From rag(bag)s to riches: Measuring the developing central executive

Young Children's Cognitive Development: Interrelationships Among Executive Functioning, Working Memory, Verbal Ability, and Theory of Mind

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 39-70

  Zoelch, Christof ^a   Seitz, Katja ^a   Schumann Hengsteler, Ruth ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EICHSTÄTT INGOLSTADT   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920825003     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781410612007     Document Type: Chapter

References (94)

1. Andrade, J. (2001). The working memory model: Consensus, controversy, and future directions. In J. Andrade (Ed.), Working memory in perspective (pp. 281-310). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
2. Ashcraft, M. H. (1992). Cognitive arithmetic: A review of data and theory. Cognition, 44, 75-106.
3. Baddeley, A. D. (1966). The capacity for generating information by randomization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 119-129.
4. Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
5. Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
6. Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Working memory or working attention? In A. D. Baddeley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness, and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent (pp. 152-170). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7. Baddeley, A. D. (1996). Exploring the central executive. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 5-28.
8. Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4(11), 417-423.
9. Baddeley, A. D. (2002). Is working memory still working? European Psychologist, 7, 85-97.
10. Baddeley, A., Emslie, H., Kolodny, J., & Duncan, J. (1998). Random generation and the executive control of working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 819-852.
11. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47-89). New York: Academic Press.
12. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1977). Working memory. In G. Bower (Ed.), Human memory (pp. 191-241). New York: Academic Press.
13. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1994). Developments in the concept of working memory. Neuropsychology, 8, 485-493.
14. Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2000). Development of working memory: Should the Pascual-Leone and the Baddeley and Hitch models be merged? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 128-137.
15. Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 14, 575-589.
16. Baddeley, A. D., & Wilson, B. (1988). Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 7, 212-230.
17. Brandimonte, M. A., Hitch, G. J., & Bishop, D. V. (1992). Manipulation of visual mental images in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 53, 300-312.
18. Brugger, R (1997). Variables that influence the generation of random sequences: An update. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 627-661.
19. Brugger, P, Monsch, A. U., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1996). Random number generation in dementia of the Alzheimer type: A test of frontal executive functions. Neuropsycholo-gia, 34, 97-103.
20. Bull, R., & Scerif, G. (2001). Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology, 19, 273-293.
21. Case, R., Kurland, D. M., & Goldberg, J. (1982). Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 386-04.
22. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87-185.
23. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450-466.
24. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P A. (1983). Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 561-584.
25. Daneman, M., Carpenter, P A., & Just, M. A. (1982). Cognitive processes and reading skills. Advances in Reading/Language Research, 1, 83-124.
26. D’Elia, L., & Satz, R (1989). Colour trails 1 and 2. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment.
27. Demetriou, A., Spanoudis, G., Christou, C., & Platsidou, M. (2001). Modeling the Stroop phenomenon: Processes, processing flow, and development. Cognitive Development, 16, 987-1005.
28. De Ribaupierre, A., & Bailleux, C. (1994). Developmental changes in a spatial task of attentional capacity: An essay toward an integration of two working memory models. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17, 5-35.
29. De Ribaupierre, A., & Bailleux, C. (1995). Development of attentional capacity in childhood: A longitudinal study. In F. Weinert, & W. Schneider (Eds.), Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development (pp. 45-70). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
30. D’Esposito, M., & Grossmann, M. (1998). The physiological basis of executive function and working memory. Neuroscientist, 2, 345-352.
31. Dowsett, S. M., & Livesey, D. J. (2000). The development of inhibitory control in preschool children: Effects of “executive skills” training. Developmental Psychobiology, 36, 161-174.
32. Foeldnyi, M., Giovanoli, A., Tagwerker-Neuenschwander, F., Schallberger, U., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2000). Reliabilitaet und Reteststabilitaet der Testleistungen von 7-1 Ojaehrigen Kindern in der computerunterstuetzten TAP [Reliability and stability of the computerized attention test battery (TAP) for children aged 7-10]. Zeitschrift fur Neuropsychologie, 11, 1-11.
33. Gathercole, S. E. (1999). Cognitive approaches to the development of short-term memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 410-419.
