An integrated rock-magnetic and geochemical approach to loess/paleosol sequences from Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic): Implications for the Upper Pleistocene paleoenvironment in central Europe

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 418, Issue , 2015, Pages 344-358

  Hošek, Jan ^a,d   Hambach, Ulrich ^b   Lisá, Lenka ^c   Grygar, Tomáš Matys ^c   Horáček, Ivan ^d   Meszner, Sascha ^e   Knésl, Ilja ^a  

^a CZECH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (Czech Republic)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

^c INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS   (Czech Republic)

^d CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^e DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Central Europe; Geochemical proxies; Loess paleosols sequences; Paleoclimate; Rock magnetism; Upper Pleistocene

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL WEATHERING; DATA SET; EEMIAN; GEOCHEMICAL METHOD; GEOCHEMISTRY; GRAIN SIZE; MAGHEMITE; MAGNETIC PROPERTY; MAGNETITE; MICROMORPHOLOGY; MORPHOLOGY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOSOL; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; WEICHSELIAN;

BOHEMIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; MORAVIA;

EID: 84921261572     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.11.024     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Allen J.R.M., Brandt U., Brauer A., Hubberten H.W., Huntley B., Keller J., Kraml M., Mackensen A., Mingram J., Negendank J.F.W., Nowaczyk N.R., Oberhänsli H., Watts W.A., Wulf S., Zolitschka B. Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature 1999, 400:740-743.
2. Antoine P., Rousseau, Moine O., Rousseau D.D., Kunesch S., Hatté C., Lang A., Zöller L. Evidence of rapid and cyclic eolian deposition during the Last Glacial in European loess series (Loess Events): the high-resolution records from Nussloch (Germany). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28. 2955e2973.
3. Antoine A., Rousseau D.-D., Moine O., Kunesch S., Hatté C., Lang A. Rapid and cyclic aeolian deposition during the Last Glacial in European loess: a high-resolution record from Nussloch. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 28:2955-2973.
4. Antoine P., Rousseau D.-D., Degeai J.P., Moine O., Lagroix F., Kreutzer S., Fuchs M., Hatté C., Gauthier C., Svoboda J., Lisá L. High-resolution record of the environmental response to climatic variations during the Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle in Central Europe: the loess-paleosol sequence of Dolní Věstonice (Czech Republic). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 67:17-38.
5. Bábek O., Chlachula J., Grygar J. Non-magnetic indicators of pedogenesis r elated to loess magnetic enhancement and depletion: examples from the Czech Republic and southern Siberia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:967-979.
6. Basarin B., Buggle B., Hambach U., Marković S.B., Dhand K.O.H., Kovačević A., Lukić T. Time-scale and astronomical forcing of Serbian loess-palaeosol sequences. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2014, 122:82-96. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.007.
7. Baumgart P., Hambach U., Meszner S., Faust D. An environmental magnetic fingerprint of periglacial loess: records of Late Pleistocene loess paleosol sequences from Eastern Germany. Quat. Int. 2013, 296:82-93.
8. Begét J.E., Stone D.B., Hawkins D.B. Paleoclimatic forcing of magnetic susceptibility variations in Alaska loess during the late Quaternary. Geology 1990, 18:40-43.
9. Behre K.E. Biostratigraphy of the last glacial period in Europe. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1989, 8:25-44.
10. Bloemendal J., Liu X.M., Rolph T.C. Correlation of the magnetic susceptibility stratigraphy of Chinese loess and the marine oxygen isotope record, chronological and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 131:371-380.
11. Bloemendal J., Liu X.M., Sun Y.B., Li N.N. An assessment of magnetic and geochemical indicators of weathering and pedogenesis at two contrasting sites on the Chinese Loess plateau. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 257:152-168.
12. Boch R., Cheng H., Spötl C., Edwards R.L., Wang X., Häuselmann P. NALPS: a precisely dated European climate record 120-60ka. Clim. Past 2011, 7(4):1247-1259.
13. Bogucki A., Maruszczak H., Nawrocki J. Stratigraphic and paleogeographic interpretation of analysis results of magnetic susceptibility of loesses at Bojanice NW Ukraine. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowskao B: Geographia, Geologia, Mineralogia et Petrographia 1995, 50:51-64.
