Healing in the History of Christianity

Healing in the History of Christianity

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-240

  Porterfield, Amanda ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological effects; Changes; Christian history; Church structure; Faith; Healing; Religious authority

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922410406     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195157185.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (422)

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2. Theron Kue-Hing Young, "A Conflict of Professions: The Medical Missionary in China, 1835-1890," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 47, no. 3 (1973): 253-254.
3. Stevens, Parker, in; letter of January 22, 1846, from I. W. Newton Young to Rufus Anderson, in W. W. Cadbury and Mary H. Jones, At the Point of a Lancet: One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital (Shanghai: Kelly, 1935), 96-98;
4. Young, "Conflict of Professions," 253, 255.
5. William Lockhart, The Medical Missionary in China, a Narrative of Twenty Years Experience (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1861), vi, 115;
6. Young, "A Conflict of Professions," 259-260.
7. John V. Pickstone, "Establishment and Dissent in Nineteenth-Century Medicine: An Exploration of Some Correspondence and Connections between Religious and Medical Belief-Systems in early Industrial England," in The Church and Healing, ed. W. J. Shiels (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 165-189;
8. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception (New York: Vintage Books, 1975).
9. C. Peter Williams, "Healing and Evangelism: The Place of Medicine in Later Victorian Protestant Missionary Thinking," in Shiels, The Church and Healing, 271.
10. Andrew F. Walls, "The Nineteenth-Century Medical Missionary," in Shiels, The Church and Healing, 288.
11. John Lowe, Medical Missions: Their Place and Power (London, 1886), 10-11;
12. James Johnston, ed., Report of the Centenary Conference on the Protestant Missions of the World, London 1888, 2 vols., (London, 1889), 1: 389;
13. Williams, "Healing and Evangelism," 281, 282.
14. Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906 in German), trans. W. Montgomery, J. R. Coates, Susan Cupitt, and John Bowden (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 486-487.
15. Albert Schweitzer, "On the Edge of the Primeval Forest" (1931 in German), trans. C. T. Campion, in The Primeval Forest (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 126, 128.
16. Schweitzer, Out of My Life, 228-232.
17. Schweitzer, "On the Edge," 127, 114.
18. Schweitzer, Quest, 487.
19. John Farley, Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
20. Michael Worboys, "The Colonial World as Mission and Mandate: Leprosy and Empire, 1900-1940," Osiris 15 (2001): 207-218.
21. Worboys, "Colonial World," 210.
22. Paul F. Basch, Textbook of International Health, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 329.
23. Terrence Ranger, "Medical Science and Pentecost," in Shiels, The Church and Healing, 333-365.
24. Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 125-127.
25. Joseph Tse-Hei Lee, "Watchman Nee and the Little Flock Movement in Maoist China," Church History: Christianity and Culture 17, no. 1 (March 2005): 68-96.
26. Robert P. Weller, Resistance, Chaos and Control in China: Taiping Rebels, Taiwanese Ghosts and Tiananmen (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 65;
27. Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiu-quan (New York: Norton, 1996), 186, 188.
28. Edward Bliss Jr., Beyond the Stone Arches: An American Missionary Doctor in Chinax, 2892-2932 (New York: Wiley, 2001), 31.
29. Quoted in Jerome Ch'en, China and the West: Society and Culture, 2825-2937 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979), 131.
30. Yuet-Wah Cheung and Peter Kong-Ming New, "Missionary Doctors vs. Chinese Patients: Credibility of Missionary Health Care in Early Twentieth Century China," Social Science el Medicine 21, no. 3 (1985): 313.
31. Kaiyi Chen, "Missionaries and the Early Development of Nursing in China," Nursing History Review 4 (1996): 143.
32. Theron Kue-Hing Young, "A Conflict of Professions: The Medical Missionary in China, 1835-1890," Bulletin of the History of Medicine XLVII, no. 3 (1973), 272.
33. Chen, "Missionaries," 129, 143.
34. Judith Sealander, "Curing Evils at Their Source: The Arrival of Scientific Giving," in Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History, ed. Lawrence J. Friedman and Mark D. McGarvie (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 217-239;
35. Amanda Porterfield, "Protestant Missionaries: Pioneers of American Philanthropy," in Charity, 49-69.
36. Chen, "Missionaries," 137;
37. Basch, Textbook of International Health, 47.
38. Cheung and New, "Missionary Doctors," 309.
39. Sonya J. Grypma, "Neither Angels of Mercy nor Foreign Devils: Revisioning Canadian Missionary Nurses in China, 1935-1947," Nursing History Review 12 (2004):97-119;
40. Chen, "Missionaries," 143.
41. Cheung and New, "Missionary Doctors," 312.
42. Basch, Textbook of International Health, 67.
43. Liturgy of St. John Chysostom quoted in John Meyendorff "The Role of Christ," in Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century, ed. Bernard McGinn, John Meyendorff, and Jean Leclercq (1985; New York: Crossroad, 2000), 246.
44. Catherine L. Albanese, Nature Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
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46. Reginald Cherry, The Bible Cure (Orlando, FL: Creation House, 1998), ix-x;
47. Joseph Williams, "Psychology and Medicine in Pentecostal-Charismatic Healing Practices," unpublished seminar paper in author's possession, 20.
48. Stewart M. Hoover, Lynn Schofield Clark, and Lee Rainie, "Faith Online," Pew Internet & American Life Project, available at http://www.pewlnternet.org/.
