Sex hormones, neurotransmitters, and psychopharmacological treatments in men with paraphilic disorders

Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

Volumn 12, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 233-253

  Saleh, Fabian M ^a   Berlin, Fred S ^a  

^a UMASS MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Neurotransmitters; Paraphilias; Pharmacotherapy; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ANTIESTROGEN; BUSPIRONE; CLOMIPRAMINE; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; DESIPRAMINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUTAMIDE; LEUPRORELIN; LITHIUM; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; NEFAZODONE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; SEX HORMONE; TESTOSTERONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRIPTORELIN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACNE; ALOPECIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANOREXIA; ANORGASMIA; BONE DEMINERALIZATION; BONE PAIN; BREAST TENDERNESS; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CUSHING SYNDROME; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDEMA; EJACULATION DISORDER; EMOTIONAL STRESS; ERYTHROCYTE APLASIA; FATIGUE; GALACTORRHEA; GALLSTONE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GYNECOMASTIA; HEADACHE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HIRSUTISM; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOGONADISM; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG EMBOLISM; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NIGHT SWEAT; NIGHTMARE; OLIGOSPERMIA; OSTEOPENIA; PARESTHESIA; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SEBORRHEA; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL DEVIATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL ASPECT; TESTIS ATROPHY; THINKING; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; URINARY DYSFUNCTION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN;

ADULT; ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; HUMANS; LEUPROLIDE; MALE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE; PARAPHILIAS; SEX OFFENSES; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 84920727932     PISSN: 10538712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J070v12n03_09     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Abouesh, A., & Clayton, A. (1999). Compulsive voyeurism and exhibitionism: A clinical response to paroxetine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28(1), 23-30.
2. Albin, J., Vittek, J., & Gordon, G. (1973). On the mechanism of the antiandrogenic effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology, 93, 417-422.
3. Alexander, M. A. (1997). Sexual offender treatment probed ANGW. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Department of Corrections Sex Offender Treatment Program.
4. Amatayakul, K., Sivasomboon, B., & Thanangkul, O. (1980). A study of the mechanism of weight gain in medroxyprogesterone acetate users. Contraception, 22(6), 605-622.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Antal, E. J., Gillespie, W. R., & Albert, K. S. (1983). The bioavailability of an orally administered medroxyprogesterone acetate suspension. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacologic Therapy Toxicology, 21(5), 257-259.
7. Asberg, M., Schalling, D., & Traskman, L. (1987). Psychobiology of suicide, impulsivity and related phenomenon. In H.Y. Meltzer (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: Third generation of progress (pp. 655-688). New York: Raven Press.
8. Bancroft, J. (1989). The biological basis of human sexuality. In J. Bancroft (Ed.), Human sexuality and its problems (pp. 12-145). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
9. Bartholomew, A. A. (1968). A long-term phenothiazine as a possible agent to control deviant sexual behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 917-923.
10. Baum, M. J., & Starr, M. S. (1980). Inhibition of sexual behavior by dopamine antagonists or serotonin agonist drugs in castrated male rats given estradiol or dihydrotestosterone. Pharmacologic Biochemistry and Behavior, 13, 47-67.
11. Berlin, F. S. (1983). Sex offenders: A biomedical perspective and a status report on biomedical treatment. In J. B. Greer, & I. R. Stuart (Eds.), The sexual aggressor: Current perspectives on treatment (pp. 83-123). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
12. Berlin, F. S. (1989). The paraphilias and Depo-Provera: Some medical, ethical and legal considerations. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 17(3), 233-239.
13. Berlin, F. S., Frost, J. J., Mayberg, H. S., Behal, R., Daniels, R. F., Links, J. M. et al. (1988). Endogenous opiate secretion in the brain during sexual arousal detectible by PET scanning. Unpublished Data.
14. Berlin, F. S., & Meinecke, C. F. (1981). Treatment of sex offenders with antiandrogenic medication: Conceptualization, review of treatment modalities, and preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 601-607.
15. Berlin, F. S., & Schaerf, F. W. (1985). Laboratory assessment of the paraphilias and their treatment with antiandrogenic medication. In R. C. W. Hall, & T. P. Beresford (Eds.), Handbook of psychiatric diagnostic procedures (pp. 273-305). New York: Spectrum Publications.