14. Bokhorst M.P., Beets C.J., Marković S.B., Gerasimenko N.P., Matviishina Z.N. Pedo-chemical climate proxies in Late Pleistocene Serbiane Ukranian loess sequences. Quat. Int. 2009, 198:113-123.
15. Bronger A., Heinkele T. Paleosol sequences as witnesses of Pleistocene climatic history. Catena Suppl. 1989, 16:163-186.
16. Buggle B., Glaser B., Zöller L., Hambach U., Marković S., Glaser I., Gerasimenko N. Geochemical characterization and origin of Southeastern and Eastern European loesses (Serbia, Romania, Ukraine). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:1058-1075.
17. Buggle B., Hambach U., Glaser B., Gerasimenko N., Markovic S., Glaser I., Zöller L. Stratigraphy, and spatial and temporal paleoclimatic trends in Southeastern/Eastern European loess-paleosol sequences. Quat. Int. 2009, 196:186-206.
18. Buggle B., Glaser B., Hambach U., Gerasimenko N., Marković S. An evaluation of geochemical weathering indices in loess-paleosol studies. Quat. Int. 2011, 240:12-21.
19. Buggle B., Hambach U., Müller K., Zöller L., Markovic S.B., Glaser B. Iron mineralogical proxies and Quaternary climate change in SE-Central European loess-paleosol sequences. Catena 2013, 117:4-22.
20. Buggle B., Hambach U., Kehl M., Zöller L., Marković S.B., Glaser B. The progressive evolution of a continental climate in SE-Central European lowlands during the Middle Pleistocene recorded in loess paleosol sequences. Geology 2013, 41:771-774.
21. Bullock P., Federoff N., Jongerius A., Stoops G., Tursina T., Babel U. Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description 1985, Waine Research Publications, Wolverhampton, UK, (396 pp.).
22. Caspers G., Freund H. Vegetation and climate in the Early- and Pleni-Weichselian in northern central Europe. J. Quat. Sci. 2001, 16(1):31-48.
23. Chen F.H., Bloemendal J., Wang J.M., Li J.J. High-resolution multi-proxy climate records from Chinese loess: evidence for rapid climatic changes over the last 75kyr. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997, 130:323-335.
24. Chen J., An Z., Head J. Variation of the Rb/Sr ratios in the loess / paleosol sequences of Central China during the last 130,000years and their implications for monsoon paleoclimatology. Quat. Res. 1999, 51:215-219.
25. Cílek V. Sprašová rokle v Zeměchách u Kralup nad Vltavou. Zpr. geol. Výzk. v Roce 1995 1996, 31-33. (in Czech).
26. Demek J., Kukla J. Periglazialzone, Löss und Paläolithikum der Tschechoslowakei 1969, Tschechoslowakische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Geographisches Institut, Brno, (158 pp.).
27. Derbyshire E., Billard A., Van Vliet-Lanoë B., Lautridou J.-P., Cremaschi M. Loess and palaeoenvironment: some results of a European joint programme of research. J. Quat. Sci. 1988, 3:147-169.
28. Ding Z.L., Sun J.M., Yang S.L., Liu T.S. Geochemistry of the Pliocene red clay formation in the Chinese Loess Plateau and implications for its origin, source provenance and paleoclimatic change. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(6):901-913.
29. Drysdale R.N., Zanchetta G., Hellstrom J.C., Fallick A.E., McDonald J., Cartwright I. Stalagmite evidence for the precise timing of North Atlantic cold events during the early last glacial. Geology 2007, 35:77-85.
30. Duan L., Hao J., Xie S., Zhou Z., Ye X. Determining weathering rates of soils in China. Geoderma 2002, 110:205-225.
31. Eckmeier E., Gerlach R., Gehrt E., Schmidt M.W.I. Pedogenesis of chernozems in Central Europe - a review. Geoderma 2007, 139:288-299.
32. Evans M.E., Heller F. Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics 2003, Academic Press, New York, (299 pp.).
33. Fink J., Kukla G. Pleistocene climates in central Europe: at least 17 interglacials after the Oiduvai Event. Quat. Res. 1977, 7:363-371.
34. Fischer P., Hilgers A., Protze J., Kels H., Lehmkuhl F., Gerlach R. Formation and geochronology of Last Interglacial to Lower Weichselian loess/palaeosol sequences - case studies from the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. E & G Quat. Sci. J. 2012, 61:48-63.
