Eccentric exercise training in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review on different protocols

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 3-15

  Habets, B ^a,b   van Cingel, R E H ^a,c  

^a Sports Medical Center Papendal   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c HAN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Achilles tendon; Exercise therapy; Resistance training; Tendinosis; Training parameters

Indexed keywords

ACHILLES TENDON; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES; RESISTANCE TRAINING; TENDINOPATHY;

ACHILLES TENDON; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; RESISTANCE TRAINING; TENDINOPATHY;

EID: 84921386204     PISSN: 09057188     EISSN: 16000838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/sms.12208     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Abate M, Silbernagel KG, Siljeholm C, Di Iorio A, De Amicis D, Salini V, Werner S, Paganelli R. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration? Arthritis Res Ther 2009: 11: 235.
2. Alfredson H. Chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: an update on research and treatment. Clin Sports Med 2003: 22: 727-741.
3. Alfredson H, Cook J. A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options. Br J Sports Med 2007: 41: 211-216.
4. Alfredson H, Lorentzon R. Chronic Achilles tendinosis: recommendations for treatment and prevention. Sports Med 2000: 29: 135-146.
5. Alfredson H, Pietilä T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med 1998: 26: 360-366.
6. Chen TM, Rozen WM, Pan WR, Ashton MW, Richardson MD, Taylor GI. The arterial anatomy of the Achilles tendon: anatomical study and clinical implications. Clin Anat 2009: 22: 377-385.
7. Chester R, Costa ML, Shepstone L, Cooper A, Donell ST. Eccentric calf muscle training compared with therapeutic ultrasound for chronic Achilles tendon pain - a pilot study. Man Ther 2008: 13: 484-491.
8. Cook JL, Khan KM, Purdam C. Achilles tendinopathy. Man Ther 2002: 7: 121-130.
9. Cook JL, Purdam C. Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy? Br J Sports Med 2012: 46: 163-168.
10. Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med 2009: 43: 409-416.
11. De Vos R, Weir A, Visser RJ, De Winter T, Tol JL. The additional value of a night splint to eccentric exercises in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2007: 41: e5.
12. Drew B, Smith T, Littlewood C, Sturrock B. Do structural changes (e.g. collagen/matrix) explain the response to therapeutic exercises in tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2012: doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091285.
13. Fahlström M, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Chronic Achilles tendon pain treated with eccentric calf-muscle training. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003: 11: 327-333.
14. Herrington L, McCulloch R. The role of eccentric training in the management of Achilles tendinopathy: a pilot study. Phys Ther Sport 2007: 8: 191-196.
15. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, Version 5.1.0 [Updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
16. Khan KM, Cook JL, Bonar F, Harcourt P, Astrom M. Histopathology of common tendinopathies. Update and implications for clinical management. Sports Med 1999: 27: 393-408.
17. Kingma JJ, De Knikker R, Wittink HM, Takken T. Eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2007: 41: e3.
18. Knobloch K, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Zeichen J, Meller R, Vogt PM. Eccentric training decreases paratendon capillary blood flow and preserves paratendon oxygen saturation in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007a: 37: 269-276.
19. Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Kraemer R, Jagodzinski M, Richter M, Zeichen J, Vogt PM. Eccentric training and an Achilles wrap reduce Achilles tendon capillary blood flow and capillary venous filling pressures and increase tendon oxygen saturation in insertional and midportion tendinopathy: a randomized trial. Am J Sports Med 2007b: 35: 189-196.
20. Knobloch K, Schreibmueller L, Longo UG, Vogt PM. Eccentric exercises for the management of tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon with or without the AIRHEEL brace. A randomized controlled trial. A: effects on pain and microcirculation. Disabil Rehabil 2008: 30: 1685-1691.
21. Kongsgaard M, Kovanen V, Aagaard P, Doessing S, Hansen P, Laursen AH, Kaldau NC, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Corticosteroid injections, eccentric decline squat training and heavy slow resistance training in patellar tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009: 19: 790-802.
22. Kongsgaard M, Qvortrup K, Larsen J, Aagaard P, Doessing S, Hansen P, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Fibril morphology and tendon mechanical properties in patellar tendinopathy: effects of heavy slow resistance training. Am J Sports Med 2010: 38: 749-756.
23. Langberg H, Ellingsgaard H, Madsen T, Jansson J, Magnusson SP, Aagaard P, Kjaer M. Eccentric rehabilitation exercise increases peritendinous type I collagen synthesis in humans with Achilles tendinosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007: 17: 61-66.
24. Longo U, Ronga M, Maffulli N. Achilles tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2009: 17: 112-126.
