Out-of-pocket expenditure on chronic non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of rural Malawi

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Wang, Qun ^a   Fu, Alex Z ^b   Brenner, Stephan ^a   Kalmus, Olivier ^a   Banda, Hastings Thomas ^c   De Allegri, Manuela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Research for Equity and Community Health Trust   (Malawi)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COST OF ILLNESS; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE; PATIENT CARE; RURAL AREA; SEX DIFFERENCE; ECONOMICS; FAMILY SIZE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH SURVEY; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

CHRONIC DISEASE; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; FINANCING, PERSONAL; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALAWI; MALE; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84920982770     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116897     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. World Health Organization (2008) The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2. Daar AS, Singer PA, Persad DL, Pramming SK, Matthews DR, et al. (2007) Grand challenges in chronic non-communicable diseases. Nature 450: 494-496. PMID: 18033288
3. World Health Organization (2011) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4. World Health Organization (2005) Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
5. Suhrcke M, Nugent RA, Stuckler D, Rocco L (2006) Chronic Disease: An Economic Perspective. London: The Oxford Health Alliance. Available: http://archive.oxha.org/initiatives/economics/chronic-disease-an-economic-perspective. Accessed 2013 Oct 4.
6. Kankeu HT, Saksena P, Xu K, Evans DB (2013) The financial burden from non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: a literature review. Health Res Policy Syst 11: 1-12. PMID: 23947294
7. World Health Organization (2008) 2008-2013 Action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
8. Maher D, Smeeth L, Sekajugo J (2010) Health transition in Africa: practical policy proposals for primary care. Bull World Health Organ 88: 943-948. doi: 10.2471/BLT.10.077891 PMID: 21124720
9. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (2011) Uniting against NCDs, the Time to Act is Now The Brazzaville Declaration on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control in the WHO African Region. Brazzaville: World Health Organization regional office for Africa.
10. Gottret PE, Schieber G (2006) Health financing revisited: a practitioner's guide. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. 310 p.
11. Huffman MD, Rao KD, Pichon-Riviere A, Zhao D, Harikrishnan S, et al. (2011) A Cross-Sectional Study of the Microeconomic Impact of Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalization in Four Low-and Middle-Income Countries. PLoS ONE 6: e20821. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020821 PMID: 21695127
12. Chuma J, Gilson L, Molyneux C (2007) Treatment-Seeking Behaviour, Cost Burdens and Coping Strategies Among Rural and Urban Households in Coastal Kenya: an Equity Analysis. Trop Med Int Health 12: 673-686. PMID: 17445135
13. Elrayah H, Eltom M, Bedri A, Belal A, Rosling H, et al. (2005) Economic burden on families of childhood type 1 diabetes in urban Sudan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 70: 159-165. PMID: 15919129
14. Elrayah-Eliadarous H, Yassin K, Eltom M, Abdelrahman S, Wahlström R, et al. (2010) Direct costs for care and glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sudan. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 118: 220-225. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1246216 PMID: 20140852
15. Goudge J, Gilson L, Russell S, Gumede T, Mills A (2009) The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor. Trop Med Int Health 14: 458-467. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02256.x PMID: 19254274
16. Obi SN, Ozumba BC (2008) Cervical cancer: Socioeconomic implications of management in a developing nation. J Obstet Gynaecol 28: 526-528. doi: 10.1080/01443610802273507 PMID: 18850430
17. Tagoe HA (2013) Household burden of chronic diseases in Ghana. Ghana Med J 46: 54-58. PMID: 23661818
18. Kirigia JM, Sambo HB, Sambo LG, Barry SP (2009) Economic burden of diabetes mellitus in the WHO African region. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 9: 6. PMID: 19335903
19. Su TT, Pokhrel S, Gbangou A, Flessa S (2006) Determinants of household health expenditure on western institutional health care. Eur J Health Econ 7: 199-207. PMID: 16673075
20. Xu K, James C, Carrin G, Muchiri S (2006) An empirical model of access to health care, health care expenditure and impoverishment in Kenya: learning from past reforms and lessons for the future. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/health-financing/documents/cov-dp-06-3-access-kenya/en/. Accessed 2014 Feb 16.