35. Fitzsimmons K.E., Marković S.B., Hambach U. Pleistocene environmental dynamics recorded in the loess of the middle and lower Danube Basin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012, 41:104-118.
36. Fontes M.P.F., Weed S.B. Iron Oxides in Selected Brazilian Oxisols: I. Mineralogy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1991, 55:1143-1149.
37. Forster T., Evans M.E., Havlíček P., Heller F. Loess in the Czech Republic: magnetic properties and paleoclimate. Stud. Geophys. Geod. 1996, 40:243-261.
38. Frechen M. Loess in Europe. E & G Quat. Sci. J. 2011, 60(1):3-5.
39. Frechen M., Zander A., Cilek V., Ložek V. Loess chronology of the Last Interglacial/Glacial cycle in Bohemia and Moravia, Czech Republic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1999, 18:1467-1493.
40. Fuchs M., Kreutzer S., Rousseau D.-D., Antoine P., Hatte C., Lagroix F., Moine O., Gauthier C., Svoboda J., Lisa L. The loess sequence of Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic: a new OSL based chronology of the Last Climatic Cycle. Boreas 2013, 42:664-677.
41. Gallet S., Jahn B.M., Torii M. Geochemical characterization of the Luochuan loess-palaeosol sequence, China, and paaleoclimatic implications. Chem. Geol. 1996, 133:67-88.
42. Gocke M., Hambach U., Eckmeier E., Schwark L., Zöller L., Fuchs M., Löscher M., Wiesenberg G.L.B. Introducing an improved multi-proxy approach for paleoenvironmental reconstruction of loess-paleosol archives applied on the Late Pleistocene Nussloch sequence (SW Germany). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2014, 410:300-315.
43. Gozhik P., Komar M., Łanczont M., Fedorowicz S., Bogucki A., Mroczek P., Prylypko S., Kusiak J. Paleoenvironmental history of the Middle Dnieper Area from the Dnieper to Weichselian Glaciation: a case study of the Maksymivka loess profile. Quat. Int. 2013, 334-335:94-111.
44. Grygar T., Kadlec J., Žigová A., Mihaljevič M., Nekutová T., Lojka R., Světlík I. Chemostratigraphic correlation of sediments containing expandable clay minerals based on ion exchange with Cu(II) complex with triethylenetetramine. Clay Clay Miner. 2009, 57:168-182.
45. Guiot J. Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1990, 80:49-69.
46. Guo B., Zhu R.X., Roberts A.P., Florindo F. Lack of correlation between paleoprecipitation and magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess/palaeosol sequences. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:4259-4262.
47. Haesaerts P., Mestdagh H. Pedosedimentary evolution of the last interglacial and early glacial sequence in the European loess belt from Belgium to central Russia. Neth. J. Geosci. 2000, 79:313-324.
48. Hambach U. Paleoclimatic and stratigraphic implications of high resolution magnetic susceptibility logging of Würmian Loess at the Upper Paleolithic KremseWachtberg Site. New Aspects of the Central and Eastern European Upper Palaeolithic - Methods, Chronology, Technology and Subsistence. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Vienna 2010, 295-304. C. Neugebauer-Maresch, L.R. Owen (Eds.).
49. Han J., Lu H., Wu N., Guo Z. Magnetic susceptibility of modern soils in China and climate conditions. Stud. Geophys. Geod. 1996, 40:262-275.
50. 14C chronology for loess sequences: application to the loess sequence of Nussloch (Rhine valley, Germany). Radiocarbon 2001, 43:611-618.
51. Havlíček P., Smolíková L. Vývoj svrchnopleistocenních eolických sedimentů ve Znojmě-Dřevařských závodech. Vest. CGÚ 1995, 70/1:67-74. (in Czech).
52. Heller F., Evans M. Loess magnetism. Rev. Geophys. 1995, 33:211-240.
53. Heller F., Liu T. Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1984, 77:125-141.
54. Heller F., Shen C.D., Beer J., Liu X.M., Liu T.S., Bronger A., Suter M., Bonani B. Quantitative estimates of pedogenic ferromagnetic mineral formation in Chinese loess and paleoclimatic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 114:385-390.
55. Herbauts J. Chemical and mineralogical properties of sandy and loamy-sandy ochreous brown earths in relation to incipient podzolization in a brown-podzol evolutive sequence. J. Soil Sci. 1982, 33:743-762.
56. Heslop D., Langereis C.G., Dekkers M.J. A new astronomical timescale for the loess deposits of northern China. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 184:125-139.