49. Thomas Lloyd, "Internet Prayer," unpublished seminar paper in the author's possession;
50. John Corrigan, Business of the Heart: Religion and Emotion in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 207-230;
51. Rick Ostrander, The Life of Prayer in a World of Science: Protestants, Prayer, and American Culture 2870-2930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
52. James Gilbert, Redeeming Culture: American Religion in an Age of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
53. Harold G. Koenig, Michael E. McCullough, and David B. Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 81-83, 90-92, 151-152, 247-249, 318-319, 350-352.
54. John A. Astin, Elaine Harkness, and Edzard Ernst, "The Efficacy of 'Distant Healing': A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials," Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 11 (June 2000): 903-910;
55. Randolph C. Byrd, "Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population," Southern Medical Journal 81, no. 7 (July 1988): 826-829;
56. Kwang Y. Cha, Daniel P. Wirth, and Rogerio A. Lobo, "Does Prayer Influence the Success of in vitro Fertilization-Embyro Transfer?," Journal of Reproductive Medicine 46, no. 9 (September 2001): 781-787;
57. Fred Sicher, Elisabeth Targ, Dan Moore II, and Helene S. Smith, "A Randomized Double-Blind Study of the Effect of Distant Healing in a Population with Advanced AIDS," Western Journal of Medicine 169, no. 6 (December 1998): 356-363;
58. Scott R. Walker, J. Scott Tonigan, William R. Miller, Stephen Comer, and Linda Kahlich, "Intercessory Prayer in the Treatment of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: A Pilot Investigation," Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 3, no. 6 (November 1997): 79-86. Thanks to Ron Numbers for these articles.
59. Bruce L. Flam, "Faith Healing by Prayer," Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 6, no. 1 (winter 2002): 47;
60. Gary P. Posner, "Study Yields No Evidence for Medical Efficacy of Distant Intercessory Prayer," Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 6, no. 1 (winter 2002): 44-46;
61. Nicholas Humphrey, "The Power of Prayer," Skeptical Inquirer 24, no. 3 (May/June 2000): 61;
62. Irwin Tessman and Jack Tessman, "Efficacy of Prayer: A Critical Examination of Claims," Skeptical Inquirer 24, no. 2 (March/April 2000): 31-33.
63. John Wesley, The Desideratum; or, Electricity Made Plain and Useful, in The Works of the Rev. John Wesley (Bristol, 1773), 24: 284-369;
64. Harold Y. Vanderpool, "The Wesleyan-Methodist Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and Darrel W. Amundsen (1986; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 324.
65. Benjamin Franklin, Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751), in The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 22 vols., ed. Leonard W. Larabee et al. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959-1990), 4: 125-145.
66. John Wesley, The Journal of John Wesley, ed. Percy Livingstone Parker (Chicago: Moody Press, n.d.), 218.
67. John Wesley, Primitive Physick; or, An Easy and Natural Method of Curing Most Diseases (1747), 12th ed. (Philadelphia, 1764);
68. John Wesley, The Duty and Advantage of Early Rising (London, 1789).
69. Geoffrey Nuttall, The Holy Spirit in Puritan Faith and Experience (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1946);
70. Amanda Porterfield, Female Piety in Puritan New England: The Emergence of Religious Humanism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 98-99.
71. Wesley, Journal, 36-37.
72. Henry D. Rack, "Early Methodist Healing," in The Church and Healing, ed.W. J. Sheils (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 150.
73. Donald W Dayton, Theological Roots of Pentecostalism (1987; Metuchen, NJ: Hendrickson, 2000), 118-119.
74. Elaine Lawless, "Performing Pentecostalism: Cultural Investment in an American Origins Narrative," paper presented at Crossing Boundaries: Religion in the Louisiana Purchase Conference, Columbia, MI, February 21, 2004;
75. Leigh Eric Schmidt, Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
76. Albert Raboteau, Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978);
77. Mechel Sobel, Trabel' On: The Slave Journey to an Afro-Baptist Faith (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979);
78. John H. Wigger, Taking Heaven by Storm: Methodism and the Popularization of American Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
79. Quotations from Peter Cartright, Autobiography (1856), in The American Evangelicals, 1800-1900: An Anthology, ed. William G. McLoughlin (New York: Harper& Row, 1968), 43-44.
80. Robert Patterson, "Letter to the Rev. Dr. John King," September 25, 1801, in American Christianity: An Historical Interpretation with Representative Documents, 2 vols., ed. H. Shelton Smith, Robert T. Handy, and Lefferts A. Loetscher (New York: Scribner's, 1960), 1: 568.
81. Bernard A. Weisberger, They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958), 32.
82. Patterson, "Letter," 568.
83. Quotations from Edith L. Blumhofer and Aimee Semple McPherson in Edith L. Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson: Everybody's Sister (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdman, 1993), 174, 169.
84. Blumhofer, Aimee Semple McPherson, 126, 194;
85. Wacker, Heaven Below, 33.
86. Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995);
87. Vinson Synan, ed., The Century of the Holy Spirit: 200 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 2902-2002 (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2001).
