Introduction: Culture, Self-Silencing, and Depression: A Contextual-Relational Perspective

Silencing the Self Across Cultures: Depression and Gender in the Social World

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Jack, Dana C ^a   Ali, Alisha ^b  

^a WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Culture; Depression; Gender; Psychological theories; Self; Silencing the self scale; Silencing the self theory; Social inequality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84921259864     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0001     Document Type: Editorial

References (60)

1. Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358-372.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV-TR. Washington, DC.
3. Arata, C. M., & Lindman, L. (2002). Marriage, child abuse, and sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 953-971.
4. Beck, A. T. (1984). Cognition and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1112-1114.
5. Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy:An International Quarterly, 1, 5-37.
6. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
7. Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., Chevron, E. S., McDonald, C., & Zuroff, D. C. (1982). Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 150, 113-124.
8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, vol. 1, Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
9. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, vol. 2, Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York:Basic Books.
10. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, vol. 3, Loss, sadness and depression. New York:Basic Books.
11. Broadhead, J. C., & Abas, M. A. (1998). Life events, difficulties and depression among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. Psychological Medicine, 28, 29-38.
12. Broadhead, J., Abas, M., Sakutukwa, G. H., Chigwanda, M., & Garura, E. (2001). Social support and life events as risk factors for depression in an urban setting in Zimbabwe. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 115-122.
13. Brown, G. W. (1998). Genetic and population perspectives on life events and depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 363-372.
14. Brown, G. W. (2002). Social roles, context and evolution in the origins of depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 255-276.
15. Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., & Hepworth, C. (1995). Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: A patient and non-patient comparison. Psychological Medicine, 25, 7-21.
16. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorders in women. New York: Free Press.
17. Cabral, M., & Astbury, J. (2000). Women's mental health: An evidence-based review. World Health Organization. Retrieved October 18, 2002, from
18. Cacioppo, J. T., Visser, P. S., & Pickett, C. L. (Eds.). (2006). Social neuroscience: People thinking about thinking people. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19. Cosgrove, L. (2003). Feminism, postmodernism, and psychological research. Hypatia, 18, 85-112.
20. Cowan, G., Bommersbach, M., & Curtis, S. R. (1995). Codependency, loss of self, and power. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 221-236.
21. Coyne, J. C. (1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 186-193.
22. Coyne, J. C. (1992). Cognition in depression: A paradigm in crisis. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 232-235.
23. Cozolino, L. (2006). The neuroscience of relationships: Attachment and the developing social brain. New York: W.W. Norton.
24. Cramer, K. M., & Thoms, N. (2003). Factor structure of the Silencing the Self Scale in women and men. Personality & Individual Differences, 35, 525-535.
25. Drew, S. S., Heesacker, M., Frost, H. M., & Oelke, L. E. (2004). The role of relationship loss and self-loss in women's and men's dysphoria. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21, 381-397.
26. Duarte, L. M., & Thompson, J. M. (1999). Sex differences in self-silencing. Psychological Reports, 85, 145-161.
27. Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 294-300.
28. Floyd, F. J., & Markman, H. J. (1983). Observational biases in spousal observations:Toward a cognitive behavioral model of marriage. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 450-457.
29. Galvin, S. L., & Gillespie, D. M. (1998).Differences in self-silencing and depression among adult attachment styles. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, March 26-29, -1998, Mobile, Alabama.
30. Gilbert, P. (2002). Understanding the biopsychosocial approach: Conceptualization. Clinical Psychology, 14, 13-17.
31. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Gratch, L. B., Bassett, M. E., & Attra, S. L. (1995). The relationship of gender and ethnicity to self silencing and depression among college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 509-515.
33. Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 773-796.
34. Hart, B. I., & Thompson, J. M. (1996). Gender-role characteristics and depressive symptomatology among adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 407-426.
35. Jack, D. C. (1991). Silencing the self: Women and depression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36. Jack, D. C. (1999). Silencing the self: Inner dialogues and outer realities. In T. E. Joiner & J. C. Coyne (Eds.), The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches (pp. 221-246). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
37. Jack, D. C. (2003). The anger of hope and the anger of despair: How anger relates to women's depression. In J. Stoppard & L. McMullen (Eds.), Situating sadness: Women and depression in social context (pp. 62-87). New York University Press Series on Qualitative Studies in Psychology, Michelle Fine & Jeanne Marecek (Series Eds.). New York: New York University Press.
38. Jack, D. C., Ali, A., & Alimchandani, A. (2010). Manuscript in preparation.
39. Jack, D. C., & Dill, D. (1992). The Silencing the Self Scale: Schemas of intimacy associated with depression in women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 97-106.
40. Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992). When depression breeds contempt:Reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 165-173.
41. Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I. P., & Surrey, J. L. (Eds.). Women's growth in connection. New York: Guilford.
42. Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 5-13.
43. Laurent, H., & Powers, S. (2007). Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples:Temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict. Biological Psychology, 76, 61-71.
44. Marsella, A. J. (1988). Cross-cultural research on severe mental disorders: Issues and findings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, 344, 7-22.
45. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford.
46. Miller, J. B. (1976). Toward a new psychology of women. Boston: Beacon Press.
47. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
48. Page, J. R., Stevens, H. B., & Galvin, S. L. (1996). Relationships between depression, selfesteem, and self-silencing behavior. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15, 381-396.
49. Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Patel, V. (2001). Cultural factors and international epidemiology. British Medical Bulletin, 57, 33-45.
51. Patel, V., Abas, M., Broadhead, J., Todd, C., & Reeler, A. (2001). Depression in developing countries: Lessons from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal, 322, 482-484.
52. Patel, V., & Kleinman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the WHO, 81, 609-615.
53. Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
54. Remen, A. L., Chambless, D. L., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2002). Gender differences in the construct validity of the Silencing the Self Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 151-159.
55. Stevens, H. B., & Galvin, S. L. (1995). Structural findings regarding the Silencing the Self Scale. Psychological Reports, 77, 11-17.
56. Taylor, S. E., Cousino Klein, L., Lewis, B. P., Gruenwald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411-429.
57. Thompson, J. M. (1995). Silencing the self: Depressive symptomatology and close relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 337-353.
58. Triandis, H. (1972). The analysis of subjective culture. New York: John Wiley.
59. Trivedi, J. K., Mishra, M., & Kendurkar, A. (2007). Depression among women in the South-Asia region: The underlying issues. Journal of Affective Disorders, 102, 219-225.
60. Uebelacker, L. A., Courtnage, E. S., & Whisman, M. A. (2003). Correlates of depression and marital dissatisfaction: Perceptions of marital communication style. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 757-769.