34. Gathercole, S. E., Adams, A.-M., & Hitch, G. J. (1994). Do young children rehearse? An indi- vidual-differences analysis. Memory and Cognition, 22, 201-207.
35. Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Working memory and language. Hove: Erlbaum.
36. Gathercole, S. E., & Hitch, G. J. (1993). Developmental changes in short-term memory: A revised working memory perspective. In A. F. Collins, S. E. Gathercole, & M.A. Conway (Eds.), Theories of memory (pp. 189-209). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
37. Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2000a). Assessment of working memory in six- and seven-year-old children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 377-390.
38. Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2000b). Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 177-194.
39. Gathercole, S. E., Willis, C. S., Baddeley, A. D., & Emslie, H. (1994). The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition: A test of phonological working memory. Memory, 2, 103-127.
40. Gilhooly, K. J. (1998). Working memory, strategies, and reasoning tasks. In R. H. Logie & K. J. Gilhooly (Eds.), Working memory and thinking. Current issues in thinking and reasoning (pp. 7-22). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
41. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356-388.
42. Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1989). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 193-225). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
43. Hitch, G. J. (1990). Developmental fractionation of working memory. In G. Vallar & T. Shal-lice (Eds), Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory (pp. 221-246). New York: Cambridge University Press.
44. Hitch, G. J., & Halliday, M. S. (1983). Working memory in children. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London, B302, 325-340.
45. Hitch, G. J., Towse, J. N., & Hutton, U. (2001). What limits children’s working memory span? Theoretical accounts and applications for scholastic development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 184-198.
46. Hulme, C., Thomson, N., Muir, C., & Lawrence, A. (1984). Speech rate and the development of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 241-253.
47. Isaacs, E. B., & Vargha-Khadem, F. (1989). Differential course of development of spatial and verbal memory span: A normative study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 377-380.
48. Jansen, H., Mannhaupt, G., Marx, H., & Skowronek, H. (1999). BISC Bielefelder Screening zur Frueherkennung von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten [Bielefeld Screening Battery for Early Diagnosis of Problems in Reading and Writing]. Gottingen: Hogrefe.
49. Just, M. A., & Carpenter, E A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99, 122-149.
50. Kemps, E., De Rammelaere, S., & Desmet, T. (2000). The development of working memory: Exploring the complementarity of two models. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 89-109.
51. Kramer, A. F., Larish, J. L., Weber, T. A., & Bardell, L. (1999). Training for executive control: Task coordination strategies and aging. In D. Gopher & A. Koriat (Eds.), Attention and Performance XVII (pp. 617-652). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Logie, R. H. (1995). Visuo-spatial working memory. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
53. Logie, R. H., Gilhooly, K. J., & Wynn, V. (1994). Counting on working memory in arithmetic problem solving. Memory and Cognition, 22, 395-410.
54. Logie, R. H., & Pearson, D. G. (1997). The inner eye and the inner scribe of visuospatial working memory: Evidence from developmental fractionation. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9, 241-257.
55. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
56. Mahler, C., & Hasselhorn, M. (2001, 1 September). “Achte auf den Fuchs und nur auf den Fuchs!” Zur Entwicklung einer Arbeitsgedächtnisfunktion im Grundschulalter [“Pay attention to the fox and only to the fox!” On the development of a working memory function in elementary school children]. Poster presented at the 15. Tagung der Fachgruppe Entwicklungspsychologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Potsdam, Germany.
57. McLean, J. F., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetic learning difficulties. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 74, 240-260.
58. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. R, Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
59. Miyake, A., & Shah, R (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
60. Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.), Consciousness and self regulation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 1-18). New York: Plenum Press.
61. Oberauer, K., Süß, H.-M., Schulze, R., Wilhelm, O., & Wittmann, W. W. (2000). Working memory capacity-facets of a cognitive ability construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1017-1045.
62. Oberauer, K., Süß, H.-M., Wilhelm, O., & Wittman, W. W. (2003). The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination. Intelligence, 31, 167-193.
63. Pascual-Leone, J. (2000). Reflections on working memory: Are the two models complemetary? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 138-154.
64. Pascual-Leone, J., & Baillargeon, R. (1994). Developmental measurement of mental attention. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17, 161-200.