88. Synan, Century of the Holy Spirit, 317.
89. Ann Taves, Fits, Trances, and Visions: Experiencing Religion and Explaining Experience from Wesley to James (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999);
90. Ronald L.Numbers and Rennie B. Schoepflin, "Ministries of Healing: Mary Baker Eddy, Ellen G. White, and the Religion of Health," in Women and Health in America: A History, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 376-389;
91. Leigh Eric Schmidt, Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pres, 2000).
92. Paracelsus, Selected Writings (1951), ed. Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988);
93. Mary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 75-77.
94. Numbers and Schoepflin, "Ministries of Healing," 382.
95. Ellen G. White, Spiritual Gifts, My Christian Experience, Views and Labors (Battle Creek, MI: James White, 1860), 20;
96. Ellen G. White, "Experience and Views" (August 1851), in Early Writings of Ellen G. White (Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1882), 21;
97. Taves, Fits, Trances, and Visions, 156, 161-162.
98. White, Early Writings, quoted in Numbers and Schoepflin, "Ministries of Healing," 383.
99. White, Spiritual Gifts, 59;
100. White, Early Writings, 109;
101. Taves, Fits, Trances, and Visions, 162, 164;
102. Numbers and Schoepflin, "Ministries of Healing," 383.
103. Mary Baker Eddy, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875), 6th ed. (Boston: First Church of Christ Scientist, 1971), 9, 560, 107, xi, 284, 286.
104. Edwin Franden Dakin, Mrs. Eddy: The Biography of a Virginal Mind (1929; New York: Scribner's, 1970), 157-287;
105. David L. Keyston, The Healer: The Healing Works of Mary Baker Eddy (Boston: Healing Unlimited, 1996).
106. Phineas Parkhurst Quimby, The Quimby Manuscripts (1921), ed. Horatio W. Dresser (Seacaucus, NJ: Citadel Press, 1969), ix, 353, 354, 355.
107. Eddy, Science and Health, 109, 255, 560.
108. Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age (New York: Viking Penguin, 1999), 3-18, esp. 10.
109. Nelly Richie, "Women and Christology," trans. Jeltje Aukema, in Through Her Eyes: Women's Theology from Latin America, ed. Elsa Tamez (1986 in Spanish; Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1989), 83.
110. Samuel Hugh Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, vol. 1, Beginnings to 2500 (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 79.
111. Bengt Sundkler and Christopher Steed, A History of the Church in Africa (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
112. Richard C. Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).
113. Adolph von Harnack, "Medicinisches aus der altesten Kirchengeschichte," Texte und Unterscuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur (TUGAL) 8, no. 4 (1892): 37-152;
114. Hector Avalos, Health Care and the Rise of Christianity (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1999);
115. Rodney Stark, The Rise of Christianity: How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1996).
116. Darrel W. Amundsen, "Medicine and Faith in Early Christianity," in Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 127-157;
117. Michael Dornemann, Krankheit und Heilung in der Theologie derjruhen Kirchenvater (Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 2003);
118. R. J. S. Barrett-Lennard, Christian Healing after the New Testament: Some Approaches to Illness in the Second, Third and Fourth Centuries (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994).
119. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, "To the Ephesians," in The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations, rev. ed., ed. Michael W. Holmes (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1992), 141.
120. "An Ancient Christian Sermon Commonly Known as Second Clement," in Holmes, Apostolic Fathers, 121.
121. Shannon Burkes, God, Self, and Death: The Shape of Religious Transformation in the Second Temple Period (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
122. Elaine Pagels, The Origin of Satan (New York: Vintage, 1996).
123. Wendy Cotter, Miracles in Greco-Roman Antiquity: A Sourcehook (New York: Routledge, 1999);
124. Jan N. Bremmer and Jan R. Veenstra, eds., The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2002), 13-103;
125. Jill Kamil, Christianity in the Land of the Pharaohs: The Coptic Orthodox Church (New York: Routledge, 2002).
126. "An Ancient Christian Sermon" (commonly but erroneously attributed to Clement), in Holmes, Apostolic Fathers, 115.
127. Barrett-Lennard, Christian Healing, 9-41, 85-86, 31 n. 129.
128. Stanley Samuel Harakas, "The Eastern Orthodox Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Tradition, ed. Ronald L. Numbersand Darrel W. Amundsen (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 151.
129. Avalos, Health Care, esp. 21.
130. Dionysius, "Festival Letters" in Eusebius, The Church History, trans, and ed. Paul L. Maier (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel, 1999), 269.
131. Eusebius, Church History, 328-329.
132. Stark, Rise of Christianity, 73-94.
133. Ignatius, "To the Ephesians" and "To the Romans," in Holmes, Apostolic Fathers, 141, 139, 173.
134. Timothy S. Miller, The Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire, rev. ed. (1985; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
135. Moffett, Christianity in Asia, 186, 187.
136. Arthur Voobus, History of the School of Nisibis (Louvain, Belgium: Secretariatdu Corpus SCO, 1965), 1-5, 144-145, 283.
137. Moffett, Christianity in Asia, 299-300, 297.
138. P. Yoshiro Saeki, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China (Toyko: Maruzen Company, 1951);
139. A. C. Moule, Christians in China before the Year 2550 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1930).
140. Miller, Birth of the Hospital, 52-61, 86;
141. Dornemann, Krankheit und Heilung 195-218.
142. Amundsen, "Medicine and Faith," i42.
143. Basil, "Homily on the Words, 'Give Heed to Thyself,'" trans. M. Monica Wagner, in Writings of Saint Basil, vol. 1 (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1950), 436.
144. Dornemann, Krankheit und Heilung, 204-207, esp. n. 129. Thanks to David Levenron for help translating Basil and Hippocrates.
145. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, book 5, chaps. 8, 12-13;
146. Barrett-Lennard, Christian Healing, 96, 99, 116-117.
147. For example, Hans Jonas, The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christinaity, 2nd ed. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958).
148. Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York: Random House, 1979).
149. W H. C. Frend, The Rise of Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 194-218, esp. 212-217.
150. C. Kingsley Barrett, "John and Judaism," in Anti-Judaism in the Fourth Gospel, ed. Reimund Bieringer, Didier Pollefeyt, and Frederique Vandecasteele-Vanneuville (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001), 231-246, esp. 232-237.
151. Barrett-Lennard, Christian Healing, 96.
152. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), 6-18.
153. Jean Danielou, Gospel Message and Hellenistic Culture, trans. J. A. Baker (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1973), 396;
154. Amundsen, "Medicine and Faith," 127-157.
155. Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Paul and the Stoics (Louisville, KY: Westminster ohn Knox Press, 2000).
156. John G. Gager, Reinventing Paul (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.
157. "The Epistle of Barnabas, in Holmes, Apostolic Fathers, 289.
158. Peter Cramer, Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages, c. 200-c. 1150 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 9-45.
159. "The Epistle of Barnabas," in Holmes, Apostolic Fathers, 259;
160. Hippolytus, Apostolic Tradition, ed. B. Botte (Munster-in-Westfalen: Liturgiewissenschaftliche Quellen and Forschungen, 1963), 275.
161. Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 150-157, esp. 153;
162. G. R. Beasley-Murray, Baptism in the New Testament (1962; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1994).
163. S. V. MacCasland, By the Finger of God: Demon-Possession and Exorcism in Early Christianity in Light of Modern Views on Mental Illness (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 104.
164. Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100-400 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 28, 62.
165. Athanasius, The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus, trans. Robert C. Gregg (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1980), 38, 41, 42.
166. Georgia Frank, "'Taste and See': The Eucharist and the Eyes of Faith in the Fourth Century," Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 70, no. 4 (December 2001): 619.
167. Carlos Eire, War against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 13.
168. Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity, vol. 2, rev. ed, A.D. 2500-A.D. 2975 (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1975), 923-966.
169. Eire, War against the Idols, 37-38, 95.
170. Peter Matheson, The Imaginative World of the Reformation (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 7.
171. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (New York: Scribner's, 1971), 125-128.
172. John Calvin, Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), in Library of Christian Classics, vol. 20, trans. Ford Lewis Battles, ed. John T. McNeill (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1960), book 4, chap. 3, 1061.
173. Martin Luther, Luther's Works, ed. J. Pelikan et al. (St. Louis: Fortress Press, 1955), 40: 146;
174. Eire, War against the Idols, 65-86.
175. Eire, War against the Idols, 224.
176. Calvin, Institutes, book 1, chap. 17, 223.
177. William J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth Century Portrait (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 32;
178. Ronald S. Wallace, Calvin, Geneva and the Reformation: A Study of Calvin as Social Reformer, Churchman, Pastor and Theologian (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988).
179. Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 64-69;
180. Bouwsma, John Calvin, 12-15;
181. Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).
182. Eire, War against the Idols, 43, 2-3;
183. Ronald S. Wallace, Calvin's Doctrine of the Word and Sacrament (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1997), 1-2.
184. Calvin, Institutes, book 2, chap. 1; book 1, chap. 17, 250, 224.
185. John Calvin, "Commentary on 1 John 1:1," quoted in Wallace, Calvin's Doc-tine, 18.
186. Wallace, Calvin's Doctrine, 197-210, 237-242.
187. Calvin, Institutes, book 3, chap. 8, 706.
188. See Thomas N. Tender, Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), esp. 3-27, 345-370.
189. Tender, Sin and Confession, 263-264.
190. Herbert Grundmann, Religious Movements in the Middle Ages: The Historical Links between Heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the Women's Religious Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, with the Historical Foundations of German Mysticism (1935 in German), trans. Steven Rowan (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995);
191. Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
192. Peter Iver Kaufman, Prayer, Despair, and Drama: Elizabethan Introspection (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 103-143.
193. Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, Protestant Poetics and the Seventeenth-Century Religious Lyric (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979);
194. William H. Halewood, The Poetry of Grace: Reformation Themes and Structures in English Seventeenth-Century Poetry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).
195. Albert S. Lyons and R. Joseph Petrucelli II, Medicine: An Illustrated History (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1978), 456.
196. Michael MacDonald, "Psychological Healing in England, 1600-1800," in The Church and Healing, ed. W. J. Sheils (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 116.
197. Democritus Junior [Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: What it is, with all the kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics el several cures of it (1621; London, 1652), 661.
198. Mary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 71-74.
199. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (New York: Random House, 1965).
200. Burton, "The Author's Abstract of Melancholy," in Anatomy of Melancholy, n.p.
201. Thomas Glanvill, Sadudsmus triumphatus: or, full and plain evidence concerning witches and apparitions, 3rd ed. (1689), ed. C. O. Parsons (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966), 62;
202. Stuart Clark, Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 303.
203. Walter Stephens, Demon Lovers: Witchcraft, Sex, and the Crisis of Belief (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 30-31;
204. Clark, Thinking with Demons, 294-311;
205. Armando Maggi, Satan's Rhetoric: A Study of Renaissance Demonology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
206. John W O'Malley, The First Jesuits (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 38, 37;
207. George E. Ganss, ed., Ignatius of Loyola: The Spiritual Exercises and Selected Works, (New York: Paulist Press, 1991), paragraph 1.
