The white-pillared past: Landscapes of memory and race in the American South

Landscape and Race in the United States

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 39-72

  Hoelscher, Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920574508     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203621622     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Hodding Carter, Lower Mississippi (NewYork: Farrar and Rinehart, 1942).
2. Reid Smith and John Owens, The Majesty of Natchez (Montgomery, AL: Paddle Wheel Publishers, 1969), 6.
3. Anthony Walton, Mississippi: An American Journey (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), 47.
4. Naipaul, A Turn in the South (NewYork: Vintage Books, 1990), 218-20.
5. Natchez, Mississippi. After a trial run the year before, the first annual Natchez Pilgrimage took place in 1932.
6. Field notes from A Southern Road to Freedom, Natchez, Mississippi, March 15, 2001.
7. Mark Singer, “Never Surrender: The Sons of Confederate Veterans Have a Bad Day at the Mall,” The New Yorker, May 14 2001, 52-57
8. Derek H. Alderman, “A Street Fit for a King: Naming Places and Commemoration in the American South,” Professional Geographer 52, no. 4 (2000): 672-84
9. idem., “Street Names as Memorial Arenas: The Reputational Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr. in a Georgia County,” Historical Geography 20 (2002): 99-120
10. Jack Hitt, “Confederate Semiotics,” Nation 264, no. 16, April 28, 1997, 11-15
11. Elizabeth Grace Hale, “We've Got to Get out of This Place,” Southern Cultures 5, no. 1 (1999): 54-66
12. Jonathan I. Leib, “Heritage versus Hate: A Geographical Analysis of Georgia's Confederate Flag,” Southeastern Geographer 35, no. 2 (1995): 37-57
13. Gerald R. Webster and Jonathan I. Leib, “Whose South Is It Anyway? Race and the Confederate Battle Flag in South Carolina,” Political Geography 20 (2002): 271-99
14. Tony Horowitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York: Random House, 1998).
15. D.W. Meinig, “Symbolic Landscapes: Some Idealizations of American Communities,” in The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes, ed. D.W. Meinig (NewYork: Oxford UniversityPress, 1979), 164-92.
16. Aljean Harmetz, On the Road to Tara: The Making of Gone with the Wind (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996), 61.
17. Alan Gowans, Images of American Living: Four Centuries of Architecture and Furniture as Cultural Expression (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 281.
18. J.B. Jackson, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 1.
19. John Michael Vlach, Back of the Big House: The Architecture of Plantation Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 8.
20. James C. Bonner wrote, “A great house of classic design … was a rare phenomenon, even among the more prosperous planters.” Bonner, “Plantation Architecture of the Lower South on the Eve of the Civil War,” Journal of Southern History 11, no. 3 (August 1945): 370-88.
21. Robert Gamble, “The White-Column Tradition: Classical Architecture and the Southern Mystique,” Southern Humanities Review 12 (1978): 51-59
22. D.W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2, Continental America, 1800-1867 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993).
23. Patrick Lee Lucas, “Realized Ideals: Grecian-Style Buildings as Metaphors for Democracy on the Trans-Appalachian Frontier” (Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 2002).
24. Samuel Sloan, The Model Architect, vol. 2 (1852; repr., New York: Dover Publications, 1980)
25. Randolph Delehanty and Van Jones Martin, Classic Natchez (Savannah: Martin-St. Martin, 1996), 144-47.
26. C. Reagles, “The Philosophy of Suburban Cottage Homes,” Southern Cultivator 15 (1857): 325.
27. Darden Asbury Pyron, “The Inner War of Southern History,” in Recasting: Gone with the Wind in American Culture, ed. Darden Asbury Pyron (Miami: University Presses of Florida, 1983), 185-201.
28. Joseph S. Wood, The New England Village (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997)
29. Richard V. Francaviglia, Main Street Revisited: Time, Space, and Image Building in Small Town America (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1996)
30. Dolores Hayden, Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000 (New York: Vintage, 2004).
31. John Radford, “Identity and Tradition in the Post-Civil War South,” Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1992): 91-103
32. Charles Reagan Wilson, “The Invention of Southern Tradition: The Writing and Ritualization of Southern History, 1880-1940,” in Rewriting the South: History and Fiction, ed. Lothar Hon-nighausen and V. Lerda (Tubingen: Francke, 1993), 3-21
33. Edward L. Ayers, “Memory and the South,” Southern Cultures: A Journal of the Arts in the South 2, no. 1 (1995): 5-8
34. David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 1863-1915 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001)
35. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988)
36. Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (New York: Vintage, 1998)
37. Cecelia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999)
38. Joel Williamson, A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
39. C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974 [1955]), xvi.
40. David Sansing, “Pilgrimage,” in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, ed. Charles Reagan Wilson and William Ferris (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 700
41. David W. Blight, Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002)
42. Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
43. H.E. Gulley, “Women and the Lost Cause: Preserving a Confederate Identity in the American Deep South,” Journal of Historical Geography 19 (1993): 125-41
44. Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997)
45. Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980)
46. John Winberry, ” ‘Lest We Forget’: The Confederate Monument and the Southern Townscape,” Southeastern Geographer 23, no. 2 (1983): 107-21
47. Melody Kubassek, “Ask Us Not to Forget: The Lost Cause in Natchez, Mississippi,” Southern Studies 3, no. 3 (1992): 164.
