Type 2 Diabetes in Youth in South Asia

Current Diabetes Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2015, Pages

  Praveen, P A ^a   Kumar, S Ram ^b   Tandon, Nikhil ^a  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b APOLLO HOSPITALS   (India)

Author keywords

Childhood obesity; Impaired glucose tolerance; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; South Asia; South Asian phenotype; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Youth onset diabetes

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ADULT; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTH ASIAN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT REDUCTION; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CAUCASIAN; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; INDIA; MASS SCREENING; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; INDIA; MASS SCREENING; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84921840718     PISSN: 15344827     EISSN: 15390829     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-014-0571-4     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. International Diabetes Federation. World Diabetes Atlas. 6th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2013.
2. Mather HM, Keen H. The Southall Diabetes Survey: prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985;291(6502):1081–4.
3. Barnett AH, Dixon AN, Bellary S, et al. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in the UK south Asian community. Diabetologia. 2006;49(10):2234–46.
4. Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006;49(6):1175–8.
5. Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Byrne NM, et al. Prevalence and trends of the diabetes epidemic in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:380.
6. Mather HM, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH. Mortality and morbidity from diabetes in South Asians and Europeans: 11-year follow-up of the Southall Diabetes Survey, London, UK. Diabet Med. 1998;15(1):53–9.
7. Mukhopadhyay B, Forouhi NG, Fisher BM, et al. A comparison of glycaemic and metabolic control over time among South Asian and European patients with type 2 diabetes: results from follow-up in a routine diabetes clinic. Diabet Med. 2006;23(1):94–8.
8. Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Liu JY, et al. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA. 2002;287(19):2519–27.
9. Anderson BJ, Edelstein S, Abramson NW, et al. Depressive symptoms and quality of life in adolescents with type 2 diabetes: baseline data from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2205–7.
10. Sparring V, Nyström L, Wahlström R, et al. Diabetes duration and health-related quality of life in individuals with onset of diabetes in the age group 15–34 years—a Swedish population-based study using EQ-5D. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:377.
11. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):693–700.
12. Dabelea D, Bell RA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297(24):2716–24.
13. Cockram CS. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in the Asia-Pacific region. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6(1):43–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793402.
14. Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, et al. Epidemiology of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24(Suppl):S7–S13.
15. Likitmaskul S, Kiattisathavee P, Chaichanwatanakul K, et al. Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thai children and adolescents associated with increasing prevalence of obesity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16(1):71–7.
16. Qiao Q, Hu G, Tuomilehto J, et al. Age- and sex-specific prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 11 Asian cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1770–80.
17. Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3022–7.
18. Bai PV, Krishnaswami CV, Chellamarippan M, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in the young in south India. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32(11):1173–6.
19. Abu Sayeed M, Banu A, Khan AR, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in a rural population of Bangladesh. Diabetes Care. 1995;18(4):555–8.
20. Mohsin F, Mahbuba S, Begum T, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with obesity. Mymensingh Med J. 2012;21(4):684–90.
21. Ranjani H, Sonya J, Anjana RM, et al. Prevalence of glucose intolerance among children and adolescents in urban South India (ORANGE-2). Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15(1):13–9.
22. Amutha A, Datta M, Unnikrishnan IR, et al. Clinical profile of diabetes in the young seen between 1992 and 2009 at a specialist diabetes centre in south India. Prim Care Diabetes. 2011;5(4):223–9.
23. Bhatia V, Arya V, Dabadghao P, et al. Etiology and outcome of childhood and adolescent diabetes mellitus in North India. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004;17(7):993–9.
24. Unnikrishnan AG, Bhatia E, Bhatia V, et al. Type 1 diabetes versus type 2 diabetes with onset in persons younger than 20 years of age. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1150:239–44.
25. Lakshman R, Elks CE, Ong KK. Childhood obesity. Circulation. 2012;126(14):1770–9.
26. Jeemon P, Prabhakaran D, Mohan V, et al. Double burden of underweight and overweight among children (10–19 years of age) of employees working in Indian industrial units. Natl Med J India. 2009;22(4):172–6.
27. Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Dash AK, et al. Childhood cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians: a cause of concern for adult cardiovascular disease epidemic. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2011;4(2):166–71 [cited 2014 Jul 21].
28. Gupta DK, Shah P, Misra A, et al. Secular trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity from 2006 to 2009 in urban Asian Indian adolescents aged 14–17 years. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e17221.
29. Bulbul T, Hoque M. Prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight in Bangladesh: findings from a countrywide epidemiological study. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:86.
30. Warraich HJ, Javed F, Faraz-Ul-Haq M, et al. Prevalence of obesity in school-going children of Karachi. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4816.