57. Horáček I., Ložek V. Paleozoology and Mid-European Quaternary past: scope of the approach and selected results. Rozpr. ČSAV-MPV 1988, 94:1-106.
58. Hošek J., Lisá L., Meszner S., Knésl I. Upper Pleistocene loess/paleosols sequence from Central Bohemia. Hauptversammlung der Deutschen Quartärvereinigung DEUQUA 2012, 111-113. L. Zöller, A. Peterek (Eds.).
59. Hošek J., Pokorný P., Kubovčík V., Horáček I., Žáčková P., Kadlec J., Rojik F., Lisá L., Bučkuliaková S. Late Glacial climatic and environmental changes in Eastern-Central Europe: correlation of multiple biotic and abiotic proxies from the Lake Švarcenberk, Czech Republic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2014, 396:155-172.
60. Huang C., Zhao W., Liu F., Tan W., Koopal L.K. Environmental significance of mineral weathering and pedogenesis of loess on the southernmost Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma 2011, 163:219-226.
61. Hunt C.P., Banerjee S.K., Han J.M. Rock-magnetic proxies of climate change in the loess-palaeosol sequences of the western Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. J. Int. 1995, 123(1):232-244.
62. Imbrie J., Boyle E.A., Clemens S.C., Duffy A., Howard W.R., Kukla G., Kutzbach J., Martinson D.G., McIntyre A., Mix A.C., Molfino B., Morley J.J., Peterson L.C., Pisias N.G., Prell W.L., Raymo M.E., Shackleton N.J., Toggweiler J.R. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 1. Linear responses to Milankovitch forcing. Paleoceanography 1992, 7:701-738.
63. Jary Z., Ciszek D. Late Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences in Poland and western Ukraine. Quat. Int. 2013, 296:37-50.
64. Jordanova D., Grygar T., Jordanova N., Petrov P. Palaeoclimatic significance of hematite/goethite ratio in Bulgarian loess-palaeosol sediments deduced by DRS and rock magnetic measurements. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series 2011, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. E. Petrovsky, D. Ivers, T. Harinarayana, E. Herrero-Bervera (Eds.).
65. Jordanova N., Jordanova D., Liu Q., Hu P., Petrov P., Petrovský E. Soil formation and mineralogy of a Rhodic Luvisol - insights from magnetic and geochemical studies. Global Planet. Chang. 2013, 110:397-413.
66. Kadereit A., Kind C.-J., Wagner G.A. The chronological position of the Lohne Soil in the Nussloch loess section e re-evaluation for a European loess-marker horizon. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 59:67-86.
67. Kemp R. Pedogenic modification of loess: significance for palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Earth Sci. Rev. 2001, 54:145-156.
68. Klíma B., Kukla G., Ložek V., Vries H. Stratigraphie des Pleistozäns und Alter des paläolithischen Rastplatzes in der Ziegelei von Dolní Věstonice (Unter-Wisternitz). Anthropozoikum 1962, 11:93-145.
69. Kravchinsky V.A., Zykina V.S., Zykin V.S. Magnetic indicator of global paleoclimate cycles in Siberian loess-paleosol sequences. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 265:498-514.
70. Kühl N., Litt T., Schölzel C., Hense A. Eemian and Early Weichselian temperature and precipitation variability in northern Germany. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:3311-3317.
71. Kukla G.J. Lithologische Leithorizonte der tschechoslowakischen Lössprofile. Věstník 1961, 36:369-372.
72. Kukla G. Loess stratigraphy of Central Europe. After the Australopithecines 1975, 99-188. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. K.W. Butzer, G.L. Isaac (Eds.).
73. Kukla G. Pleistocene land-sea correlations I. Europe. Earth-Sci. Rev. 1977, 13:307-374.
74. Kukla G.J., Heller F., Liu X.M., Xu T.C., Liu T.S., An Z.S. Pleistocene climates in China dated by magnetic susceptibility. Geology 1988, 16:811-814.
75. Kukla G., Cílek V. Plio-Pleistocene megacycles: record of climate and tectonics. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1996, 120:171-194.
76. Lang A., Hatté C., Rousseau D.-D., Antoine P., Fontugne M., Zöller L., Hambach U. High-resolution chronologies for loess: comparing AMS 14C and optical dating results. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2003, 22:953-959.
