 571, Glivec). Br J Haematol. 2003;120:911-913.
114. de Masson A, Bouvresse S, Clerici T, Mahe E, Saïag P. Recurrent neutrophilic panniculitis in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia treated with imatinib mesilate and dasatinib [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2011;138: 135-139.
115. Llamas-Velasco M, Steegmann JL, Carrascosa R, Fraga J, Garcia Diez A, Requena L. Perforating folliculitis in a patient treated with nilotinib: a further evidence of C-kit involvement. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014;36:592-593.
116. Banka N, Aljurf M, Hamadah I. Imatinib (STI-571)-induced exfoliative dermatitis in a Saudi patient with deck chair sign. Dermatology. 2003;207:329-330.
117. Mathew T, Chandrashekar L, Pulimood S, Srivastava A. Imatinib-induced erythroderma. Australas J Dermatol. 2007; 48:193-194.
118. Oztas P, Erbasi S, Lenk N, et al. Imatinib-induced erythrodermia in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:174-175.
119. Raj A, Rai R, Rangarajan B. Exfoliative dermatitis with leukemia cutis in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: a rare association. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2011;77: 208-210.
120. Sanghavi SA, Dongre AM, Khopkar US. Imatinib mesylate induced erythroderma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78:408.
121. Vano-Galvan S, Fernandez-Guarino M, Henriquez-Santana A, De Las Heras E, Calbacho M, Jaen P. Imatinib-induced erythroderma mediated by an unusual non-dose-dependent mechanism. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17:538-539.
122. Hansen T, Little AJ, Miller JJ, Ioffreda MD. A case of inflammatory nonscarring alopecia associated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149: 330-332.
123. Markham T, Mullan R, Golden-Mason L, et al. Resolution of endothelial activation and down-regulation of Tie2 receptor in psoriatic skin after infliximab therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:1003-1012.
124. Roskoski R Jr. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007; 62:179-213.
125. Cunha SI, Pietras K. ALK1 as an emerging target for antiangiogenic therapy of cancer. Blood. 2011;117:6999-7006.
126. Roskoski R Jr. VEGF receptor protein-tyrosine kinases: structure and regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;375:287-291.
127. Wozel G, Sticherling M, Schon MP. Cutaneous side effects of inhibition of VEGF signal transduction. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:243-249.
128. Chen HX, Cleck JN. Adverse effects of anticancer agents that target the VEGF pathway. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6: 465-477.
129. Ganapathi AM, Westmoreland T, Tyler D, Mantyh CR. Bevacizumab-associated fistula formation in postoperative colorectal cancer patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;214:582-588.
130. Scappaticci FA, Fehrenbacher L, Cartwright T, et al. Surgical wound healing complications in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab. J Surg Oncol. 2005;91: 173-180.
131. Cortes J, Caralt M, Delaloge S, et al. Safety of bevacizumab in metastatic breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:475-481.
132. Abou-Alfa GK, Schwartz L, Ricci S, et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:4293-4300.
133. Blumenschein GR Jr, Gatzemeier U, Fossella F, et al. Phase II, multicenter, uncontrolled trial of single-agent sorafenib in patients with relapsed or refractory, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:4274-4280.
134. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25-34.
135. Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: final efficacy and safety results of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3312-3318.
136. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:378-390.
137. Ratain MJ, Eisen T, Stadler WM, et al. Phase II placebocontrolled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2505-2512.
138. Ryan CW, Goldman BH, Lara PN Jr, et al. Sorafenib with interferon alfa-2b as first-line treatment of advanced renal carcinoma: a phase II study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3296-3301.
139. Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR, et al. Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368:1329-1338.
140. Gore ME, Szczylik C, Porta C, et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: an expanded- access trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:757-763.
141. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115-124.
142. Motzer RJ, Rini BI, Bukowski RM, et al. Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. JAMA. 2006;295: 2516-2524.
143. Hurwitz HI, Dowlati A, Saini S, et al. Phase I trial of pazopanib in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15: 4220-4227.
144. Autier J, Escudier B, Wechsler J, Spatz A, Robert C. Prospective study of the cutaneous adverse effects of sorafenib, a novel multikinase inhibitor. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:886-892.
145. Lipworth AD, Rober C, Zhu AX. Hand-foot syndrome (handfoot skin reaction, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia): focus on sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncology. 2009;77:257-271.
146. Giacchero D, CRamacciotti, Arnault JP, et al. A new spectrum of skin toxic effects associated with the multikinase inhibitor vandetanib. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1418-1420.
147. Lacouture ME, Reilly LM, Gerami P, Guitart J. Hand foot skin reaction in cancer patients treated with the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Ann Oncol. 2008;19: 1955-1961.