31. Bhardwaj S, Misra A, Khurana L, et al. Childhood obesity in Asian Indians: a burgeoning cause of insulin resistance, diabetes and sub-clinical inflammation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:172–5.
32. Misra A, Vikram NK, Arya S, et al. High prevalence of insulin resistance in postpubertal Asian Indian children is associated with adverse truncal body fat patterning, abdominal adiposity and excess body fat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(10):1217–26.
33. Singh Y, Garg MK, Tandon N, et al. A study of insulin resistance by HOMA-IR and its cut-off value to identify metabolic syndrome in urban Indian adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013;5(4):245–51. This study suggests cut-off values of HOMA-IR, relevant to South Asian adolescents for defining metabolic syndrome.
34. Vikram NK, Tandon N, Misra A, et al. Correlates of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, adolescents and young adults in north India: a multisite collaborative case-control study. Diabet Med. 2006;23(3):293–8.
35. Whincup PH, Nightingale CM, Owen CG, et al. Early emergence of ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes precursors in the UK: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE Study). PLoS Med. 2010;7(4):e1000263.
36. Rush E, Plank L, Chandu V, et al. Body size, body composition, and fat distribution: a comparison of young New Zealand men of European, Pacific Island, and Asian Indian ethnicities. N Z Med J. 2004;117(1207):U1203.
37. Mehta S, Mahajan D, Steinbeck KS, et al. Relationship between measures of fatness, lipids and ethnicity in a cohort of adolescent boys. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(5):192–9.
38. Misra A, Vikram NK. Insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome) and obesity in Asian Indians: evidence and implications. Nutrition. 2004;20(5):482–91.
39. Misra A, Athiko D, Sharma R, et al. Non-obese hyperlipidemic Asian northern Indian males have adverse anthropometric profile. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2002;12(4):178–83.
40. Misra A, Khurana L. The metabolic syndrome in South Asians: epidemiology, determinants, and prevention. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(6):497–514.
41. Skogen JC, Overland S. The fetal origins of adult disease: a narrative review of the epidemiological literature. JRSM Short Rep. 2012;3(8):59.
42. Yajnik CS. The lifecycle effects of nutrition and body size on adult adiposity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obes Rev. 2002;3(3):217–24.
43. Yajnik CS, Fall CHD, Coyaji KJ, et al. Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(2):173–80.
44. Hales CN, Barker DJP. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1215–22. This article propose a new hypothesis regarding the aetiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
45. Bhargava SK, Sachdev HS, Fall CHD, et al. Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(9):865–75 [cited 2014 Jul 26].
46. McCarthy MI, Hitman GA, Shields DC, et al. Family studies of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in South Indians. Diabetologia. 1994;37(12):1221–30.
47. Anjana RM, Lakshminarayanan S, Deepa M, et al. Parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiometabolic risk factors in Asian Indian adolescents. Metabolism. 2009;58(3):344–50.
48. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Sivasankari S, et al. Parental influence on the spectrum of type 2 diabetes in the offspring among Indians. J Assoc Physicians India. 2007;55:560–2.
49. Jali MV, Kambar S, Jali SM, et al. Familial early onset of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. N Am J Med Sci. 2009;1(7):377–80.
50. Bishwajit G, Ide S, Hossain MA, Safa MN. Trade Liberalization, urbanization and nutrition transition in Asian countries. J Nutr Heal Food Sci. 2014;1(1):5.
51. National Sample Survey Organisation, New Delhi I. Nutritional intake in India. 66 Round NSS Consumer Expenditure Survey. 2012.
52. Sharma R, Grover VL, Chaturvedi S. Recipe for diabetes disaster: a study of dietary behaviors among adolescent students in south Delhi, India. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2011;31(1):4–8.
53. Hornby-Turner YC, Hampshire KR, Pollard TM. A comparison of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in 9-11 year old British Pakistani and White British girls: a mixed methods study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:74.
54. Müller AM, Khoo S, Lambert R. Review of physical activity prevalence of Asian school-age children and adolescents. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2013;25(3):227–38.
55. Sagarkar AR, Sagarkar RM, Arabbi KC, et al. A substantive review on tobacco use among school-going adolescents in India. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent. 2013;3(1):7–11.
56. Rao S, Aslam SK, Zaheer S, et al. Anti-smoking initiatives and current smoking among 19,643 adolescents in South Asia: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Harm Reduct J. 2014;11:8.
57. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco use among youth: a cross country comparison. Tob Control. 2002;11(3):252–70.
58. Pozzilli P, Guglielmi C, Caprio S, et al. Obesity, autoimmunity, and double diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care. 2011;34 Suppl 2:S166–70.
59. Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Amemiya S, et al. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009;10 Suppl 1:17–32.
60. Pan CY, So WY, Khalid BAK, et al. Metabolic, immunological and clinical characteristics in newly diagnosed Asian diabetes patients aged 12–40 years. Diabet Med. 2004;21(9):1007–13.
61. Singhal N, Misra A, Shah P, et al. Impact of intensive school-based nutrition education and lifestyle interventions on insulin resistance, β-cell function, disposition index, and subclinical inflammation among Asian Indian adolescents: a controlled intervention study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2011;9(2):143–50.
62. Global IDF-ISPAD Guidelines for Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence. IDF/ISPAD. 2011.
63. Jones KL, Arslanian S, Peterokova VA, et al. Effect of metformin in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(1):89–94.
