The cognitive economy model of selective exposure: Integrating motivational and cognitive accounts of confirmatory information search

Social Judgment and Decision Making

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 21-39

  Lea, Stephen E G ^c   Fischer, Julia ^b   Frey, Dieter ^b  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921268034     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203854150     Document Type: Chapter

References (59)

1. Baumeister, R. F., Bratlavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252–1265.
2. Behling, C. F. (1971). Effects of commitment and certainty upon exposure to supportive and nonsupportive information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 152–159.
3. Betsch, T., Haberstroh, S., Glöckner, A., Haar, T., & Fiedler, K. (2001). The effects of routine strength on adaption and information search in recurrent decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 84, 23–53.
4. Brock, T. C., & Balloun, J. C. (1967). Behavioral receptivity to dissonant information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 413–428.
5. Carlsmith, J. M., Collins, B. E., & Helmreich, R. L. (1966). Studies in forced compliance: The effect of pressure for compliance on attitude change produced by face-to-face role playing and anonymous essay writing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 1–13.
6. Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 229–265.
7. Cotton, J. L., & Hieser, R. A. (1980). Selective exposure to information and cognitive dissonance. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 518–527.
8. Dawson, E., Gilovich, T., & Regan, D. T. (2002). Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason selection task. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1379–1387.
9. Ditto, P. H., & Lopez, D. F. (1992). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and non-preferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 568–584.
10. Ditto, P. H., Scepansky, J. A., Munro, G. D., Apanovitch, A. M., & Lockhart, L. K. (1998). Motivated sensitivity to preference-inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 53–69.
11. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
12. Festinger, L. (1964). Conflict, decision, and dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
13. Fiedler, K., Brinkmann, B., Betsch, T., & Wild, B. (2000). Sampling approach to biases in conditional probability judgments: Beyond base rate neglect and statistical format. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 399–418.
14. Fischer, P., Crelley, D., Frey, D., & Köppl, J. (2009). The impact of perceived threat on confirmatory information processing. Manuscript in preparation.
15. Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., & Frey, D. (2008). Self-regulation and selective exposure: The impact of depleted self-regulation resources on confirmatory information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 382–395.
16. Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., & Kastenmüller, A. (2008). Selective exposure and decision framing: The impact of gain and loss framing on biased information seeking after decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 312–320.
17. Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2005). Selective exposure to information: The impact of information limits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 469–492.
18. Fischer, P., Schulz-Hardt, S., & Frey, D. (2008). Selective exposure and information quantity: How different information quantities moderate decision makers’ preference for consistent and inconsistent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 231–244.
19. Frey, D. (1981a). Postdecisional preference for decision-relevant information as a function of the competence of its source and the degree of familiarity with this information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 51–67.
20. Frey, D. (1981b). Reversible and irreversible decisions: Preference for consonant information as a function of attractiveness of decision alternatives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 621–626.
21. Frey, D. (1981c). The effect of negative feedback about oneself and cost of information on preferences for information about the source of this feedback. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 42–50.
22. Frey, D. (1982). Different levels of cognitive dissonance, information seeking, and information avoidance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1175–1183.
23. Frey, D. (1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 41–80). New York: Academic Press.
24. Frey, D., & Stahlberg, D. (1986). Selection of information after receiving more or less reliable self-threatening information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 434–441.
25. Frey, D., & Wicklund, R. A. (1978). A clarification of selective exposure: The impact of choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 132–139.
26. Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2002). Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic. Psychological Review, 109, 75–90.
27. Greitemeyer, T., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2003). Preference-consistent evaluation of information in the hidden profile paradigm: Beyond group-level explanations for the dominance of shared information in group decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 322–339.
28. Hart, W., Albarracin, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. J., & Merrill, L. (2009). Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 555–88.
29. Janis, I. L. (1982) Groupthink. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
30. Johnston, L. (1996). Resisting change: Information-seeking and stereotype change. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 799–825.
31. Jonas, E., Graupmann, V., & Frey, D. (2006). The influence of mood on the search for supporting versus conflicting information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 3–15.
32. Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., & Thelen, N. (2001). Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on “selective exposure to information.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 557–571.
33. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–291.
34. Kastenmüller, A., Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Greitemeyer, T., Frey, D., Aydin, N., & Köppl, J. (2010). Selective exposure: The impact of framing information search instructions as gains and losses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(5), 837–846.
35. Kiesler, C. A. (1971). The psychology of commitment. New York, NY: Academic Press.
36. Klayman, J., & Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94, 211–228.
37. Koehler, D. J. (1991). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 499–519.
38. Kray, L. J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2003). The debiasing effect of counterfactual mindsets: Increasing the search for disconfirmatory information in group decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36, 362–377.
39. Kruglanski, A. W., & Klar, Y. (1987). A view from a bridge: Synthesizing the consistency and attribution paradigms from a lay epistemic perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 211–241.
40. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480–498.
41. Lord, C., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098–2109.
42. Lundgren, S. R., & Prislin, R. (1998). Motivated cognitive processing and attitude change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 715–726.
43. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.
44. Olson, J. M., & Stone, J. (2005). The influence of behavior on attitudes. In D. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 223–271). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
45. Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1993). The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46. Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (1987). Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 297–340). New York: Academic Press.
47. Raju, P. S., Lonial, S. C., & Mangold, W. G. (1995). Differential effects of subjective knowledge, objective knowledge, and usage experience on decision making: An exploratory investigation, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4, 153–180.
48. Rhine, R. J. (1967). The 1964 presidential election and curves of information seeking and avoiding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 416–423.
49. Schmeichel, J. S., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Intellectual performance and ego depletion: Role of the self in logical reasoning and other information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 33–46.
50. Schulz-Hardt, S., Fischer, P., & Frey, D. (2009). Confirmation bias in accuracy-motivated decision making: A cognitive explanation for biased information seeking. Manuscript in preparation.
51. Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., Lüthgens, C., & Moscovici, S. (2000). Biased information search in group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 655–669.
52. Schulz-Hardt, S., Jochims, M., & Frey, D. (2002). Productive conflict in group decision making: Genuine and contrived dissent as strategies to counteract biased information seeking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 563–586.
53. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195–202.
54. Schwarz, N., Frey, D., & Kumpf, M. (1980). Interactive effects of writing and reading a persuasive essay on attitude change and selective exposure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 1–17.
55. Simon, H. (1976). Administrative behavior (3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
56. Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B. (1978). Behavioral confirmation in social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 148–162.
57. Sweeney, P. D., & Gruber, K. L. (1984). Selective exposure: Voter information preferences and the Watergate affair. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1208–1221.
58. U.S. Select Senate Committee on Intelligence. (2004, July 9). Report on the U.S. intelligence community’s prewar intelligence assessments on Iraq. Retrieved from http://intelligence.senate.gov
59. Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., & Ciarocco, N. J. (2005). Self-regulation and self-presentation: Regulatory resource depletion impairs impression management and effortful self-presentation depletes regulatory resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 632–657.