148. Yang CH, Lin WC, Chuang CK, et al. Hand-foot skin reaction in patients treated with sorafenib: a clinicopathological study of cutaneous manifestations due to multitargeted kinase inhibitor therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:592-596.
149. Jain L, Gardner ER, Figg WD, Chernick MS, Kong HH. Lack of association between excretion of sorafenib in sweat and hand-foot skin reaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:52-56.
150. Blanchet B, Billemont B, Barete S, et al. Toxicity of sorafenib: clinical and molecular aspects. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9: 275-287.
151. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid-based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabineinduced hand-foot syndrome: North Central Cancer TreatmentGroup StudyN05C5.J ClinOncol. 2010;28:5182-5187.
152. Kang YK, Lee SS, Yoon DH, et al. Pyridoxine is not effective to prevent hand-foot syndrome associated with capecitabine therapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:3824-3829.
153. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) caused by the multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14:291-302.
154. Pickert A, Hughes M, Wells M. Chloracne-like drug eruption associated with sorafenib. JDrugs Dermatol. 2011;10:1331-1334.
155. MacGregor JL, Silvers DN, Grossman ME, Sherman WH. Sorafenib-induced erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:527-528.
156. Kong HH, Turner ML. Array of cutaneous adverse effects associated with sorafenib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61: 360-361.
157. Hutson TE, Davis ID, Machiels JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of pazopanib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:475-480.
158. Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1061-1068.
159. Hartmann JT, Kanz L. Sunitinib and periodic hair depigmentation due to temporary c-KIT inhibition. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:1525-1526.
160. Robert C, Spatz A, Faivre S, Armand JP, Raymond E. Tyrosine kinase inhibition and grey hair. Lancet. 2003;361:1056.
161. Lee WJ, Lee JL, Chang SE, et al. Cutaneous adverse effects in patients treated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161: 1045-1051.
162. Bible KC, Suman VJ, Molina JR, et al. Efficacy of pazopanib in progressive, radioiodine-refractory, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancers: results of a phase 2 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:962-972.
163. Billemont B, Barete S, Rixe O. Scrotal cutaneous side effects of sunitinib. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:975-976.
164. Robert C, Mateus C, Spatz A, Wechsler J, Escudier B. Dermatologic symptoms associated with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:299-305.
165. Robert C, Soria JC, Spatz A, et al. Cutaneous side-effects of kinase inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Lancet Oncol. 2005; 6:491-500.
166. Guevremont C, Alasker A, Karakiewicz PI. Management of sorafenib, sunitinib, and temsirolimus toxicity in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2009;3: 170-179.
167. Akanay-Diesel S, Hoff NP, Kürle S, et al. Sunitinib induced pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcerations. Eur J Med Res. 2011; 16:491-494.
168. Bennani-Lahlou M, Mateus C, Escudier B, et al. Eruptive nevi associated with sorafenib treatment [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2008;135:672-674.
169. Kong HH, Sibaud V, Chanco Turner ML, Fojo T, Hornyak TJ, Chevreau C. Sorafenib-induced eruptive melanocytic lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:820-822.
170. Jimenez-Gallo D, Albarran-Planelles C, Linares-Barrios M, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Baez-Perea JM. Eruptive melanocytic nevi in a patient undergoing treatment with sunitinib. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:624-626.
171. Arnault JP, Wechsler J, Escudier B, et al. Keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas in patients receiving sorafenib. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:e59-e61.
172. Dubauskas Z, Kunishige J, Prieto VG, Jonasch E, Hwu P, Tannir NM. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and inflammation of actinic keratoses associated with sorafenib. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009;7:20-23.
173. Jantzem H, Dupre-Goetghebeur D, Spindler P, Merrer J. Sorafenib-induced multiple eruptive keratoacanthomas [in French]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2009;136:894-897.
174. Kong HH, Cowen EW, Azad NS, Dahut W, Gutierrez M, Turner ML. Keratoacanthomas associated with sorafenib therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:171-172.
175. Kwon EJ, Kish LS, Jaworsky C. The histologic spectrum of epithelial neoplasms induced by sorafenib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61:522-527.
176. Lynch MC, Straub R, Adams DR. Eruptive squamous cell carcinomas with keratoacanthoma-like features in a patient treated with sorafenib. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:308-310.
177. Marquez CB, Smithberger EE, Bair SM, et al. Multiple keratoacanthomas arising in the setting of sorafenib therapy: novel chemoprophylaxis with bexarotene. Cancer Control. 2009;16:66-69.
178. Smith KJ, Haley H, Hamza S, Skelton HG. Eruptive keratoacanthoma- type squamous cell carcinomas in patients taking sorafenib for the treatment of solid tumors. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35:1766-1770.