DEMOCRACY AND TERRORISM: THREATS AND RESPONSES

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights

Volumn 26, Issue , 1996, Pages 253-266

  Alexander, Yonah ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84921607242     PISSN: 03335925     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/9789004423107_017     Document Type: Chapter

References (64)

1. Terrorism: An International Resource File, 1980-85, 1986 Index, 1987 Index, 1988 Index, 1989 Index and 1990 Index (Y. Alexander ed., 1986-1991);
2. E.F. Mikolus & P.A. Fleming, Terrorism, 1980-1987;
3. A Selectively Annotated Bibliography(1988).
4. B.M. Jenkins, The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems (1980).
5. Yasser Arafat at the UN General Assembly, 1974, as quoted by Secretary of State George Schultz in a speech in New York, 25 October 1984.
6. See, for example, Arkansas Criminal Code, Title 41, Section 41-1608, stating that "a person commits the offense of terroristic threatening if with the purpose of terrorizing another person he threatens to cause death or serious physical injury or substantial property damage to another person".
7. Terrorism:Background and Issues for Congress (CRS Brief, 23 May 1996).
8. US Dep. of Justice, FBI, Terrorism in the United States 1982-1992 20 (Terrorism Research and Analytical Center, Counterterrorism Section, Criminal Intelligence Division, 1993).
9. Patterns of International Terrorism: 1980 ii - a research paper prepared by the National Foreign Assessment Center, Washington, DC. (This is a Central Intelligence Agency publication and is based on information available as of 31 December 1980.)
10. US Department of Defense, Terrorist Group Profiles viii (Washington, DC, Superintendent of Documents, 1988).
11. 8 Ibid. See also US Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992 v (April 1994), and Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995 vi (April 1996).
12. A.P. Schmid & A.J. Jongman et al., PoliticalTerrorism 1-39.
13. R.S. Cline & Y. Alexander developed these elements in an unclassified report prepared for the US Army on State-SponsoredTerrorism 22-23 (1985).
14. Army Low Intensity Conflict group (unpublished and unclassified documents, 1985).
15. Joint Low-Intensity Conflict Project, 1 Analytical Review of Low Intensity Conflict, (Fort Monroe, Va.: US Army Training and Doctrine Command, August 1986).
16. Remarks made by Secretary of State George Shultz at an International Conference on Terrorism, Washington, DC, 9 July 1986.
17. The Morality of Terrorism: Religious and Secular Justifications (D.C. Rappaport & Y. Alexander eds., 1989).
18. W. Laqueur, The Age of Terrorism (1987), and The Terrorist Reader (W. Laqueur & Y. Alexander eds., 1987).
19. International Terrorism: National, Regional, and Global Perspectives (Y. Alexander ed., 1976);
20. Terrorism: Theory and Practice (Y. Alexander, D. Carlton, & P. Wilkinson eds., 1979);
21. Terrorism: InterdisciplinaryPerspectives(Y. Alexander & S.M. Finger eds., 1978);
22. European Terrorism: Today and Tomorrow (Y. Alexander & D. Pluchinsky, eds., 1992);
23. Y. Alexander & D. Pluchinsky, Europe's Red Terrorists: The Fighting Communist Organizations (1993);
24. Middle East Terrorism: Current Threats and Future Prospects(Y. Alexander ed., 1994);
25. Terrorism in Africa (M. Crenshaw ed., 1994); European Terrorism(E. M. Browne & J. Monnet eds., 1994);
26. Dimensions of Irish Terrorism (A. O'Day ed., 1994);
27. Terrorism: British Perspectives (P. Wilkinson, ed., 1994).
28. Y. Alexander, Middle East Terrorism: Selected Group Profiles (Washington, DC., JINSA, 1994);
29. P. Janke, Guerrilla and Terrorist Organizations: A World Directory and Bibliography (1983);
30. Political Dissent: An International Guide to Dissent, Extra-ParamilitaryGuerrilla and Illegal Political Movements (H. W. Degenhart ed., 1983).