208. Cameron, European Reformation, 46-47.
209. Jill Raitt, "Calvin's Use of Bernard of Clairvaux," Archive for Reformation History 72 (1981): 98-121;
210. Dennis E. Tamburello, Union with Christ: John Calvin and the Mysticism of St. Bernard (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994).
211. Christopher J. Kauffman, Tamers of Death: The History of the Alexian Brothers from 2300 to 2789 (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), 121-128, 162.
212. Martin Luther, Luther's Works, 40, I, 282, 21-23
213. Marc Lienhard, "Luther and the Beginnings of the Reformation," in Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation, ed. Jill Raitt (New York: Crossroad, 1987), 277.
214. Martin Luther, "Lectures on Romans," in Luther's Works, vol. 25.
215. Nicholas Orme and Margaret Webster, The English Hospital 1070-1570 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 150-166.
216. Martin Luther, Luther's Works, 43: 131
217. Carter Lindberg, "The Lutheran Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, ed. Ronald L. Numbers and Darrel W. Amundsen (1986; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 181-182, 190-195.
218. Quoted in Lindberg, "Lutheran Tradition," 178; see 173-203.
219. Joanna Moody, ed., The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 2599-2605 (Phoenix Mill, Gloucesteshire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998), esp. 45-46, 75, 224.
220. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 10.
221. Lindberg, "Lutheran Tradition," 180;
222. Lindemann, Medicine and Society, 75-77.
223. Francis Bacon, "Preface," in History of the Winds (1623)
224. Joseph Needham, "Mysticism and Empiricism in Philosophy of Science," in Science, Medicine and History: Essays on the Evolution of Scientific Thought and Medical Practice Written in Honour of Charles Singer, 2 vols., ed. E. Ashworth Underwood (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 2: 382.
225. Luther, Luther's Works, 5: 163
226. Lindberg, "Lutheran Tradition," 180.
227. Lindemann, Medicine and Society, 76.
228. Lindemann, Medicine and Society, 231.
229. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905), trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Scribner's, 1958).
230. C. John Sommerville, The Secularization of Early Modern England: From Religious Culture to Religious Faith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 4.
231. Patrick Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Changein the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988);
232. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, to which Sommerville and many other scholars of religion in early modern society are indebted.
233. Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, trans. Lewis Thorpe (London: Penguin Books, 1974), 333, 335.
234. Darrel W Amundsen, Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 191;
235. Patrick J. Geary, Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);
236. James C. Russell, The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity: A Sodohistorical Approach to Religious Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
237. Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley-Price, rev. R. E. Latham (orig. trans. 1955; London: Penguin Books, 1990), book 3, chap. 9, 157-158.
238. Valerie I. J. Flint, The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), n. 30, 184.
239. Barbara Abou-El-Haj, The Medieval Cult of the Saints: Formations and Transformations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 50); also see 3.
240. Ronald C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Beliefs in Medieval England (1977; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), 69.
241. Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, 263-264.
242. Darrel W. Amundsen, "The Medieval Catholic Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, ed. Ronald L. Numbersand Darrel W. Amundsen (1986; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 82.
243. Flint, Rise of Magic, 163;
244. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims, 68.
245. Flint, Rise of Magic, 150;
246. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims, 67.
247. Flint, Rise of Magic, 89.
248. Miri Rubin, Corpus Christi: The Eucharist in Late Medieval Culture (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 112.
249. Florence Eliza Glaze, "Medical Writer," in Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, ed. Barbara Newman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 136.
250. Sabina Flanagan, Hildegard of Bingen, 2098-2279: A Visonary Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1998).
251. Hildegard von Bingen, Physica, trans. Priscilla Throop (Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1998), 229, 60.
252. Quoted in Glaze, "Medical Writer," 125.
253. Timothy S. Miller, The Birth of the Hospital in the Byzantine Empire (1985; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 97.
254. John Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (New York: Fordham University Press, 1974), 1-15;
255. Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), 116, 124-125.
256. Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology, 6;
257. Jaroslav Pelikan, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700), vol. 2, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
258. Miller, Birth of the Hospital, 57, 111.
259. Demetrios J. Constantelos, Byzantine Philanthropy and Social Welfare (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1968), 152, 153.
260. J. F. Haldon, Byzantium: The Transformation of a Culture, rev. ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 403-435.
261. Leslie Brubaker, Vision and Meaning in Ninth-Century Byzantium: Image as Exegesis in the Homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 20, 28-29.
262. John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium (New York: Knopf, 1997), 109-141;
263. Ken Parry et al., eds., The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 325-326.
264. John McManners, ed. The Oxford History of Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 150.
265. Dumitru Staniloae, Orthodox Spirituality: A Practical Guide for the Faithful and a Definitive Manual for the Scholar, trans. Jerome Newville and Otilia Kloos (South Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002), 21-39.
266. Amundsen, "Medieval Catholic Tradition," 83;
267. C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monastidsm, 3rd ed. (1984; Harlow, UK: Longman, 2001), 117-119.
268. Described in Glaze, "Medical Writer," 127.
269. Stanley Samuel Harakas, "The Eastern Orthodox Tradition," in Numbers and Amundsen, Caring and Curing, 155.
270. Darrel W Amundsen, "Medieval Canon Law on Medical and Surgical Practice by the Clergy," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52 (1978): 22-44;
271. Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 13-14.
272. Peter Brown, "The Holy Man in Late Antiquity" (1971), in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 103-152.
273. Marilyn Dunn, The Emergence of Monastidsm: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000);
274. Lawrence, Medieval Monastidsm;
275. Herbert Grundmann, Religious Movements in the Middle Ages: The Historical Links between Heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the Women's Religious Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, with the Historical Foundations of German Mysticism (1935 in German), trans. Steven Rowan (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995).