16. Berlin, F. S., Wayne, H. P., Martin, M. M., Dyer, A., Gregory, L. K., & Sharon, D. (1991). A five-year plus follow-up survey of criminal recidivism within a treated cohort of 406 pedophiles, 111 exhibitionists and 109 sexual aggressives: Issues and outcome. American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12(3), 5-28.
17. Blake, J. C., Sawyerr, A. M., Dooley, J. S., Scheuer, P. J., & McIntyre, N. (1990). Severe hepatitis caused by cyproterone acetate. Gut, 31(5), 556-557.
18. Bourgeois, J. A., & Klein, M. (1996). Risperidone and fluoxetine in the treatment of pedophilia with comorbid dysthymia. Journal of Clinical of Psychopharmacology, 16(3), 257-258.
19. Bradford, J. M. W. (1985). Organic treatment for the male sex offender. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 3(4), 355-375.
20. Bradford, J. M. W. (1996). The role of serotonin in the future of forensic psychiatry. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 24(1), 57-72.
21. Bradford, J. M. W. (1999). The paraphilias, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and the treatment of sexually deviant behavior. Psychiatry Quarterly, 70, 209-19.
22. Bradford, J. M. W. (2001). The neurobiology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacological treatment of the paraphilias and compulsive sexual behaviour. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(1), 26-34.
23. Bradford, J. M. W., & Bourget, D. (1987). Sexually aggressive men. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 12, 169-175.
24. Bradford, J. M. W., Greenberg, D., Gojer, J., Martindale, J. J., & Goldberg, M. (1995, May). Sertraline in the treatment of pedophilia: An open label study. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Miami, FL.
25. Bradford, J. M. W., & Pawlak, A. (1987). Sadistic homosexual pedophilia: Treatment with cyproterone acetate; A single case study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 22-31.
26. Bradford, J. M. W., & Pawlak, A. (1993). Effects of cyproterone acetate on sexual arousal patterns of pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22(6), 629-641.
27. Briken, P., Nika, E., & Berner, W. (2001). Treatment of paraphilia with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27(1), 45-55.
28. Brooks, J. H., & Reddon, J. R. (1996). Serum testosterone in violent and nonviolent young offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(4), 475-483.
29. Brown, W. A., & Harrison, W. (1992). Are patients who are intolerant to one SSRI intolerant to another? Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28, 253-256.
30. Brown, W. A., Monti, P. M., & Carrivean, D. P. (1978). Serum testosterone and sexual activity and interest in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7(7), 97-103.
31. Camacho, A. M., Williams, L. D., & Montalvo, J. M. (1972). Alterations of testicular histology and chromosomes in patients with constitutional sexual precocity treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 34, 279-286.
32. Coleman, E., Cesnik, J., Moore, A. M., & Dwyer, S. M. (1992). An exploratory study of the role of psychotropic medications in the treatment of sexual offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 18, 75-88.
33. Coleman, E., Gratzer, T., Nesvacil, L., & Raymond, N. C. (2000). Nefazodone and the treatment of nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behavior: A retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(4), 282-284.
34. Cooper, A. J. (1986). Progestogens in the treatment of male sex offenders: A review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31(1), 73-79.
35. Cooper, A. J. (1987). Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment of sexual acting out men suffering from dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 368-370.
36. Cooper, A. J., & Cernovsky, Z. Z. (1994). Comparison of cyproterone acetate (CPA) and leuprolide acetate (LHRH agonist) in a chronic pedophile: A clinical case study. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 269-271.
37. Cooper, A. J., Cernosvsky, Z., & Magnus, R. V. (1992). The long-term use of cyproterone acetate in pedophilia: A case study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 18(4), 292-302.
38. Cooper, A. J., Sandhu, S., Losztyn, S., & Cernovsky, Z. (1992). A double-blind placebo controlled trial of medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate with seven pedophiles. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37(10), 687-693.
39. Crawford, E. D., Eisenberger, M. A., & McLeod, D. G. (1989). A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 419-424.
40. Davidson, J. M., Canargo, C. M., & Smith, E. R. (1979). Effects of androgen on sexual behavior in hypogonadal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinological Metabolism, 48, 995-958.
41. Dickey, R. (1992). The management of case of treatment-resistant paraphilia with a long-acting LHRH agonist. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37(8), 567-9.
