Disparity despite diversity: Social injustice in New York City's urban agriculture system

Antipode

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 240-259

  Reynolds, Kristin ^a  

^a NEW SCHOOL FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Action research; Alternative food movements; Critical race theory; Racial justice; Social justice; Urban agriculture

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920554768     PISSN: 00664812     EISSN: 14678330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/anti.12098     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Ackerman K (2011) The Potential for Urban Agriculture New York City: Growing Capacity, Food Security, and Green Infrastructure. New York: Urban Design Lab, Columbia University
2. Ahmadi B (2009) Email to COMFOOD listserv
3. Alkon A H and Agyeman J (2011) The food movement as polyculture. In A H Alkon and J Agyeman (eds) Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability (pp 1-20). Cambridge: MIT Press
4. Alkon A H and Mares T M (2012) Food sovereignty in US food movements: Radical visions and neoliberal constraints. Agriculture and Human Values 29:347-359
5. Alkon A H and McCullen C G (2011) Whiteness and farmers markets: Performances, perpetuations... contestations? Antipode 43(4):937-959
6. Allen P, Fitzsimmons M, Goodman M and Warner K (2003) Shifting plates in the agrifood landscape: The tectonics of alternative agrifood initiatives in California. Journal of Rural Studies 19:61-75
7. Allen P and Guthman J (2006) From "old school" to "farm-to-school": Neoliberalization from the ground up. Agriculture and Human Values 23(4):401-415
8. Apollon D, Keheler T, Medeiros J, Ortega N, Sebastian J and Sen R (2014) Moving the Race Conversation Forward: How the Media Covers Racism, and Other Barriers to Productive Racial Discourse. New York: Race Forward
9. Bergad L W (2014) The Concentration of Wealth in New York City: Changes in the Structure of Household Income by Race/Ethnic Groups and Latino Nationalities. New York: Graduate Center, City University of New York
10. Blecha J L (2007) "Urban Life with Livestock: Performing Alternative Imaginaries through Small-scale Urban Livestock Agriculture in the United States." Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Minnesota
11. Bonilla-Silva E (1997) Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review 62(3):465-480
12. Born B and Purcell M (2006) Avoiding the local trap: Scale and food systems in planning research. Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(2):195-207
13. Certomà C (2011) Critical urban gardening as a post-environmentalist practice. Local Environment 16(10):977-987
14. City of Seattle (2013) Race and Social Justice Initiative. http://www.seattle.gov/rsji/ (last accessed 8 December 2013)
15. Cohen N and Reynolds K (2014) Urban agriculture policy making in New York's "new political spaces": Strategizing for a participatory and representative system. Journal of Planning and Education Research doi:10.1177/0739456X14526453
16. Cohen N, Reynolds K and Sanghvi R (2012) Five Borough Farm: Seeding the Future of Urban Agriculture in New York City. New York: Design Trust for Public Space
17. Community Food Funders (2014) http://www.communityfoodfunders.org/ (last accessed 24 January 2014)
18. Conley D (1999) Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
19. Crenshaw K (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989:139-168
20. Crenshaw K (1991) Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review 43(6):1241-1299
21. Crouch P (2012) Evolution or gentrification: Do urban farms lead to higher rents? Grist 23 October. http://grist.org/food/evolution-or-gentrification-do-urban-farms-lead-to-higher-rents/ (last accessed 21 March 2014)
22. Curran W and Hamilton T (2012) Just green enough: Contesting environmental gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Local Environment 17(9):1027-1042
23. Decker G (2012) At rooftop garden party, candidates tout budding principal. Gotham Schools 21 September. http://gothamschools.org/2012/09/21/at-rooftop-garden-party-2013-candidates-tout-budding-principal/ (last accessed 10 April 2013)
24. Delgado R and Stefancic J (2012) Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (2nd edn). New York: New York University Press
25. DeLind L (2003) Considerably more than vegetables, a lot less than community: The dilemma of community supported agriculture. In J Adams (ed) Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed (pp 192-206). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
26. Draper C and Freedman D (2010) Review and analysis of the benefits, purposes, and motivations associated with community gardening in the United States. Journal of Community Practice 18(4):458-492
27. Eizenberg E (2008) "From the Ground Up: Community Gardens in New York City and the Politics of Spatial Transformation." Unpublished PhD thesis, City University of New York
28. Eizenberg E (2012) Actually existing commons: Three moments of space of community gardens in New York City. Antipode 44(3):764-782
29. Elder R F (2005) Protecting New York City's community gardens. New York University Environmental Law Journal 13(3):769-800
30. Entman R M (2007) Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication 57(1):163-173
31. Feenstra G, McGrew S and Campbell D (1999) Entrepreneurial Community Gardens: Growing Food, Skills, Jobs, and Communities. Davis: UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
32. Gibson-Graham J K (2008) Diverse economies: Performative practices for other worlds. Progress in Human Geography 32(5):613-632
33. Gottlieb R and Joshi A (2010) Food Justice. Cambridge: MIT Press
34. Governing for Racial Equality Network (2014) http://grenetwork.org/ (last accessed 1 January 2014)
35. Guthman J (2008a) Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practice. Cultural Geographies 15:431-447
36. Guthman J (2008b) "If they only knew": Color blindness and universalism in California alternative food institutions. The Professional Geographer 60(3):387-397
