The impact of salinity perturbations on the future uptake of heat by the Atlantic Ocean

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 41, Issue 24, 2014, Pages 9072-9079

  Smith, Robin S ^a   Sutton, Rowan ^a   Gregory, Jonathan M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Atlantic; climate change; ocean heat content; overturning circulation

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE MODELS; ENTHALPY; OCEANOGRAPHY; SEA LEVEL; WATER;

ANTHROPOGENIC HEAT; ATLANTIC; ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATIONS; COMPETING PROCESS; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS; OCEAN HEAT CONTENT; OCEAN HEAT UPTAKE; OVERTURNING CIRCULATION;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; HEAT BALANCE; OVERTURN; PERTURBATION; SALINITY; SEA LEVEL CHANGE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84921881198     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: 19448007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014GL062169     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Balan Sarojini, B., J. M. Gregory, R. Tailleux, G. R. Bigg, A. T. Blaker, D. R. Cameron, N. R. Edwards, A. P. Megann, L. C. Shaffrey, and, B. Sinha, (2011), High frequency variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Ocean Sci., 7, 471-486, doi: 10.5194/os-7-471-2011.
2. Bouttes, N., J. M. Gregory, T. Kuhlbrodt, and, R. S. Smith, (2014), The drivers of projected North Atlantic sea level change, Clim. Dyn., 43, 1531-1544, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1973-8.
3. Cheng, W., J. Chiang, and, D. Zhang, (2013), Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in CMIP5 models: RCP and historical simulations, J. Clim., 26, 7187-7197, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00496.1.
4. Church, J. A., et al. (2013), Sea level change, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by, T. F. Stocker, et al., pp. 1137-1216, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., doi: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.026.
5. Eby, M., et al. (2013), Historical and idealized climate model experiments: An intercomparison of earth system models of intermediate complexity, Clim. Past, 9 (3), 1111-1140, doi: 10.5194/cp-9-1111-2013.
6. Gordon, C., C. Cooper, C. A. Senior, H. Banks, J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, J. F. B. Mitchell, and, R. A. Wood, (2000), The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments, Clim. Dyn., 16, 147-168.
7. Gregory, J. M., (2000), Vertical heat transports in the ocean and their effect on time-dependent climate change, Clim. Dyn., 16, 501-515, doi: 10.1007/s003820000059.
8. 2 concentration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12703, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023209.
9. Hawkins, E., R. S. Smith, L. C. Allison, J. M. Gregory, T. J. Woollings, H. Pohlmann, and, B. de Cuevas, (2011), Bistability of the Atlantic overturning circulation in a global climate model and links to ocean freshwater transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L10605, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047208.
10. Johnson, H. L., and, D. P. Marshall, (2002), A theory for surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1121-1132.
11. Kienert, H., and, S. Rahmstorf, (2012), On the relation between meridional overturning circulation and sea-level gradients in the Atlantic, Earth Syst. Dynam., 3, 109-120, doi: 10.5194/esd-3-109-2012.
12. Knutti, R., and, T. F. Stocker, (2000), Influence of the thermohaline circulation on projected sea level rise, J. Clim., 13, 1997-2001.
13. Levermann, A., A. Griesel, M. Hofmann, M. Montoya, and, S. Rahmstorf, (2005), Dynamic sea level changes following changes in the thermohaline circulation, Clim. Dyn., 24, 347-354, doi: 10.1007/s00382-004-0505-y.
14. Levitus S., T. Boyer, M. Conkright, T. O. Brien, J. Antonov, C. Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D. Johnson, and, R. Gelfeld, (Eds.) (1998), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, World Ocean Database 1998 Volume 1, Natl. Oceanogr. Data Cent., Washington, D. C.
15. Mauritzen, C., A. Melsom, and, R. Sutton, (2012), Importance of density-compensated temperature change for deep North Atlantic Ocean heat uptake, Nat. Geosci., 5, 905-910.
16. Meehl, G. A., et al. (2007), Global climate projections, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by, S. Solomon, et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
17. Pacanowski, R., K. Dixon, and, A. Rosati, (1990), The GFDL modular ocean model users guide: Version 1.0, Tech. Rep. 2, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton Univ.
18. Smith, R., (2012), The famous climate model (versions xfxwb and xfhcc): Description update to version XDBUA, Geosci. Model Devel., 5, 269-276, doi: 10.5194/gmd-5-269-2012.
19. Smith, R., and, J. Gregory, (2009), A sensitivity study on the impact of freshwater input in different regions of the North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15701, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038607.
20. Smith, R., A. Osprey, and, J. Gregory, (2008), A description of the FAMOUS (version XDBUA) climate model and control run, Geosci. Model Dev., 1, 53-68.
21. Stouffer, R. J., et al. (2006), Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes, J. Clim., 19, 1365-1387.
22. Swingedouw, D., C. Rodehacke, S. Olsen, M. Menary, Y. Gao, U. Mikolajewicz, and, J. Mignot, (2014), On the reduced sensitivity of the Atlantic overturning to Greenland ice sheet melting in projections: A multi-model assessment, Clim. Dyn., doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2270-x, in press.
23. Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and, G. A. Meehl, (2012), An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 485-498, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
24. 2 forcing in a climate model, Nature, 399, 572-575.
25. Yin, J., S. M. Griffies, and, R. J. Stouffer, (2010), Spatial variability of sea level rise in twenty-first century projections, J. Clim., 23, 4585-4607, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3533.1.