42. Dux, S., Bishara, J., Marom, D., Blum, I., & Pitlik, S. (1998). Medroxyprogesterone acetate-induced secondary adrenal insufficiency. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 32(1), 134.
43. Emmanuel, N. P., Lydiard, R. B., & Ballenger, J. C. (1991). Fluoxetine treatment of voyeurism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148(7), 950.
44. Everitt, B. J., & Bancroft, J. (1991). Of rats and men: The comparative approach to male sexuality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2, 77-118.
45. Fedoroff, J. P. (1992). Buspirone hydrochloride in the treatment of an atypical paraphilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21(4), 401-406.
46. Fedoroff, J. P. (1993). Buspirone hydrochloride in the treatment of transvestic fetishism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(5), 182-188.
47. Fedoroff, J. P., Peyser, C., Franz, M. L., & Folstein, S. E. (1994). Sexual disorders in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neurosciences, 6(2), 147-153.
48. Ferguson, J., Henriksen, S., & Cohen, H. (1970). " Hypersexuality" and behavioral changes in cats caused by administration of p-chlorophenylalanine. Science, 168, 499-501.
49. Gaffney, G. R., & Berlin, F. S. (1984). Is there hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal dysfunction in pedophilia? A pilot study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 657-660.
50. Gagne, P. (1981). Treatment of sex offenders with medroxyprogesterone acetate. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 644-646.
51. Galli, V. B., Raute, N. J., McConville, B. J., & McElroy, S. L. (1998). An adolescent male with multiple paraphilias successful treated with fluoxetine. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8(3), 195.
52. Goldenberg, S. L., & Bruchovsky, N. (1991). Use of cyproterone acetate in prostate cancer. Urologic Clinics of North America, 18(1), 111-122.
53. Gottesman, H. G., & Schubert, D. S. P. (1993). Low-dose oral medroxyprogesterone acetate in the management of the paraphilias. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54(5), 182-188.
54. Greenberg, D. M., & Bradford, J. M. W. (1997). Treatment of the paraphilic disorders. A review of the role of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 9, 349-361.
55. Greenberg, D. M., Bradford, J. M. W., Curry, S., & O'Rourke, A. (1996). A comparison of treatment of paraphilias with three serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A retrospective study. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 24(4), 525-532.
56. Griffin, J. E., & Wilson, J. D. (1980). Disorders of the testes and male reproductive tract. In J. D. Wilson, & D. W. Foster (Eds.), Textbook of endocrinology (7th ed.) (pp. 259-311). Philadelphia: Saunders.
57. Hendricks, S. E., Fitzpatrick, D. F., Hartman, K., Quaife, M. A., Stratbucker, R. A., & Graber, B. (1988). Brain structure and function in sexual molesters of children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49(3), 108-112.
58. Hucker, S., Langevin, R., & Bain, J. (1988). A double-blind trial of sex drive reducing medication in pedophiles. Annals Review of Sex Research, 1, 227-242.
59. Jeffcoate, J. W., Matthews, R. W., Edwards, C. R., Field, L. H., & Besser, G. M. (1980). The effect of cyproterone acetate on serum testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin in male sex offenders. Clinical Endocrinology, 13(2), 189-195.
60. Jorgensen, V. T. (1990). Cross-dressing successfully treated with fluoxetine (letter). NY State Journal of Medicine, 90, 5667.
61. Jurzyk, R. S., Spielvogel, R. L., & Rose, L. I. (1992). Antiandrogens in the treatment of acne and hirsutism. American Family Physician, 45(4), 1803-1806.
62. Kafka, M. P. (1992). Successful treatment of paraphilic coercive disorder (a rapist) with fluoxetine hydrochloride. British Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 351-358.
63. Kafka, M. P. (1994). Sertraline pharmacotherapy for paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: An open trial. Annals Clinical Psychiatry, 6(3), 189-195.
64. Kafka, M. P. (1997). A monoamine hypothesis for the pathophysiology of paraphilic disorders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26(4), 343-358.
65. Kafka, M. P., & Prentky, R. (1992). Fluoxetine treatment of non-paraphilic sexual addictions and paraphilias in men. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 351-358.
66. Kierch, T. A. (1990). Treatment of sex offenders with Depo-Provera. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 18, 179-187.
67. Kravitz, H. M., Haywood, T. W., Kelly, J., & Cavanaugh, J. L., Jr. (1996). Medroxy-progesterone and paraphiles: Do testosterone levels matter? Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 24(1), 73-83.