276. Basil, "Homily on the Words, 'Give Heed to Thyself, '" in Writings of Saint Basil, vol. 1, Ascetical Works, trans. M. Monica Wagner (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1950), 436.
277. Lisa M. Bitel, Isle of the Saints: Monastic Settlement and Christian Community in Early Ireland (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).
278. Quoted and translated in Dunn, Emergence of Monastidsm, 169-170.
279. For discussion of the historical development of the system of penance and its growing arbitrariness, see Thomas N. Tender, Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).
280. Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, 497-498.
281. Translated and quoted in Russell, Germanization, 195.
282. Peter Cramer, Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages, c. 200-C.1150 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179.
283. See Flint, Rise of Magic, 168-172.
284. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims, 72.
285. Donald Weinstein and Rudoph M. Bell, Saints and Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000-1700 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 124.
286. Flanagan, Hildegard, 160-165.
287. Larry W. Hurtado, At the Origins of Christian Worship: The Context and Character of Earliest Christian Devotion (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2000), 59;
288. Paul Bradshaw, Early Christian Worship: A Basic Introduction to Ideas and Practice (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1996), 64.
289. Meyendorff Byzantine Theology, 204, 205;
290. Pelikan, Spirit of Eastern Christendom.
291. Rubin, Corpus Christi, 143, 339.
292. Dmitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453 (New York: Praeger, 1971), illus. 46, ff, 210.
293. Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 172-173;
294. Rubin, Corpus Christi, 302-316.
295. Robert E. Lerner, "Introduction to the Translation," in Grundmann, Religious Movements, xxi-xxiv.
296. Christopher J. Kauffman, Tamers of Death: The History of the Alexian Brothers from 2300 to 2789 (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), 142-143.
297. Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity, vol. 2, A.D. 2500-AD. 2975 (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1975);
298. Andrew F. Walls, The Missionary Movement in Christian History (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1996);
299. David Chidester, Christianity: A Global History (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2000);
300. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (1964; London: Penguin Books, 1990);
301. Dana L. Robert, American Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1997);
302. Amanda Porterfield, Mary Lyon and the Mount Holyoke Missionaries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997);
303. Clifton Jackson Phillips, Protestant America and the Pagan World: The First Half Century of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, 1810-1860 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).
304. Mark A. Noll, America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
305. R. V. Modak, "History of the Native Churches Connected with the Marathi Mission," in Memorial Papers of the American Marathi Mission, 1813-1881 (Bombay: Education Society's Press, 1882), 11.
306. Robert Hume, untitled report, Dynanodya 4, no. 12 (June 16, 1845).
307. Samuel Hugh Moffett, A History of Christianity in Asia, vol. 1, Beginnings to 2500 (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 25-36.
308. Matteo Ricci quoted in Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Penguin Books, 1984), 60.
309. Albert Schweitzer, "On the Edge of the Primeval Forest," The Primeval Forest, trans. W. Montgomery, J. R. Coates, Susan Cupitt, and John Bowden (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 116.
310. Quoted in James D. Knowles, Memoir of Ann H. Judson, Missionary to Burmah (Boston: Gould, Kendall, and Lincoln, 1850), 162-163.
311. Johannes Du Plessis, A History of Christian Missions in South Africa (1911; Cape Town: C. Struik, 1965), 306;
312. Lewis Grout, Zulu-Land; or Life Among the Zulu-Kafirs of Natal and Zulu-Land, South Africa (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Publication Committee, 1864), 217-218.
313. Rubem A. Alves, A Theology of Human Hope (Washington, DC: Corpus Books, 1969), 149-151.
314. Andrew F. Walls, The Cross-Cultural Process in Christian History (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002), 121-133.
315. Amanda Porterfield, "Witchcraft and the Colonization of Algonquian and Iroquois Cultures," Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 2, no. 1(February 1992): 103-125.
316. Bruce G. Trigger, The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660 (1976; Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987), 590-593.
317. Christopher Vecsey, The Paths of Kateri's Kin (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), 96-108;
318. K. I. Koppedrayer, "The Making of the First Iroquois Virgin: Early Jesuit Biographies of the Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha," Ethnohistory 40 (1993): 277-306;
319. Allan Greer, Mohawk Saint: Catherine Tekakwitha and the Jesuits (New York: Oxford University Pres, 2005).
320. Claudia McDonnell, "Kateri Tekakwitha, Native Americans' Gift to the Church," St. Anthony Messenger (July 1987) cited in Vecsey, Kateri's Kin, 103-104.
321. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "The Dekanawidah Myth Analyzed as the Record of a Revitalization Movement," Ethnohistory 5 1958: 118-130;
322. Dean R. Snow, The Iroquois (Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1994), 52-76.
323. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 239-302.
324. Alice Kehoe, The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization (Ft. Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1989), 3-26.
325. Clyde Holler, ed., The Black Elk Reader (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000);
326. Joseph G. Jorgensen, The Sun Dance Religion: Power for the Powerless (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
327. Joseph Epes Brown, ed., The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux (1953; Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974), 31.
328. Robert P. Weller, Resistance, Chaos and Control in China: Taiping Rebels, Taiwanese Ghosts and Tiananmen (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 64-68.
329. Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (New York: Norton, 1996);
330. Weller, Resistance;
331. Robert H. T. lin, The Taiping Revolution: A Failure of Two Missions (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1979).