37. Harper A B (2011) Vegans of color, racialized embodiment, and problematics of the "exotic". In A H Alkon and J Agyeman (eds) Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability (pp 221-238). Cambridge: MIT Press
38. Hayden-Smith R (2009) Victory Grower. http://groups.ucanr.org/victorygrower/aboutworkgroup.htm (last accessed 25 July 2013)
39. Hodgson K, Caton Campbell M and Bailkey M (2011) Urban Agriculture: Growing Healthy, Sustainable Places (Planning Advisory Service Report No. 563). Chicago: American Planning Association
40. Hoover B M (2013) White spaces in black and Latino places: Urban agriculture and food sovereignty. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 3(4):109-115
41. Hynes P H (1996) A Patch of Eden: America's Inner-city Gardens. White River Junction: Chelsea Green
42. Kaufman J and Bailkey M (2000) "Farming Inside Cities: Entrepreneurial Urban Agriculture in the United States." Working Paper, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
43. Keleher T and Sen N (2012) Challenging Racism Systematically. Miami: Applied Research Center, Florida International University
44. Lawson L (2005) City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
45. Levkoe C (2006) Learning democracy through food justice movements. Agriculture and Human Values 23:89-98
46. Mares T M and Peña D G (2011) Environmental and food justice: Toward local, slow, and deep food systems. In A H Alkon and J Agyeman (eds) Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability (pp 197-220). Cambridge: MIT Press
47. Massey D S and Denton N A (1993) American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
48. McClintock N (2010) Why farm the city? Theorizing urban agriculture through a lens of metabolic rift. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy, and Society 3(2):191-207
49. McClintock N (2014) Radical, reformist, and garden-variety neoliberal: Coming to terms with urban agriculture's contradictions. Local Environment 19(2):147-171
50. McIntosh P (1990) White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Independent School 49(2):31-35
51. Meenar M R and Hoover B M (2012) Community food security via urban agriculture: Understanding people, place, economy, and accessibility from a food justice perspective. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 3(1):143-160
52. Milbourne P (2012) Everyday (in)justices and ordinary environmentalisms: Community gardening in disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods. Local Environment 17(9):943-957
53. Morales A (2011) Growing food and justice. In A H Alkon and J Agyeman (eds) Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability (pp 149-176). Cambridge: MIT Press
54. Moynihan C (2013) Owner takes a chunk out of an unofficial community garden. The New York Times 15 May
55. New York City Community Garden Coalition (2012) http://nyccgc.org/ (last accessed 12 December 2012)
56. Omi M and Winant H (1994) Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge
57. Pearsall H (2012) Moving out or moving in? Resilience to environmental gentrification in New York City. Local Environment 17(9):1013-1026
58. People's Grocery (2014) http://www.peoplesgrocery.org/ (last accessed 24 January 2014)
59. Pothukuchi K and Kaufman J (1999) Placing the food system on the urban agenda: The role of municipal institutions in food systems planning. Agriculture and Human Values 16:213-224
60. Pudup M B (2008) It takes a garden: Cultivating citizen-subjects in organized garden projects. Geoforum 39:1228-1240
61. Redmond L (2013) No justice, no juice: Food as a tool for organizing. Civil Eats 18 July. http://civileats.com/2013/07/18/no-justice-no-juice-food-as-a-tool-for-organizing/ (last accessed 21 March 2014)
62. Reynolds K (2010) "Urban Agriculture as Revolution: An Action Research and Social Movement Analysis of Food Production in Alameda County, California." Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Davis
63. Reynolds K (2011) Expanding technical assistance for urban agriculture: Best practices for extension services in California and beyond. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 1(3):197-216
64. Reynolds K (forthcoming) Does urban agriculture produce social justice for all? Paradox and potential in the US Movement. Special Issue on Political Gardening in the Global North. Local Environment
65. Reynolds K and Cohen N (forthcoming) Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice Activism in New York City. Athens: University of Georgia Press
66. Ryan C, Carragee K M and Meinhofer W (2001) Framing, the news media, and collective action. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 45(1):175-182
67. Saldivar-Tanaka L and Krasny M E (2004) Culturing community development, neighborhood open space, and civic agriculture: The case of Latino community gardens in New York City. Agriculture and Human Values 21(4):399-412
68. Slocum R (2006) Anti-racist practice and the work of community food organizations. Antipode 38(2):327-349
69. Slocum R (2007) Whiteness, space, and alternative food practice. Geoforum 38(3):520-533
70. Slocum R (2010) Race in the study of food. Progress in Human Geography 35(3):303-327
71. Stein J (2010) What an urban farmer looks like. New York Magazine 19 September. http://nymag.com/restaurants/features/68297/ (last accessed 12 December 2012)
72. Taylor D E (2009) The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change. Durham: Duke University Press
73. The Aspen Institute (2013) Glossary for Understanding the Dismantling Structural Racism/Promoting Racial Equity Analysis. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute
74. Tortorello M (2012) Growing everything but gardeners. The New York Times 31 October
75. Von Hassell M (2002) The Struggle for Eden: Community Gardens in New York City. Westport: Bergin and Garvey
76. Wekerle G R (2004) Food justice movements: Policy, planning, and networks. Journal of Planning Education and Research 23(4):378-386
77. White M M (2011a) D-Town Farm: African American resistance to food insecurity and the transformation of Detroit. Environmental Practice 13(4):406-417
78. White M M (2011b) Sisters of the soil: Urban gardening as resistance in Detroit. Race/Ethnicity 5(1):13-28