21. Onwujekwe OE, Uzochukwu BS, Obikeze EN, Okoronkwo I, Ochonma OG, et al. (2010) Investigating determinants of out-of-pocket spending and strategies for coping with payments for healthcare in southeast Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res 10: 67. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-67 PMID: 20233454
22. Msyamboza KP, Ngwira B, Dzowela T, Mvula C, Kathyola D, et al. (2011) The burden of selected chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in Malawi: nationwide STEPS survey. PloS One 6: e20316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020316 PMID: 21629735
23. World Health Organization (2011) Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization.
24. Bowie C, Mwase T (2011) Assessing the use of an essential health package in a sector wide approach in Malawi. Health Res Policy Syst 9: 1-10. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-9-4 PMID: 21241477
25. Ministry of Health (Malawi) (2011) Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan 2011-2016 - Moving towards equity and quality. Lilongwe: Ministry of Health (Malawi).
26. Wang Q, Brenner S, Leppert G, Banda HT, Kalmus O, et al. (2014) Health Seeking Behavior and the Related Household Out-of-Pocket Expenditure for Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in Rural Malawi. Health Policy Plan. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu004.
27. National Statistical Office (Malawi) (2008) 2008 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report. Zomba: National Statistical Office (Malawi).
28. World Health Organization (1980) International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. A manual of Classification Relating to the Consequences of Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
29. Abegunde DO, Stanciole AE (2008) The Economic Impact of Chronic Diseases. How do Households Respond to Shocks? Evidence From Russia. Soc Sci Med 66: 2296-2307. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed. 2008.01.041 PMID: 18329147
30. Rahman MM, Gilmour S, Saito E, Sultana P, Shibuya K (2013) Health-Related Financial Catastrophe, Inequality and Chronic Illness in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 8: e56873. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056873 PMID: 23451102
31. Osborn CE (2000) Statistical Applications for Health Information Management. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 352 p.
32. Yardim MS, Cilingiroglu N, Yardim N (2014) Financial protection in health in Turkey: the effects of the Health Transformation Programme. Health Policy Plan 29: 177-192. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czt002 PMID: 23411120
33. Acock AC (2008) Multiple regression. A Gentle Introduction to Stata, third edition. College Station, Texas: Stata Press. pp. 243-288.
34. Basu A, Manning WG (2009) Issues for the next generation of health care cost analyses. Med Care 47: S109-S114. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31819c94a1 PMID: 19536022
35. Fu AZ, Chen L, Sullivan SD, Christiansen NP (2011) Absenteeism and short-term disability associated with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 130: 235-242. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1541-z PMID: 21567238
36. ManningWG (1998) The logged dependent variable, heteroscedasticity, and the retransformation problem. J Health Econ 17: 283-295. PMID: 10180919
37. Wedderburn RWM (1974) Quasi-likelihood functions, generalized linear models, and the Gauss-Newton method. Biometrika 61: 439-447.
38. Deb P, Munkin MK, Trivedi PK (2006) Bayesian Analysis of the Two-Part Model with Endogeneity. Application to Health Care Expenditure. J Appl Econom 21: 1081-1099.
39. Matsaganis M, Mitrakos T, Tsakloglou P (2009) Modelling health expenditure at the household level in Greece. Eur J Health Econ 10: 329-336. doi: 10.1007/s10198-008-0137-y PMID: 19037671
40. Schwarzkopf L, Menn P, Leidl R, Wunder S, Mehlig H, et al. (2012) Excess costs of dementia disorders and the role of age and gender-an analysis of German health and long-term care insurance claims data. BMC Health Serv Res 12: 165. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-165 PMID: 22713212
41. Basu A, Arondekar BV, Rathouz PJ (2006) Scale of interest versus scale of estimation: comparing alternative estimators for the incremental costs of a comorbidity. Health Econ 15: 1091-1107. doi: 10. 1002/hec.1099 PMID: 16518793
42. Box GEP, Cox DR (1964) An Analysis of Transformations. J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol 26: 211-252.
43. Hardin JW, Hilbe J (2007) Generalized Linear Models and Extensions,. Second. College Station, Texas: Stata Press. 413 p.
44. Park RE (1966) Estimation with Heteroscedastic Error Terms. Econometrica 34: 888.
45. Belotti F, Deb P, Manning WG, Norton EC (2012) tpm: Estimating Two-part Models. Stata J vv: 1-13.
46. Okunade AA, Suraratdecha C, Benson DA (2010) Determinants of Thailand household healthcare expenditure: the relevance of permanent resources and other correlates. Health Econ 19: 365-376. doi: 10.1002/hec.1471 PMID: 19405046
47. Getzen TE (2000) Health care is an individual necessity and a national luxury: applying multilevel decision models to the analysis of health care expenditures. J Health Econ 19: 259-270. PMID: 10947579
48. Costa-i-Font J, Gemmill M, Rubert G (2008) Re-visiting the Health Care Luxury Good Hypothesis: Aggregation, Precision and Publication Biases? Barcelona: Facultat de Ciències Econòdeg; miques i Empresarials, Universitat de Barcelona. 29 p.