48. Wilbur J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), 124.
49. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 154-55
50. Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1995)
51. Nina Silber, Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994)
52. James C. Cobb, “Does ‘Mind’ Still Matter? The South, the Nation, and The Mind of the South, 1941-1991,” in Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 44-77
53. Francis Pendleton Gaines provided an early, incisive analysis of what I am calling the white-pillared past in The Southern Plantation: A Study in the Development and Accuracy of a Tradition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1924).
54. Joel Chandler Harris, Quoted in Gaines, The Southern Plantation, 13
55. Wayne Mixon, “The Ultimate Irrelevance of Race: Joel Chandler Harris and Uncle Remus in Their Time,” Journal of Southern History 56, no. 3 (August 1990): 457-80
56. Robert Cochran, “Black Father: The Subversive Achievement of Joel Chandler Harris,” African American Review 38, no. 1 (2004): 21-34.
57. Louis D. Rubin, “Uncle Remus and the Ubiquitous Rabbit,” in Critical Essays on Joel Chandler Harris, ed. Bruce Bickley (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1981), 171
58. Thomas Nelson Page, The Old South: Essays Social and Political (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894), 149
59. Fred Arthur Bailey, “Thomas Nelson Page and the Patrician Cult of the Old South,” International Social Science Review 72, no. 3/4 (1997): 110-21.
60. Fred Inglis, “Nation and Community: A Landscape and Its Morality,” Sociological Review 25 (1977): 489-514.
61. Pierre Nora, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire,” Representations 26 (Spring 1989): 7-25
62. Richard H. Schein, “Normative Dimensions of Landscape,” in Everyday America: Cultural Landscape Studies after J.B. Jackson, ed. Chris Wilson and Paul Groth (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 199-218.
63. Robert Gordon Pishel's Natchez: Museum City of the Old South (Tulsa: Magnolia, 1959)
64. Roane Byrnes, “Historic Natchez: Where the Old South Still Lingers” (unpublished manuscript, Byrnes Collection, University of Mississippi Special Collections Library, Oxford, Mississippi, n.d., Box 15, Folder 26).
65. National Park Service, “General Management Plan for Natchez National Historical Park,” (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 1991), 22
66. Michael Wayne, The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860-1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983)
67. Wendell Garrett, “Foreword,” in Classic Natchez, ed. Randolph Delehanty and Van Jones Martin (Savannah: Gold Coast Books, 1996), xi.
68. W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “White Women and the Politics of Historical Memory in the New South, 1880-1920,” in Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights, ed. Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 115-39
69. Robin Elisabeth Datal, “Southern Regionalism and Historic Preservation in Charleston, South Carolina, 1920-1940,” Journal of Historical Geography 15, no. 2 (1990): 197-215
70. Richard R. Flores, Remembering the Alamo: Memory, Modernity, and the Master Symbol (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002)
71. Barbara J. Howe, “Women in Historic Preservation: The Legacy of Ann Pamela Cunningham,” Public Historian 12 (1990): 31-61
72. Cynthia Mills and Pamela H. Simpson, eds., Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003)
73. Stephanie E. Yuhl, “Rich and Tender Remembering: Elite White Women and an Aesthetic Sense of Place in Charleston, 1920s and 1930s,” in Where These Memories Grow: History, Memory, and Southern Identity, ed. W. Fitzhugh Brundage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 227-48.
74. Matt Volz, “Natchez Hopes Black Tourists Revamp Economy,” Associated Press State and Local Wire, November 26, 2002 (accessed through Lexis-Nexis.com, November 30, 2004). National Register data is from http://www.cr.nps.gov/NR/research/ (accessed November 30, 2004).
75. Garden Club Natchez, “Eighth Annual Natchez Pilgrimage” (tourist bro-chure, Hill Memorial Special Collections Library, Louisiana State University, 1939).
76. Katherine Boatner Blankenstein, “The Natchez Garden Club: A Brief History” (unpublished pamphlet, Archives Room of the Natchez Garden Club at Magnolia Hall, Natchez, MS, 1995).
77. Hartnett T. Kane, Natchez on the Mississippi (New York: William Morrow, 1947)
78. William H. Nicholas, “History Repeats in Old Natchez,” National Geographic, February 1949,181-208
79. Bette Barber, “Natchez' First Ladies: Katherine Grafton Miller and the Pilgrimage” (unpublished pamphlet, Mississippi Collection, First Regional Library, Hernando, MS, 1955)
80. “Natchez on the River,” House and Garden, November 1939,30-35
81. Tuan, “Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81, no. 4 (1991): 684-96.
82. John Gunther, Inside U.S.A. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), 803.
83. Shirley Wheatley, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, October 1999.
84. Mimi Miller, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, March 2000
85. Kath-erine Blankenstein, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, October 1999.
86. Tim Cresswell, In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 1996).
87. Allison Davis, Burleigh B. Gardner, and Mary B. Gardner, Deep South: A Social Anthropological Study of Caste and Class (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941), 193.