64. Zeitler P, Hirst K, Pyle L, et al. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(24):2247–56. This is a clinical trial comparing the efficacy of three treatment regimens to attain glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.
65. Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A, et al. Glimepiride versus metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, single-blind comparative study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(4):790–4.
66. Kawahara R, Amemiya T, Yoshino M, et al. Dropout of young non-insulin-dependent diabetics from diabetic care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24(3):181–5.
67. American Diabetes Association. Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 1):S4–10.
68. Inge TH, Miyano G, Bean J, et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes mellitus and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors after surgical weight loss in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):214–22.
69. O’Brien PE, Sawyer SM, Laurie C, et al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in severely obese adolescents: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;303(6):519–26.
70. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(3):381–9.
71. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2000;105(3 Pt 1):671–80.
72. Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, et al. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15 Suppl 2:26–46. This provides recent global guidelines for clinical management of children and adolescents with diabetes.
73. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006;49(2):289–97.
74. Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Goenka S, et al. Impact of a worksite intervention program on cardiovascular risk factors: a demonstration project in an Indian industrial population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(18):1718–28.
75. Arora M, Stigler MH, Reddy KS. Effectiveness of health promotion in preventing tobacco use among adolescents in India: research evidence informs the National Tobacco Control Programme in India. Glob Health Promot. 2011;18(1):9–12.
76. Ramachandran A, Ambady R, Snehalatha C, et al. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes in South Asians—challenges and the way forward. Diabet Med. 2013;30(1):26–34.
77. Giri BR, Sharma KP, Chapagai RN, et al. Diabetes and hypertension in urban Bhutanese men and women. Indian J Community Med. 2013;38(3):138–43.
78. Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Dash AK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Asian Indians: a community survey from urban eastern India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2012;6(2):96–101.
79. Bhowmik B, Binte Munir S, Ara Hossain I, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation with associated cardiometabolic risk factors and depression in an urbanizing rural community in Bangladesh: a population-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):422–32.
80. Sharma SK, Ghimire A, Radhakrishnan J, et al. Prevalence of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in Nepal. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:821971.
81. Shera AS, Basit A, Fawwad A, et al. Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4(2):79–83.
82. Zargar AH, Wani AA, Laway BA, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other abnormalities of glucose tolerance in young adults aged 20–40 years in North India (Kashmir Valley). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82(2):276–81.
83. Ono K, Limbu YR, Rai SK, et al. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in semi-urban population of Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J. 2007;9(3):154–6.
84. Hussain A, Vaaler S, Sayeed MA, et al. Type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting blood glucose in rural Bangladesh: a population-based study. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(3):291–6.
85. Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, et al. Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka-Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS). Diabet Med. 2008;25(9):1062–9 [cited 2014 Jul 28].
86. Hussain A, Rahim MA, Azad Khan AK, et al. Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Diabet Med. 2005;22(7):931–6.
87. Sayeed MA, Mahtab H, Akter Khanam P, et al. Diabetes and impaired fasting glycemia in a rural population of Bangladesh. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1034–9.
88. Ajay VS, Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, et al. Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Indian industrial population. Diabet Med. 2008;25(10):1187–94.
89. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sarna M, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance syndrome in an urban Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;61(1):69–76.
90. Gupta R, Misra A, Vikram NK, et al. Younger age of escalation of cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Indian subjects. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009;9:28.
91. Misra A, Pandey RM, Devi JR, et al. High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(11):1722–9.
92. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia. 2001;44(9):1094–101.
93. Raman Kutty V, Joseph A, Soman CR. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in an urban settlement in Kerala, India. Ethn Health. 1999;4(4):231–9.
94. Shera AS, Rafique G, Khawaja IA, et al. Pakistan National Diabetes Survey: prevalence of glucose intolerance and associated factors in Baluchistan province. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;44(1):49–58.
95. Sayeed MA, Hussain MZ, Banu A, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in a suburban population of Bangladesh. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1997;34(3):149–55.
96. Sasaki H, Kawasaki T, Ogaki T, et al. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose/glycaemia (IFG) in suburban and rural Nepal—the communities-based cross-sectional study during the democratic movements in 1990. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67(2):167–74.
97. Ramachandran A, Jali MV, Mohan V, et al. High prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in south India. BMJ. 1988;297(6648):587–90.