49. Dror DM, van Putten-Rademaker O, Koren R (2008) Cost of illness: evidence from a study in five resource- poor locations in India. Indian J Med Res 127: 347-361. PMID: 18577789
50. Mwandira R (2011) Examining equity in out-of-pocket expenditures and utilization of healthcare services in Malawi Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University. Available: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/handle/1957/21885. Accessed 12 November 2013.
51. Zere E, Walker O, Kirigia J, Zawaira F, Magombo F, et al. (2010) Health financing in Malawi: Evidence from National Health Accounts. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 10: 27. doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-10-27 PMID: 21062503
52. Malik AM, Syed SIA (2012) Socio-economic determinants of household out-of-pocket payments on healthcare in Pakistan. Int J Equity Health 11: 1-7. doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-51 PMID: 22947067
53. Schwarz J, Wyss K, Gulyamova ZM, Sharipov S (2013) Out-of-pocket expenditures for primary health care in Tajikistan: a time-trend analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 13: 103. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13- 103 PMID: 23505990
54. Chadza E (2012) Factors that contribute to delay in seeking cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment among women in Malawi. Health (N Y) 4: 1015-1022.
55. Abiiro GA, Mbera GB, Allegri MD (2014) Gaps in universal health coverage in Malawi: A qualitative study in rural communities. BMC Health Serv Res 14: 234. PMID: 24884788
56. Mueller DH, Lungu D, Acharya A, Palmer N (2011) Constraints to implementing the Essential Health Package in Malawi. PLoS ONE 6: e20741. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020741 PMID: 21695115
57. Sauerborn R, Berman P, Nougtara A (1996) Age bias, but no gender bias, in the intra-household resource allocation for health care in rural Burkina Faso. Health Transit Rev 6: 131-145. PMID: 10163961
58. Grossman M (1972) On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. J Polit Econ 80: 233-255.
59. Orem JN, Mugisha F, Okui AP, Musango L, Kirigia JM (2013) Health care seeking patterns and determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure for Malaria for the children under-five in Uganda. Malar J 12: 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-175 PMID: 23721217
60. Ramachandran A, Ramachandran S, Snehalatha C, Augustine C, Murugesan N, et al. (2007) Increasing Expenditure on Health Care Incurred by Diabetic Subjects in a Developing Country: A study from India. Diabetes Care 30: 252-256. PMID: 17259490
61. Shobhana R, Rama Rao P, Lavanya A, Williams R, Vijay V, et al. (2000) Expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country-a study from southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 48: 37-42. PMID: 10704698
62. Trogdon JG, Hylands T (2008) Nationally Representative Medical Costs of Diabetes by Time Since Diagnosis. Diabetes Care 31: 2307-2311. PMID: 19033416
63. National Statistical Office (Malawi) (2011) Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Zomba: National Statistical Office (Malawi).
64. Cohen S, Carlson B (1994) A Comparison of Household and Medical Provider Reported Expenditures in the 1987 NMES. J Off Stat 10: 3-29.
65. Yaffe R, Shapiro S, Fuchseberg RR, Rohde CA, Corpeno HC (1978) Medical economics survey-methods study: cost-effectiveness of alternative survey strategies. Med Care 16: 641-659. PMID: 97474
66. Miszkurka M, Haddad S, Langlois É, Freeman E, Kouanda S, et al. (2012) Heavy burden of non-communicable diseases at early age and gender disparities in an adult population of Burkina Faso: world health survey. BMC Public Health 12: 24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-24 PMID: 22233590
67. Lopes Ibanez-Gonzalez D, Norris SA (2013) Chronic Non-Communicable Disease and Healthcare Access in Middle-Aged and Older Women Living in Soweto, South Africa. PLoS ONE 8: e78800. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078800 PMID: 24205316
68. Finkelstein EA, Chay J, Bajpai S (2014) The Economic Burden of Self-Reported and Undiagnosed Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes on Indonesian Households. PLoS ONE 9: e99572. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099572 PMID: 24915510
69. Campbell DT (1986) Relabeling internal and external validity for applied social scientists. New Dir Program Eval 1986: 67-77.
70. Phillips PP, Phillips J, Aaron B (2013) Survey Basics: A Guide to Developing Surveys and Questionnaires. U.S.: American Society for Training and Development. 289 p.