"I always felt I had to prove my manhood": Homosexuality, masculinity, gender role strain, and HIV risk among young Black men who have sex with men

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 122-131

  Fields, Errol Lamont ^a   Bogart, Laura M ^c,d   Smith, Katherine C ^b   Malebranche, David J ^e   Ellen, Jonathan ^a   Schuster, Mark A ^c,d  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921842017     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301866     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Prejean J, Song R, Hernandez A, et al. Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2006-2009. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8):e17502.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2007-2010. HIV Surveill Rep Suppl Rep. 2012;17(4):1-26.
3. Millett GA, Peterson JL, Wolitski RJ, Stall R. Greater risk for HIV infection of Black men who have sex with men: a critical literature review. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(6):1007-1019.
4. Warren JC, Fernández MI, Harper GW, Hidalgo MA, Jamil OB, Torres RS. Predictors of unprotected sex among young sexually active African American, Hispanic, and White MSM: the importance of ethnicity and culture. AIDSBehav. 2008;12(3):459-468.
5. Poppen PJ, Reisen CA, Zea M, Bianchi FT, Echeverry JJ. Predictors of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-positive Latino gay and bisexual men. AIDS Behav. 2004;8(4):379-389.
6. Santana MC, Raj A, Decker M, La Marche A, Silverman JG. Masculine gender roles associated with increased sexual risk and intimate partner violence perpetration among young adult men. J Urban Health. 2006;83(4):575-585.
7. O'Sullivan LF, Hoffman S, Harrison A, Dolezal C. Men, multiple sexual partners, and young adults' sexual relationships: understanding the role of gender in the study of risk. J Urban Health. 2006;83(4):695-708.
8. Malebranche DJ, Gvetadze R, Millett GA, Sutton MY. The relationship between gender role conflict and condom use among Black MSM AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):2051-2061.
9. Connell RW. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1995.
10. Franklin CW. Men's studies, the men's movement, and the study of Black masculinities: further demystification of masculinities in America. In: Majors RG, Gordon JU, eds. The American Black Male: His Present Status and His Future. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers; 1994:4-19.
11. Bowser BB. Black men and AIDS: prevention and Black sexuality. In: Majors RG, Gordon JU, eds. The American Black Male: His Present Status and His Future. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers; 1994:114-126.
12. Franklin CW. Ain't I a Man? The efficacy of Black masculinities for men's studies in the 1990s. In: Majors RG, Gordon JU, eds. The American Black Male: His Present Status and His Future. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers; 1994:272-283.
13. Whitehead TL. Urban low-income African American men, HIV/AIDS, and gender identity. Med Anthropol Q. 1997;11(4):411-447.
14. Whitehead TL, Peterson JL, Kaljee L. The" hustle": socioeconomic deprivation, urban drug trafficking, and low-income, African-American male gender identity. Pediatrics. 1994;93(6 pt 2):1050-1054.
15. Majors RG, Billson JM. Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America Lexington, MA: DC Heath and Co; 1992.
16. Clarkson J. "Everyday Joe" versus "pissy, bitchy, queens": gay masculinity on StraightActing.com. J Mens Stud 2006;14(2):191-207.
17. Asencio M. "Locas", respect, and masculinity: gender conformity in migrant Puerto Rican gay masculinities. Gend Soc. 2011;25(3):335-354.
18. Courtenay WH. Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50(10):1385-1401.
19. Halkitis PN. An exploration of perceptions of masculinity among gay men living with HIV. J Men's Stud. 2001;9(3):413-429.
20. Halkitis PN, Green KA, Wilton L. Masculinity, body image, and sexual behavior in HIV-seropositive gay men: a two-phase formative behavioral investigation using the Internet. Int J Mens Health. 2004;3(1):27-42.
21. Sánchez FJ, Greenberg ST, Liu WM, Vilain E. Reported effects of masculine ideals on gay men. Psychol Men Masc. 2009;10(1):73-87.
22. Harris SM. Black male masculinity and same-sex friendships. West J Black Stud. 1992;16(2):74-81.
23. Majors R, Billson JM. Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America. New York, NY: Touchstone; 1993.
24. Parent MC, Torrey C, Michaels MS. "HIV testing is so gay": the role of masculine gender role conformity in HIV testing among men who have sex with men. J Couns Psychol. 2012;59(3):465-470.
25. Hamilton CJ, Mahalik JR. Minority stress, masculinity, and social norms predicting gay men's health risk behaviors. J Couns Psychol. 2009;56(1):132-141.
26. Kerrigan D, Andrinopoulos K, Johnson R, Parham P, Thomas T, Ellen JM. Staying strong: gender ideologies among African-American adolescents and the implications for HIV/STI prevention. J Sex Res. 2007;44(2):172-180.
27. Pleck JH, O'Donnell LN. Gender attitudes and health risk behaviors in urban African American and Latino early adolescents. Matern Child Health J. 2001;5(4):265-272.
28. Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL, Ku LC. Masculinity ideology: its impact on adolescent males' heterosexual relationships. J Soc Issues. 1993;49(3):11-29.
29. Wolfe WA. Overlooked role of African-American males' hypermasculinity in the epidemic of unintended pregnancies and HIV/AIDS cases with young African-American women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95(9):846-852.