77. Li G., Chen J., Chen Y., Yang J., Ji J., Liu L. Dolomite as a tracer for the source regions of Asian dust. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D17201. 10.1029/2006JD007924.
78. Lisá L., Hošek J., Grygar T., Bajer A., Vandenberghe D. Geoarchaeology of Upper Paleolithic loess sites located within transect through Moravian valleys, Czech Republic. Quat. Int. 2014, 351:25-37. 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.058.
79. 18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:1-17.
80. Liu X.M., Rolph T., Bloemendal J., Shaw J., Liu T.S. Quantitative estimates of paleoprecipitation at Xifeng, in the Loess Plateau of China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1995, 13:243-248.
81. Liu Q., Deng C., Yu Y., Torrent J., Jackson M.J., Banerjee S.K., Zhu R. Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility in an argon environment: implications for pedogenesis of Chinese loess/paleosols. Geophys. J. Int. 2005, 161:102-112.
82. Liu Q., Deng C., Torrent J., Zhu R.X. Review of recent developments in mineral magnetism of the Chinese loess. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:368-385.
83. Liu Q., Roberts A.P., Larrasoaña J.C., Banerjee S.K., Guyodo Y., Tauxe L., Oldfield F. Environmental magnetism: principles and applications. Rev. Geophys. 2012, 50:RG4002. 10.1029/2012RG000393.
84. Ložek V. Quartärmollusken der Tschechoslowakei. Rozp. Ú.ú. geol., Praha 1964, 31. (374 pp.).
85. Ložek V. Mittel- und jungpleistozäne Löss Serien in der Tschechoslowakei und ihre Bedeutung für die Löss-Stratigraphie Mitteleuropas. INQUA-Report of the VIth International Congress on Quaternary-Warsaw 1968, 525-549.
86. Ložek V. Sprašová rokle u Zeměch 1995, 15/1:30-31. Nika Praha, (in Czech).
87. Maher B.A. Characterisation of soils by mineral magnetic measurements. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 1986, 42:76-92.
88. Maher B.A. Magnetic properties of modern soils and Quaternary loessic paleosols: paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1998, 137:25-54.
89. Maher B.A., Alekseev A., Alekseeva T. Magnetic mineralogy of soils across the Russian Steppe: climatic dependence of pedogenic magnetite formation. Paleogeography Paleoclimatololy Paleoecology 2003, 201:321-341.
90. Marković S., Oches E., Sumegi P., Jovanovic M., Gaudenyi T. An introduction to the Upper and Middle Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences of Ruma section (Vojvodina, Yugoslavia). Quat. Int. 2006, 149:80-86.
91. Marković S.B., Bokhorst M.P., Vandenberghe J., Mc Coy W.D., Oches E.A., Hambach U. Late Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences in the Vojvodina region, north Serbia. J. Quat. Sci. 2008, 23:73-84.
92. Marković S.B., Hambach U., Catto N., Jovanović M., Buggle B., Machalett B., Zöller L., Glaser B., Frechen M. Middle and Late Pleistocene loess sequences at Batajnica, Vojvodina, Serbia. Quat. Int. 2009, 198:255-266.
93. Meier L.P., Kahr G. Determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay minerals using the complexes of copper(II) ion with triethylenetetramine and tetraethylenepentamine. Clay Clay Miner. 1999, 47:386-388.
94. Muhs D.R. The geologic records of dust in the Quaternary. Aeolian Res. 2013, 9:3-48.
95. Muhs D.R., Bettis E.A., Been J., McGeehin J. Impact of climate and parent material on chemical weathering in loess-derived soils of the Mississippi River Valley. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2001, 65:1761-1777.
96. Musson F.M., Wintle A.G. Luminescence dating of the loess profile at Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1994, 13:411-416.
97. Nawrocki J., Wojcik A., Bogucki A. The magnetic susceptibility record in the Polish and western Ukrainian loess-palaeosol sequences conditioned by palaeoclimate. Boreas 1996, 25:161-169.
98. Nesbitt H.W., Markovics G., Price R.C. Chemical processes affecting alkalis and alkaline earths during continental weathering. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:1659-1666.
99. Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 1982, 299:715-717.
100. Nesbitt H.W., Young G.M., McLennan S.M., Keays R.R. Effects of chemical weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies. J. Geol. 1996, 104:525-542.
101. North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) Members High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 2004, 431:147-151.