31. R.S. Cline & Y. Alexander, Terrorism as State Sponsored Covert Warfare (1986),
32. Y. Alexander, "State-Sponsored Terrorism", 7 HarvardInt'l Rev. 21-23 (No. 6, 1986).
33. Y. Alexander & R. A. Kilmarx, "International Network of Terrorist Movements", in Political Terrorism and Business 34-56 (Y. Alexander & R. A. Kilmarx eds., 1979);
34. C. Sterling, "The Great Bulgarian Cover-Up", The New Republic 192:21, 16-21 (1985).
35. Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Significant Incidents of Political Violence Against Americans 1988); annuals such as The 1986 Annual on Terrorism (Y. Alexander ed., 1989);
36. E.F. Mickolus, T. Sandler & J.M. Murdock, International Terrorism in the 1980's: A Chronologyof Events (Vol. II, 1984-1987);
37. INTER: International Terrorism in 1988 (The Jerusalem Post, 1989);
38. B. M. Jenkins et al., "A Chronology of Terrorist Attacks and Other Criminal Actions Against Maritime Targets", Santa Monica, Cal.: The Rand Corporation, September 1983);
39. Terrorism Studies Program, The George Washington University; and Pinkerton'sDaily Risk Assessment (1991-1996).
40. Sources for these incidents as well as for the events discussed subsequently in the paper are cited in supranote 19.
41. B.M. Jenkins & A.P. Rubin, "New Vulnerabilities and the Acquisition of New Weapons by Nongovernmental Groups", in Legal Aspects of InternationalTerrorism 271-76 (A.E. Evans & J.F. Murphy eds., 1978);
42. D. Carlton & C. Schaerf, The Dynamics of the Arms Race 170-93 (1975);
43. J. Denton, "International Terrorism: The Nuclear Dimension" (paper presented at a Conference on Nuclear Terrorism, Washington, DC. 25 June 1985),
44. "Preventing Super-Terrorism: Biological, Chemical, Nuclear" (Report of a Study Group meeting, Terrorism Studies Program, The George Washington University, 15 August 1995).
45. R.D. McCarthy, The Ultimate Folly: War by Pestilence, Asphyxiation and Defoliation(1969);
46. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1 The Rise of CB Weapons: The ProblemofChemicalandBiologicalWarfare(1971).
47. P. Leventhal & Y. Alexander, Preventing Nuclear Terrorism (1987)
48. Nuclear Terrorism: Defining the Threat (1986).
49. Report of the International Task Force on Prevention of Nuclear Terrorism (Washington, DC., Nuclear Control Institute, 25 June 1986).
50. US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, "Global Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction", Hearings, 13 March 1996, and Pinkerton's Daily Risk Assessment, 20 May 1996.
51. The New York Times, 28 January 1990.
52. Control of Terrorism (Y. Alexander et al., eds., 1979),
53. S. S. Bedlington, Combatting InternationalTerrorism (1986).
54. Y. Alexander, "Fighting International Terrorism: What Does and What Does Not Work", The World and I 105-11 (March 1989).
55. "Airport Terrorism Sparks FAA Action", 23 Security World(No. 3, 1986).
56. Report of the Vice President's Task Force on Combatting Terrorism (1986).
57. Review of 1991 (unpublished US Department of State document).
58. "Taking on Terrorists", U.S. News & World Report 26-34 (12 September 1988).
59. UN General Assembly, "Consideration of Effective Measures to Enhance the Protection, Security, and Safety of Diplomatic and Consular Missions and Representatives", UN Doc. A/43/527, 22 August 1988.
60. AerialPiracyandAviation Security (Y. Alexander & E. Sochor eds., 1990).
61. Terrorism in the United States, 1989 (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, FBI, 31 December 1989).
62. J.P. Wootten, "Terrorism: U.S. Policy Option", (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 3 June 1988).
63. Patternsof Global Terrorism: 1990, supra note 8.
64. Y. Alexander, "Libyan Terrorism: Some Strategic Considerations", The Annual on Terrorism 1986 143-65 (Y. Alexander ed., 1987).