30. Santana MC, Raj A, Decker MR, La Marche A, Silverman JG. Masculine gender roles associated with increased sexual risk and intimate partner violence perpetration among young adult men. J Urban Health. 2006;83(4):575-585.
31. Levant RF. The new psychology of men. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 1996;27(3):259-265.
32. Eisler RM. The relationship between masculine gender role stress and men's health risk: the validation of a construct. In: Levant RF, Pollack WS, eds. A New Psychology of Men. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1995:207-228.
33. Fragoso JM, Kashubeck S. Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in Mexican American men. Psychol Men Masc. 2000;1(2):87-97.
34. Eisler RM, Skidmore JR, Ward CH. Masculine gender-role stress: predictor of anger, anxiety, and health-risk behaviors. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):133-141.
35. Petersen AC. Adolescent development. Annu Rev Psychol. 1988;39(1):583-607.
36. Hoffman MA, Ushpiz V, Levy-Shiff R. Social support and self-esteem in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 1988;17(4):307-316.
37. Benson PL. Adolescent development in social and community context: a program of research. New Dir Youth Dev. 2002;2002(95):123-147.
38. Scales P, Leffert N, Lerner RM. Developmental Assets: A Synthesis of the Scientific Research on Adolescent Development. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute; 1999.
39. Vogt WP, Gardner DC, Haeffele LM. When to Use What Research Design. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2012.
40. Fields EL, Bogart LM, Smith KC, Malebranche DJ, Ellen J, Schuster MA. HIV risk and perceptions of masculinity among young Black men who have sex with men. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50(3):296-303.
41. Malebranche DJ, Fields EL, Bryant LO, Harper SR. Masculine socialization and sexual risk behaviors among Black men who have sex with men. Men Masculinities. 2009;12(1):90-112.
42. Muhr T. Atlas.ti Computer Aided Text Interpretation and Theory Building. User's Manual. Berlin, Germany: Scientific Software Development; 1994.
43. Corbin JM, Strauss AL. Grounded theory research: procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qual Sociol. 1990;13(1):3-21.
44. Strauss AL, Corbin JM. Basics of Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1990.
45. Glaser BG. The constant comparative method of qualitative analysis. Soc Probl. 1965;12(4):436-445.
46. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37-46.
47. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159-174.
48. Wilkinson WW. Authoritarian hegemony, dimensions of masculinity, and male antigay attitudes. Psychol Men Masc. 2004;5(2):121-131.
49. Mustanski BS, Newcomb ME, Du Bois SN, Garcia SC, Grov C. HIV in young men who have sex with men: a review of epidemiology, risk and protective factors, and interventions. J Sex Res. 2011;48(2-3):218-253.
50. Perrino T, González-Soldevilla A, Pantin H, Szapocznik J. The role of families in adolescent HIV prevention: a review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2000;3(2):81-96.
51. Tatum BD. Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? New York, NY: BasicBooks; 1999.
52. Price R, Cioci M, Penner W. Webs of influence: school and community programs that enhance adolescent health and education. Teach Coll Rec. 1993;94(3):487-521.
53. Malebranche DJ. Black men who have sex with men and the HIV epidemic: next steps for public health. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):862-865.
54. Vincke J, Bolton R, Mak R, Blank S. Coming out and AIDS-related high-risk sexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav. 1993;22(6):559-586.
55. Good GE. Male gender role conflict: psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress. J Couns Psychol. 1995;42(1):3-10.
56. Wilson PA, Valera P, Ventuneac A, Balan I, Rowe M, Carballo-Diéguez A. Race-based sexual stereotyping and sexual partnering among men who use the internet to identify other men for bareback sex. J Sex Res. 2009;46(5):399-413.
57. Ward EG. Homophobia, hypermasculinity and the US Black church. Cult Health Sex. 2005;7(5):493-504.
58. Malebranche DJ, Peterson JL, Fullilove RE, Stackhouse RW. Race and sexual identity: perceptions about medical culture and healthcare among Black men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(1):97-107.
59. Bingham TA, Harawa NT, Johnson DF, Secura GM, MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA. The effect of partner characteristics on HIV infection among African American men who have sex with men in the Young Men's Survey, Los Angeles, 1999-2000. AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(1, suppl A):39-52.
60. Martinez DG, Sullivan SC. African American gay men and lesbians: examining the complexity of gay identity development. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 1998;1(2-3):243-264.
61. Monteiro KP, Fuqua V. African American gay youth: one form of manhood. High Sch J. 1993;77(1/2):20-36.
62. Wright JW. African-American male sexual behavior and the risk for HIV infection. Hum Organ. 1993;52(4):421-431.
63. Crawford I, Allison KW, Zamboni BD, Soto T. The influence of dual-identity development on the psychosocial functioning of African-American gay and bisexual men. J Sex Res. 2002;39(3):179-189.
64. Sellers RM, Caldwell CH, Schmeelk-Cone KH, Zimmerman MA. Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(3):302-317.
65. Herrick AL, Lim SH, Wei C, et al. Resilience as an untapped resource in behavioral intervention design for gay men. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(suppl 1):S25-S29.