102. Oches E.A., Banerjee K. Rock-magnetic proxies of climate change from loess-paleosol sediments of the Czech Republic. Stud. Geophys. Geod. 1996, 40(3):287-300.
103. Oldfield F. Sources of fine-grained magnetic minerals in sediments: a problem revisited. The Holocene 2007, 17:1265-1271.
104. Panaiotu C.G., Panaiotu E.C., Grama A., Necula C. Paleoclimatic record from a loess-paleosol profile in southeastern Romania. Phys. Chem. Earth 2001, 26:893-898.
105. Pécsi M. Loess is not just the accumulation of dust. Quat. Int. 1990, 7:1-21.
106. Perel'man A. Geochemistry of Elements in the Supergene Zone 1977, Keterpress Enterprises, Jerusalem, (266 pp.).
107. Pye K. Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposit 1987, Academic Press, London, (334 pp.).
108. Rivas J., Ortega B., Sedov S., Solleiro E., Sychera S. Rock Magnetism & pedogenetic processes in Luvisol profiles: Examples from Central Russia & Central Mexico. Quanternary International. 2006, 156-157:212-223.
109. Rolf C., Hambach U., Novothny A., Horváth E., Schnepp E. Dating of a Last Glacial loess sequence by relative geomagnetic palaeointensity: a case study from the Middle Danube Basin (Sütto, Hungary). Quat. Int. 2014, 319:99-108.
110. Rousseau D.-D., Wu N.Q. A new molluscan record of the monsoon variability over the past 130,000yr in the Luochuan loess sequence, China. Geology 1997, 25:275-278.
111. Rousseau D.-D., Hatté C., Guiot J., Duzer D., Schevin P., Kukla G. Reconstruction of the Grande Pile Eemian using inverse modeling of biomes and d13C. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25:2806-2819.
112. Rousseau D.-D., Ghil M., Kukla G., Sima A., Antoine P., Fuchs M., Hatté C., Debret M., Moine O. Major dust events in Europe during marine isotope stage 5 (130-74ka): a climatic interpretation of the "markers". Clim. Past 2013, 9:2213-2230.
113. Sánchez-Goňi M.F., Eynaud F., Turon J.L., Shackleton N.J. High resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin: direct land-sea correlation for the last interglacial complex. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 171:123-137.
114. Schatz A.-K., Scholten T., Kühn P. Paleoclimate and weathering of the Tokaj (NE Hungary) loess-paleosol sequence: a comparison of geochemical weathering indices and paleoclimate parameters. Clim. Past Discuss. 2014, 10:469-507. 10.5194/cpd-10-469-2014.
115. Shackleton N.J., Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Pailler D., Lancelot Y. Marine isotope substage 5e and the Eemian interglacial. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2003, 36(3):151-155.
116. Sirocko F., Seelos K., Schaber K., Rein B., Dreher F., Diehl M., Lèhne R., Jäger K., Krbetschek M., Degering D. A Late Eemian Aridity Pulse in central Europe during the last glacial inception. Nature 2005, 436:833-836.
117. Smolíková L. Fossil soils in loess series. Stud. Geophys. 1982, 80:107-133.
118. Stoops G. Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections 2003, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, (348 pp.).
119. Stoops G., Marcelino V., Mees F. Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths 2010, Elseiver.
120. Sümegi P., Krolopp E. Quartermalacological analyses for modeling of the Upper Weichselian paleoenvironmental changes in the Carpathian basin. Quat. Int. 2002, 91:53-63.
121. Sun W.W., Banerjee S.K., Hunt C.P. The role of maghemite in the enhancement of magnetic signal in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence: an extensive rock magnetic study combined with citrate-bicarbonatedithionite treatment. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 133:493-505.
122. Svoboda J., Škrdla P., Ložek V., Svobodová H., Frechen M. Predmosti II, excavations 1989-1992. Paleolithic in the Middle Danube Region 1996, 147-171. Spisy Archeologického Ústavu AVČR v Brně, Svazek 5, Brno. J. Svoboda (Ed.).
123. Taylor S.N., Lagroix F., Rousseau D.D., Antoine P. Mineral magnetic characterization of the Upper Pleniglacial Nussloch loess sequence (Germany): an insight into local environmental processes. Geophys. J. Int. 2014, 199(3):1463-1480.
124. Thompson R., Oldfield F. Environmental Magnetism 1986, Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, (280 pp.).