68. Kravitz, H. M., Haywood, T. W., Kelly, J., Wahlstrom, C., Liles, S., & Cavanaugh, J. L. (1995). Medroxyprogesterone treatment for paraphiliacs. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 23(1), 19-33.
69. Krueger, R. B., & Kaplan, M. S. (2001). Depot-leuprolide acetate for treatment of paraphilias: A report of twelve cases. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(4), 409-422.
70. Kruesi, M. J., Fine, S., Valladares, L., Phillips, R. A. Jr., & Rapoport, J. L. (1992). Paraphilias: A double-blind crossover comparison of clomipramine versus desipramine. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 21(6), 587-593.
71. Lang, R. A., Langevin, R., & Bain, J. (1989). Sex hormone profiles in genital exhibitionists. Annals of Sex Research, 2, 67-75.
72. Laschet, U., & Laschet, L. (1975). Antiandrogens in the treatment of sexual deviations of men. Journal Steroid Biochemistry, 6(6), 821-826.
73. Laws, D. R., & Marshall, W. L. (1991). Masturbatory reconditioning with sexual deviates: An evaluative review. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 13, 13-25.
74. Lee, R., & Coccaro, E. (2001). The neuropsychopharmacology of criminality and aggression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(1), 35-44.
75. Leo, R. J., & Kim, K. Y. (1995). Clomipramine treatment of paraphilias in elderly demented patients. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 8(2), 123-124.
76. Levesque, H., Trivalle, C., Manchon, N. D., Vinel, J. P., Moore, N., Hemet, J. et al. (1989). Fulminant hepatitis due to cyproterone acetate. Lancet, 1(8631), 215-216.
77. Liang, T., Tymoczko, J. L., Chan, K. M. B., Hung, H. C., & Liao, S. (1977). Androgen action: Receptors and rapid responses. In L. Martini, & M. Motta (Eds.), Androgens and antiandrogens (pp. 77-89). New York: Raven Press.
78. MacKnight, C., & Rojas-Fernandez, C. (2000). Quetiapine for sexually inappropriate behavior in dementia. Journal American Geriatric Society, 48(6), 707.
79. Maes, M., De Vos, N., Van Hunsel, F., Van West, D., Westenberg, H., Cosyns, P. et al. (2001). Pedophilia is accompanied by increased plasma concentrations of catecholamines, in particular epinephrine. Psychiatry Research, 103(1), 43-49.
80. Mann, J. J., Arango, V., Marzuk, S., Theccanat, S., & Rtes, D. J. (1989). Evidence of the 5-hi hypothesis of suicide: A review of post mortem studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 7-14.
81. Marks, I. M. (1981). Review of behavior psychotherapy, II: Sexual disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 750-756.
82. Marks, I., Gelder, M., & Bancroft, J. (1970). Sexual deviants two years after electric aversion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 173-185.
83. Mas, M. (1995). Neurobiological correlates of masculine sexual behavior. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review, 19, 261-277.
84. Mendez, M. F., Chow, T., Ringman, J., Twitchell, G., & Hinkin, C. H. (2000). Pedophilia and temporal disturbances. Journal of Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1), 71-76.
85. Meyer, W. J., Cole, C., & Emory, E. (1992). Depo provera treatment for sex offending behavior: An evaluation of outcome. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 20, 249-259.
86. Meyer, W. J., Walker, P. A., Emory, L. E., & Smith, E. R. (1985). Physical, metabolic, and hormonal effects on men of long-term therapy with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertility and Sterility, 43(1), 102-109.
87. Ortman, J. (1980). The treatment of sexual offenders. Castration and antihormone therapy. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 3, 443-451.
88. Perilstein, R. D., Lipper, S., & Friedman, L. J. (1991). Three cases of paraphilias responsive to fluoxetine treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52(4), 169-170.
89. Peters, J. J., & Roether, H. A. (1972). Group psychotherapy for probationed sex offenders. In L. P. Resnik, & M. E. Wolfgang (Eds.), Sexual behaviors: Some clinical and legal aspects (pp. 167-185). Boston: Little Brown.
90. Rada, R. T., Laws, D. R., & Kellner, R. (1976). Plasma testosterone and the rapist. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 257-268.