332. Shelia S. Walker, "The Message as the Medium: The Harrist Churches of the Ivory Coast and Ghana," in African Christianity: Patterns of Religious Continuity, ed. George Bond, Walton Johnson, and Sheila S. Walker (New York: Academic Press, 1979), 9-32.
333. See, for example, Terence O. Ranger and John Weller, eds., Themes in the Christian History of Central Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975);
334. Lyn S. Graybill, Religion and Resistance Politics in South Africa (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995);
335. Bond et al., African Christianity.
336. Bengt G. M. Sundkler, Bantu Prophets in South Africa (1948; London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 297, 301;
337. Norman Etherington, Preachers, Peasants, and Politics in Southeast Africa, 2835-2880: African Christian Communities in Natal, Pondoland, and Zululand (London: Royal Historical Society, 1978);
338. Walls, Cross-Cultural Process, 123.
339. Terence Ranger, "Medical Science and Pentecost," in The Church and Healing, ed. W J. Shiels (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 333-365;
340. Walls, The Cross-Cultural Process;
341. Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002);
342. Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1995).
343. Sundkler, Bantu Prophets.
344. Thomas Karis and Gwendolen M. Carter, eds., From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 2882-2964, vol. 4, Political Profiles (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977), 60-63.
345. Graybill, Religion and Resistance Politics, 45-96.
346. Essays by Edward Schieffelin, Thomas J. Csordas, Robert R. Desjarlais, and Charles L. Briggs, in The Performance of Healing, ed. Carol Laderman and Marina Roseman (New York: Routledge, 1996) have been particularly important in the development of my understanding of religious healing.
347. An important source on the history of Christian forgiveness and its relation to healing is John T. McNeill, A History of the Cure of Souls (1951; New York: Harper & Row, 1977).
348. John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity" (1629), in The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry, ed. Perry Miller (New York: Anchor Books, 1956), 83.
349. Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 81-93.
350. Janet Hoskins, "From Diagnosis to Performance: Medical Practice and the Politics of Exchange in Kodi, West Sumba," in Laderman and Roseman, The Performance of Healing, 288.
351. Anne Harrington, introduction to The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration, ed. Anne Harrington (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 4-6.
352. R. J. Herrnstein, "Placebo Effect in the Rat," Science 138 (1962): 677-678.
353. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience (1902; New York: New American Library, 1958), 30.
354. For representation of these trends, see Harold G. Koenig, Michael E. McCullough, and David B. Larson, Handbook of Religion and Health (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
355. Albert S. Lyons and R. Joseph Petrucelli II, Medicine: An Illustrated History (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987), 164-217, 251-261.
356. Alan K. Shapiro, "The Placebo Effect in the History of Medical Treatment: Implications for Psychiatry," American Journal of Psychiatry 116 (1959): 303.
357. Lawrence Power, San Francisco Chronicle, March 15, 1978, 24;
358. Michael Ross and James M. Olson, "Placebo Effects in Medical Research and Practice," Social Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, ed. J. Richard Eiser (New York: Wiley, 1982), 442.
359. Ross and Olson, "Placebo Effects," 445.
360. E. G. Dimond, C. F. Kittle, and J. E. Crockett, "Comparisons of Internal Mammary Artery Ligation and Sham Operation for Angina Pectoris," American Journal of Cardiology 5 (1960): 483-486;
361. L. A. Cobb, G. I. Thomas, D. H. Dillard, K. A. Merendino, and E. A. Bruce, "An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic," New England Journal of Medicine, 260 (1959): 1115-1118;
362. Ross and Olson, "Placebo Effects."
363. Jerome Frank, Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy, rev. ed. (1961; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 147.
364. Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity" (1971), in Peter Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 142, 147.
365. Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 83-84.
366. Quoted in John de Cuevas, "Mind/Brain/Behavior: The Pleasing Placebo," available at http://www.med.harvard.edu/publications/Focus/Jan20_1995/Mind.html.
367. E. Ernst and K. L. Resch, "Concept of True and Perceived Placebo Effects," British Medical Journal 311, no. 7004 (August 26, 1995): 551-553;
368. Peter C. Gotzsche, "Is There Logic in the Placebo?," The Lancet 344, no. 8927 (October 1, 1994): 925-926;
369. Peter C. Gotzsche, "Placebo Effects: Concept of Placebo Should Be Discarded," The Lancet 311, no. 7020 (December 16, 1995): 1640-1641.
370. Randolph C. Byrd, "Positive Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer in a Coronary Care Unit Population," Southern Medical Journal 81, no. 7 (July 1988): 826-829;
371. Kwang Y Cha, Daniel P. Wirth, and Rogerio A. Lobo, "Does Prayer Influence the Success of in Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer?," Journal of Reproductive Medicine 46, no. 9 (September 2001): 781-787.
372. For criticism of the methodologies employed by Byrd and others claiming similar findings, see Gary P. Posner, "Study Yields No Evidence for Medical Efficacy of Distant Intercessory Prayer," Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 6, no. 1 (winter 2002): 44-46;
373. Bruce L. Flamm, "Faith Healing by Prayer," Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 6, no. 1 (winter 2002): 47-50;
374. Irwin Tessman and Jack Tessman, "Efficacy of Prayer: A Critical Examination of Claims," Skeptical Inquirer 24 (May/June 2000): 31-33.
375. Thomas J. Csordas, "Imaginal Performance and Memory in Ritual Healing," in Laderman and Roseman, The Performance of Healing, 94.
