Short Report: Reactivity in rapidly collected hygiene and toilet spot check measurements: A cautionary note for longitudinal studies

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 159-162

  Arnold, Benjamin F ^a   Khush, Ranjiv S ^b   Ramaswamy, Padmavathi ^c   Rajkumar, Paramasivan ^c   Durairaj, Natesan ^c   Ramaprabha, Prabhakar ^c   Balakrishnan, Kalpana ^c   Colford, John M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Aquaya Institute   (United States)

^c SRI RAMACHANDRA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOAP;

ARTICLE; CHILD; HAND WASHING; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INDIA; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MEASUREMENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RURAL AREA; SANITATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY;

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HUMANS; HYGIENE; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES;

EID: 84920562978     PISSN: 00029637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0306     Document Type: Article

References (9)

1. Ram P, 2013. Practical Guidance for Measuring Handwashing Behavior: 2013 Update. World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. Available at: www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-Practical-Guidance-Measuring-Handwashing-Behavior-2013-Update.pdf. Accessed October 3, 2014.
2. Ram PK, Halder AK, Granger SP, Jones T, Hall P, Hitchcock D, Wright R, Nygren B, Islam MS, Molyneaux JW, Luby SP, 2010. Is structured observation a valid technique to measure handwashing behavior? Use of acceleration sensors embedded in soap to assess reactivity to structured observation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 1070-1076.
3. Clasen T, Fabini D, Boisson S, Taneja J, Song J, Aichinger E, Bui A, Dadashi S, Schmidt WP, Burt Z, Nelson KL, 2012. Making sanitation count: developing and testing a device for assessing latrine use in low-income settings. Environ Sci Technol 46: 3295-3303.
4. Zwane AP, Zinman J, Van Dusen E, Pariente W, Null C, Miguel E, Kremer M, Karlan DS, Hornbeck R, Giné X, Duflo E, Devoto F, Crepon B, Banerjee A, 2011. Being surveyed can change later behavior and related parameter estimates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 1821-1826.
5. Arnold BF, Khush RS, Ramaswamy P, London AG, Rajkumar P, Ramaprabha P, Durairaj N, Hubbard AE, Balakrishnan K, Colford JM Jr, 2010. Causal inference methods to study nonrandomized, preexisting development interventions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 22605-22610.
6. Khush RS, Arnold BF, Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Ramaswamy P, Durairaj N, London AG, Ramaprabha P, Rajkumar P, Balakrishnan K, Colford JM Jr, 2013. H2S as an indicator of water supply vulnerability and health risk in low-resource settings: a prospective cohort study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 251-259.
7. Adair JG, 1984. The Hawthorne effect: a reconsideration of the methodological artifact. J Appl Psychol 69: 334-345.
8. Luby SP, Halder AK, Huda T, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, 2011. The effect of handwashing at recommended times with water alone and with soap on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: an observational study. PLoS Med 8: e1001052.
9. Rabie T, Curtis VA, 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11: 258-267.