25. Maffulli N, Khan KM, Puddu G. Overuse tendon conditions: time to change a confusing terminology. Arthrosc 1998: 14: 840-843.
26. Mafi N, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Superior short-term results with eccentric calf muscle training compared to concentric training in a randomized prospective multicenter study on patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001: 9: 42-47.
27. Magnussen R, Dunn W, Thomson AB. Nonoperative treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med 2009: 19: 54-64.
28. Maher C, Sherrington C, Herbert R, Moseley A, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther 2003: 83: 713-721.
29. Malliaras C, Barton C, Reeves N, Langberg H. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy loading programmes: a systematic review comparing clinical outcomes and identifying potential mechanisms for effectiveness. Sports Med 2013: 43: 267-286.
30. McLauchlan GJ, Handoll HH. Interventions for treating acute and chronic Achilles tendinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: (2): CD000232.
31. Meyer A, Tumilty S, Baxter GD. Eccentric exercise protocols for chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy: how much is enough? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009: 19: 609-615.
32. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol 2009: 62: 1006-1012.
33. Nørregaard J, Larsen CC, Bieler T, Langberg H. Eccentric exercise in treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007: 17: 133-138.
34. Ohberg L, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Eccentric training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis: normalised tendon structure and decreased thickness at follow up. Br J Sports Med 2004: 38: 8-11.
35. Petersen W, Welp R, Rosenbaum D. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective randomized study comparing the therapeutic effect of eccentric training, the AirHeel brace, and a combination of both. Am J Sports Med 2007: 35: 1659-1667.
36. Rio E, Moseley L, Purdam C, Samiric T, Kidgell D, Pearce A, Jaberzadeh S, Cook J. The pain of tendinopathy: physiological or pathophysiological? Sports Med 2014: 44(1): 9-23.
37. Robinson JM, Cook JL, Purdam C, Visentini PJ, Ross J, Maffulli N, Taunton JE, Khan KM. The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med 2001: 35: 335-341.
38. Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading versus eccentric loading plus shock-wave treatment for midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2009: 37: 463-470.
39. Rompe JD, Nafe B, Furia JP, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading, shock-wave treatment, or a wait- and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2007: 35: 374-383.
40. Roos EM, Engstrom M, Lagerquist A, Soderberg B. Clinical improvement after 6 weeks of eccentric exercise in patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized trial with 1-Year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2004: 14: 286-295.
41. Rowe V, Hemmings S, Barton C, Malliaras P, Maffulli N, Morrissey D. Conservative management of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a mixed methods study, integrating systematic review and clinical reasoning. Sports Med 2012: 42: 941-967.
42. Scott A, Docking S, Vicenzino B, Alfredson H, Murphy R, Carr A, Zwerver J, Lundgreen K, Finlay O, Pollock N, Cook J, Fearon A, Purdam C, Hoens A, Rees J, Goetz T, Danielson P. Sports and exercise-related tendinopathies: a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second international scientific tendinopathy symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012. Br J Sports Med 2013: 47: 536-544.
43. Stanish WD, Rubinovich RM, Curwin S. Eccentric exercise in chronic tendinitis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1986: (208): 65-68.
44. Stasinopoulos D, Manias P. Comparing two eccentric exercise programmes for the management of Achilles tendinopathy. a pilot trial. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2013: 17: 309-315.
45. Sussmilch Leitch S, Collins N, Bialocerkowski A, Warden S, Crossley K. Physical therapies for Achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res 2012: 5: 15.
46. Van Dijk CN, Van Sterkenburg MN, Wiegerinck JI, Karlsson J, Maffulli N. Terminology for Achilles tendon related disorders. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011: 19: 835-841.
47. Van Sterkenburg M, Van Dijk CN. Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: why painful? An evidence-based philosophy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011: 19: 1367-1375.
48. Van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003: 28: 1290-1299.
49. Woodley B, Newsham West R, Baxter GD. Chronic tendinopathy: effectiveness of eccentric exercise. Br J Sports Med 2007: 41: 188-198.
50. Yelland MJ, Sweeting KR, Lyftogt JA, Ng SK, Scuffham PA, Evans KA. Prolotherapy injections and eccentric loading exercises for painful Achilles tendinosis: a randomised trial. Br J Sports Med 2011: 45: 421-428.
51. Yu J, Park D, Lee G. Effect of eccentric strengthening on pain, muscle strength, endurance, and functional fitness factors in male patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehab 2013: 92: 68-76.
52. Zafar M, Mahmood A, Maffulli N. Basic science and clinical aspects of Achilles tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2009: 17: 190-197.