125. Torrent J., Barrón V., Liu Q. Magnetic enhancement is linked to and precedes hematite formation in aerobic soil. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L02401. 10.1029/2005GL024818.
126. Tyráček J. Zeměchy - loess gorge. Quaternary Field Trips in Central Europe, Eastern Alps Traverse 1995, 84-86. INQUA, Berlin. W. Schirmer (Ed.).
127. Újvári G., Varga A., Balogh-Brunstad Z. Origin, weathering, and geochemical composition of loess in southwestern Hungary. Quat. Res. 2008, 69:421-437.
128. Újvári G., Varga A., Raucsik B., Kovács J. The Paks loess-paleosol sequence: a record of chemical weathering and provenance for the last 800ka in the mid-Carpathian Basin. Quat. Int. 2014, 319:22-37.
129. Urban B. Palynology of central European loess-soil sequences. Geographical Research Institute 1984, 229-247. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. M. Pecsi (Ed.).
130. van Velzen A.J., Dekkers M.J. Low-temperature oxidation of magnetite in loess-paleosol sequences: a correction of rock magnetic parameters. Stud. Geophys. Geod. 1999, 43:357-375.
131. Vandenberghe J. Grain size of fine-grained windblown sediment: a powerful proxy for process identification. Earth Sci. Rev. 2013, 121:18-30.
132. Varga A., Újvári G., Raucsik B. Tectonic versus climatic control on the evolution of a loess-paleosol sequence at Beremend, Hungary: an integrated approach based on paleoecological, clay mineralogical, and geochemical data. Quat. Int. 2011, 240:71-86.
133. Vodyanitskii Y.N., Vasil'ev A.A., Gilev V.Y. Iron minerals in soils on red earth deposits in the Cis-Ural region. Eurasian Soil Sci. 2007, 40:432-444.
134. Wang F., Sun D., Guo F., Wang X., Li Z., Zhang Y., Li B., Wu S. Quantitative reconstruction of paleo-temperature and paleo-precipitation of Lingtai profile in Loess Plateau during the past 7Ma. J. Earth Environ. 2012, 3:781-791.
135. Woillard G. Grand Pile Peat Bog: a continuous pollen record for the last 140 000years. Quat. Res. 1978, 9:1-21.
136. Yang S.Y., Li C.X., Yang D.Y., Li X.S. Chemical weathering of the loess deposits in the lower Changjiang Valley China, and paleoclimatic implications. Quat. Int. 2004, 117:27-34.
137. Zander A., Duller G.A.T., Wintle A.G. Multiple and single aliquot luminescence dating techniques applied to quartz extracted from Middle and Upper Weichselian loess, Zemechy, Czech Republic. J. Quat. Sci. 2000, 15:51-60.
138. Zech M., Zech R., Zech W., Glaser B., Brodowski S., Amelung W. Characterisation and palaeoclimate of a loess-like permafrost palaeosol sequence in NE Siberia. Geoderma 2008, 143:281-295.
139. Zech R., Zech M., Marković S., Hambach U., Huang Y. Humid glacials, arid interglacials? Critical thoughts on pedogenesis and paleoclimate based on multi-proxy analyses of the loess-paleosol sequence Crvenka, Northern Serbia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2013, 387:165-175.
140. Zeeden C., Hambach U., Steguweit A., Anghelinu M. Loess stratigraphy using palaeomagnetism: application to the Poiana Cireului archaeological site (Romania). Quat. Int. 2010, 240:100-107.
141. Zeng Q.Z., Brown P.H. Soil potassium mobility and uptake by corn under differential soil moisture regimes. Plant Soil 2000, 221:121-134.
142. Zhang W., Yu L., Lu M., Zheng X., Shi Y. Magnetic properties and geochemistry of the Xiashu Loess in the present subtropical area of China, and their implications for pedogenic intensity. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 260:86-97.
143. Zhu R.X., Shi C.D., Suchý V., Zeman A., Guo B., Pan Y.X. Magnetic properties and paleoclimatic implications of loess-paleosol sequences of Czech Republic. Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci. 2001, 44:385-394.
144. Zöller L., Oches E.A., McCoy W.D. Towards a revised chronostratigraphy of loess in Austria with respect to key sections in the Czech Republic and in Hungary. Quat. Geochronol. (Quat. Sci. Rev.) 1994, 13:465-472.