376. Csordas, "Imaginal Performance," 107-108.
377. Charles L. Briggs, "The Meaning of Nonsense, the Poetics of Embodiment, and the Production of Power in Warao Healing," in Laderman and Roseman, The Performance of Healing, 212-217.
378. Morton Kelsey, Healing and Christianity: A Classic Study (1973; Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995), 42-46;
379. John J. Pilch, Healing in the New Testament: Insights from Medical and Mediterranean Anthropology (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000).
380. Augustine, Concerning the City of God, Against the Pagans (413-426), trans. Henry Bettenson, ed. David Knowles (Baltimore: Penguin, 1972), book 22, chap. 8, 1034; book 18, chap. 46, 827.
381. John Meyendorff Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes, 2nd ed. (New York: Fordham University Press, 1983), 1-15;
382. Dumitru Staniloae, Orthodox Spirituality: A Practical Guide for the Faithful and a Definitive Manual for the Scholar, trans. Jerome Newville and Otilia Kloos (South Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press, 2002), 21-29.
383. Robert Bruce Mullin, Miracles and the Modern Religious Imagination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
384. Martin Luther, "What Fasting Was Like in the Monastery" (1539) and "Questions about Purgatory, Prayer, Free Will" (1538), in Luther's Works, vol. 54, Table Talk, nos. 4422 and 3695, ed. and trans. Theodore G. Tappert (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967), 340, 266.
385. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559), 2 vols., trans. John Allen (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1909), 1: 182, 2: 479, 2: 467; 1: 185.
386. Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus (1906 in German), trans. W. Montgomery, J. R. Coates, Susan Cupitt, and John Bowden (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2001), 486-487.
387. Albert Schweitzer, Out of My Life and Thought (1933), trans. Antje Bultmann Lemke (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 219.
388. Søren Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death (1849 in Danish), in Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death, ed. and trans. Walter Lowrie (1941; Garden City, NJ: Doubleday Anchor, 1954), 146-147.
389. Rudolph Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology (New York: Scribner's, 1958), 63, 61, 53;
390. Rudolf Bultmann, Primitive Christianity in Its Contemporary Setting, trans. Reginald H. Fuller (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1956);
391. Rudolf Bultmann and Five Critics, Kerygma and Myth: A Theological Debate (1948 in German), ed. Hans Werner Bartsch, trans, and rev. Reginald H. Fuller (New York: Harper Torchbook, 1961).
392. Jesus Christ and Mythology, 55-59.
393. Morton Smith, Jesus the Magician: Charlatan or Son of God? (San Francisco: Harper & Collins, 1978), 181;
394. Morton Smith, Clement of Alexandria and the Secret Gospel of Mark (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973).
395. Smith, Jesus the Magician, 10-11.
396. Harold Remus, Jesus as Healer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 104-118.
397. Leo Sternberg, "Divine Election in Primitive Religion," in Compte-Rendu de la XXI session, Pt. 2 (1924) (Goteborg, Sweden: Congres International des Americanistes, 1925), 472-1925;
398. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy (1951 in French), trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), 33-66;
399. C. G. Jung, "Transformation Symbolism in the Mass," in Collected Works of C. G. Jung, vol. 11, Psychology and Religion West and East, 2nd ed., trans. R. F. C. Hull (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 227.
400. Remus, Jesus as Healer
401. Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
402. Remus, Jesus as Healer, 70-91.
403. David Rhoads, Joanna Dewey, and Donald Michie, Mark as Story: An Introduction to the Narrative of a Gospel, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1999), 2, 3-4.
404. Christopher D. Marshall, Faith as a Theme in Mark's Narrative (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 57-74;
405. Adela Yarbro Collins, The Beginning of the Gospel: Probings of Mark in Context (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), 58-61;
406. James G. Williams, Gospel against Parable: Mark's Language of Mystery (Sheffield, UK: Almond Press, 1985).
407. Marshall, Faith as a Theme, 59, 58.
408. Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels (New York: Macmillan, 1973), 58-69.
409. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993).
410. Elaine Pagels, The Origin of Satan (New York: Vintage Books, 1996).
411. Richard A. Horsley, "The Historical Context of Q" and "Israelite Traditions in Q," in Richard A. Horsley with Jonathan A. Draper, Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance, and Tradition in Q (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1999), 46-60, 94-122.
412. John Dominic Crossan, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately after the Execution of Jesus (San Francisco: HarperSanFranciso, 1998), 343;
413. John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992).
414. Ben Witherington III, "Jesus the Talking Head: The Jesus of the Jesus Seminar," in The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1995), 42-57.
415. John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, vol. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles (New York: Doubleday, 1994), 607.
416. Edwin K. Broadhead, "Echoes of an Exorcism in the Fourth Gospel?," Zeitschrift fur die Neutestamentlische Wissenschaft 86, nos. 1-2 (1995): 111-119.
417. Meier, Marginal Jew, 650-653.
418. Graham H. Twelftree, Jesus the Exorcist: A Contribution to the Study of the Historical Jesus (Peabody, MA: Henrickson, 1993), 170.
419. Meier, Marginal Jew, 656-657, 648.
420. Twelftree, Jesus the Exorcist, 190-207.
421. Christian Strecker, "Jesus and the Demoniacs," in The Social Setting of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Wolfgang Stegemann, Bruce J. Malina, and Gerd Theissen (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2002), 120;
422. Santiago Guijarro, "The Politics of Exorcism," in Social Setting, 159-174.