91. Rada, R. T., Laws, D. R., & Kellner, R., (1983). Plasma androgens in violent and nonviolent sex offenders. Bulletin American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 11, 149-158.
92. Reilly, D. R., Delva, N. J., & Hudson, R. W. (2000). Protocols for the use of cyproterone, medroxyprogesterone, and leuprolide in the treatment of paraphilia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(6), 559-563.
93. Roeder, F. D., Muller, D., & Orthner, H. (1972). The stereotaxic treatment of pedophilic homosexuality and other sexual deviations. In E. Hitchcock, L. Laitienn, & K. Vaernet (Eds.), Psychosurgery (pp. 87-111). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
94. Rosler, A., & Witztum, E. (1998). Treatment of men with paraphilia with a long acting analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-65.
95. Rosler, A., & Witztum, E. (2000). Pharmacotherapy of paraphilias in the next millennium. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 18(1), 43-56.
96. Rousseau, L. R.. Couture, M., Dupont, A., Labrie, F., & Couture, N. (1990). Effect of combined androgen blockade with an LHRH agonist and flutamide in one severe case of male exhibitionism. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 338-341.
97. Rubenstein, E. B., & Engel, N. L. (1996). Successful treatment of transvestic fetishism with sertraline and lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(2), 92.
98. Rubey, R., Brady, K. T., & Norris, G. T. (1993). Clomipramine treatment of sexual preoccupation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 158-159.
99. Salzman, L. (1971). The psychodynamic approaches to sex deviations. International Psychiatry Clinics, 8, 20-40.
100. Schering, A. G. (1983). Androcur. Berlin, Germany: Berlin/Bergkamen.
101. Shotliff, K., & Nussey, S. S. (1997). Medroxyprogesterone acetate induced Cushing's syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44(3), 304.
102. Sjoerdsma, A., & Palfreyman, M. G. (1990). History of serotonin and serotonin disorders. In P. M. Whitaker-Azuitia, & S. J. Peroutka (Eds.), The neuropharmacology of serotonin (pp. 600:1-8). New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
103. Smith, J. A. (1986). Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogs in treatment of prostatic cancer. Urology, 27, 9-15.
104. Southren, A. L., Gordon, G. G., Vittek, J., & Altman, K. (1977). Effect of progestagens on androgen metabolism. In L. Martini, & M. Motta (Eds.), Androgens and antiandrogens (pp. 263-279). New York: Raven Press.
105. Sturup, G. K. (1972). Castration: The total treatment. In H. P. L. Resnik, & M. E. Wolfgang (Eds.), Sexual behaviors: Social, clinical and legal aspects (pp. 361-382). Boston: Little Brown & Co.
106. Thibaut, F., Cordier, B., & Kuhn, J. M. (1993). Effect of a long-lasting gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone agonist in sex cases of severe male paraphilia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 445-450.
107. Tucker, J. C., & File, S. E. (1983). Serotonin and sexual behavior. In D. Weathley (Ed.), Psychopharmacology and sexual disorders (pp. 22-49). New York: Oxford University Press.
108. Vance, M. A., & Smith, J. A., Jr. (1984). Endocrine and clinical effects of leuprolide in prostate cancer. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic. 36(3), 350-354.
109. Van Praag, H. M. (1984). CSF 5-HIAA and suicide in non-depressed schizophrenics. Lancet, 2, 977-978.
110. Walker, P. A., & Meyer, W. J. (1981). Medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment for paraphilic sex offenders. In J. R. Hayes, T. K. Roberts, & K. S. Soloway (Eds.), Violence and the violent individual (pp. 353-373). New York: Spectrum Publications.
111. Walker, P. A., Meyer, W. J., Emory, L. E., & Rubin, A. L. (1984). Antiandrogen treatment of the paraphilias. In H. C. Stancer, P. E. Garfinkel, & V. M. Rakoff (Eds.), Guidelines for the use of psychotropic drugs (pp. 427-443). Jamaica, NY: Spectrum Publications.
112. Williams, G., Allen, J. M., O'Shea, J. P., Mashiter, K., Doble, A., & Bloom, S. R. (1983). Prostatic cancer: Treatment with long-acting LHRH analogue. British Journal of Urology, 55(6), 743-746.
113. Zohar, J., Koplan, Z., & Benjamin, J. (1994). Compulsive exhibitionism successfully treated with fluvoxamine: A controlled case study. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 55(3), 86-88.