65. Patnaik, N. (2002). Selective attention in normal and learning disabled children. Psychological Studies, 47, 113-120.
66. Pickering, S. J., Gathercole, S. E., Hall, M., & Lloyd, S. A. (2001). Development of memory for pattern and path: Further evidence for the fractionation of visuo-spatial memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 54, 397-420.
67. Pressley, M. (1995). What is intellectual development about in the 1990s? Good information processing. In F. E. Weinert & W. Schneider (Eds.), Memory performance and competencies: Issues in growth and development (pp. 375-404). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
68. Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276.
69. Robertson, C., Hazlewood, R., & Rawson, M. D. (1996). The effects of Parkinson's disease on the capacity to generate information randomly. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1069-1078.
70. Schumann-Hengsteier, R. (1995). Die Entwicklung des visuell-räumlichen Gedächtnisses [On the development of visual spatial memory]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe-Verlag für Psychologie.
71. Schumann-Hengsteier, R., & Pohl, S. (1996, July). Children's temporary memory for spatial sequences in the Corsi blocks. Paper presented at the International Conference on Memory, Padua, Italy.
72. Schumann-Hengsteier, R., Strobl, M., & Zoelch, C. (2004). Temporal memory for locations: On the encoding of spatio-temporal information in children and adults. In G. L. Allen (Ed.), Human spatial memory: Remembering where (pp. 101-124). New York: Erlbaum.
73. Seitz, K., & Schumann-Hengsteier, R. (2000). Mental multiplication and working memory. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 12, 552-570.
74. Seitz, K., & Schumann-Hengsteier, R. (2002). Phonological loop and central executive processes in mental addition and multiplication. Psychologische Beitrage, 44, 275-302.
75. Stratta, P, Daneluzzo, E., Prosperini, P, Bustini, M., Mattei, P., & Rossi, A. (1997). Is Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance related to working memory capacity? Schizophrenia Research, 27, 11-19.
76. Strobl, M., Strametz, D., & Schumann-Hengsteier, R. (2002). Effekte der Aufgabenkomplexität und Matrixgröße auf die Matrix-Muster-Aufgabe [The effects of task complexity and size on the matrix task], Eichstätt, Germany: Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.
77. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
78. Swanson, H. L. (1999). What develops in working memory? A life span perspective. Developmental Psychology, 35, 986-1000.
79. Thorn, A. S. C., & Gathercole, S. E. (2000). The development and impairment of working memory. Revue de Neuropsychologie, 10, 417-439.
80. Towse, J. N. (1998). On random generation and the central executive of working memory. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 77-101.
81. Towse, J. N., Hitch, G. J., & Hutton, U. (1998). A réévaluation of working memory capacity in children. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 195-217.
82. Towse, J. N., & Houston-Price, C. M. T. (2001). Reflections on the concept of the central executive. In J. Andrade (Ed.), Working memory in perspective (pp. 240-260). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
83. Towse, J. N., & Mclachlan, A. (1999). An exploration of random generation among children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 363-380.
84. Towse, J. N., & Neil, D. (1998). Analyzing human random generation behavior: A review of methods used and a computer program for describing performance. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 30, 583-591.
85. Towse, J. N., & Valentine, J. D. (1997). Random generation of numbers: A search for underlying processes. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9, 381-400.
86. Treisman, M., & Faulkner, A. (1987). Generation of random sequences by human subjects: Cognitive operations or psychological process? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 337-355.
87. Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989). Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 127-154.
88. Vandierendonck, A. (2000). Analyzing human random time generation behavior: A methodology and a computer program. Behavior Research Methods, 32, 555-565.
89. Vandierendonck, A., De Vooght, G., & Van der Goten, K. (1998a). Does random time interval generation interfere with working memory executive functions? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 10, 413-442.
90. Vandierendonck, A., De Vooght, G., & Van der Goten, K. (1998b). Interfering with the Central Executive by Means of a Random Interval Repetition Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 197-218.
91. Wright, I., Waterman, M., Prescott, H., & Murdoch-Eaton, D. (2003). A new Stroop-like measure of inhibitory function development: Typical developmental trends. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 561-575.
92. Zelazo, R D., & Mueller, U. (2003). Executive function in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 445-469). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
93. Zelazo, R D., Mueller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(3), 11-27.
94. Zoelch, C., Jung, S., & Schumann-Hengsteler, R. (2000, December). Central executive interference in a spatial working memory task. Poster presented at the International Conference on Spatial.