88. “Spring Pilgrimage,” Natchez Democrat, March 10,1999
89. Richard Handler and Eric Gable, The New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997)
90. Jennifer L. Eichstedt and Stephen Small, Representations of Slavery: Race and Ideology in Southern Plantation Museums (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002).
91. Michael Wayne, The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860-1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983), 9-10
92. Anthony E. Kaye, “The Personality of Power: The Ideology of Slaves in the Natchez District and the Delta of Mississippi, 1830-1865” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1999).
93. Georgia Wilson Newell and Charles Cromartie Compton, Natchez and the Pilgrimage (Kingsport, TN: Southern Publishers, 1935), 24-25.
94. Nell Savage Mahoney, “The Melody Lingers On,” Country Life, April 1935, 10-15
95. Edith Wyatt Moore, “The Confederate Pageant and Ball: Eleventh Annual Pageant of the Original Natchez Garden Club” (March 7-April 7,1942, Box 1, Natchez Garden Club Records, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, MS)
96. C. Vann Woodward, “Look Away, Look Away,” in The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 235-64.
97. Marsha Colson, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, March 2000
98. Mary Toles, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, October 1999.
99. Ora Frazier, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, March 2001
100. Jack E. Davis, Race against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez since 1930 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001).
101. Steven Hoelscher, “Making Place, Making Race: Performances of Whiteness in the Jim Crow South,” Annals of the Association of Ameri-can Geographers 93, no. 3 (2003): 657-86
102. Jim Yardley, “Black History, Civil Rights Luring Tourists to the South,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, November 13, 1992, A1, A6
103. Gerrie Ferris, “Around the South in Search of the Past: Black Tourism Industry Thrives in '90s Search for Black Heritage,” Atlanta Journal Constitution, June 30, 1996, D6
104. Reginald Owens, “African American Tourism Is Growing Source of Pride and Business: On the Heritage Trail,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, July 16, 1995, F1
105. Russ Bynum, “Savannah Cashes in on Boom in Black Tourism,” Newsday, 10 June 2001, E15
106. Selma Mackel Harris, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, March 2001
107. Ozelle Fisher, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, October 1999
108. Ora Frazier, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, March 2000
109. Here and later, information on A Southern Road to Freedom comes from observations of performances in April 2000 and March 2001.
110. Bertolt Brecht, “Theatre for Pleasure or Theatre for Instruction,” in Brecht on Theater: The Development of an Aesthetic, ed. and trans. John Willett (New York: Hill and Wang, 1964), 71
111. Seshs Ab Heter-C.M. Boxley, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, December 2004.
112. Ingraham wrote, “The contrast between the miserable buildings and their squalid occupants, and the rich woodlands beyond them on either side, among whose noble trees rose the white columns and lofty roofs of elegant villas, was certainly very great, but far from agreeable” (The South-West, Volume 2, see especially pp. 190-205)
113. Jim Barnett and H. Clark Burkett, “The Forks of the Road Slave Market Site at Natchez,” Journal of Mississippi History 63, no. 3 (2001): 168-87
114. Kenneth Foote, Shadowed Ground: America's Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy, rev. ed. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 24,174-213.
115. Charles Aikens, “Clifford Boxley Researches Natchez Slave History to Tell Story of Its Mansion Builders,” Oakland Post, October 17, 1999, 7.
116. Seshs Ab Heter-Clifford M. Boxley and his experiences of growing up in Jim Crow Natchez are detailed in the History of Jim Crow Project: http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/resources/narratives/Clifford_Boxley.htm.
117. Sherri Williams, “Forks of the Road Pain Inspired Quest,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, MS), February 29, 2000. The committee raised $1,400 for the marker. “Mississippi Juneteenth Celebration Calendar,” www.juneteenth.com/4mississippi_us.htm (accessed November 30, 2004).
118. Thom Rosenblum, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, December 2004
119. Jim Barnett, interview with the author, Natchez, MS, December 2004
120. Cavitt Taft, interview with the author, Jackson, MS, December 2004
121. Matt Volz, “Slave Market Site Reflects Racial Fork,” Clarion-Ledger (Jackson, MS), December 29, 2002
122. Matt Volz, “Slave Market Story Gets Complicated,” Biloxi Sun Herald, December 21, 2003
123. Ser Seshs Ab Heter-Clifford M. Boxley's website devoted to the Forks of the Road site: www.bjmjr.com/forks_roads/index.htm.
124. Hayden, The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1995).
125. Mike Brunker, “Race, Politics, and the Evolving South: A Black Mayor, 130 Years Later,” August 17, 2004
126. MSNBC.com, www.msnbc.com/id/5676325 (accessed October 13, 2004).
127. Patricia Leigh Brown, “New Signpost at Slavery's Crossroads,” New York Times, December 16, 2004.